Climate systems form feedback loops that can either be reinforcing or balancing. Reinforcing loops amplify changes and move a system away from equilibrium, while balancing loops dampen changes and maintain stability. When net radiative forcing is increased through activities like burning fossil fuels, balancing loops act to restore equilibrium over decades by warming the oceans. However, if radiative forcing continues to change due to factors like increasing greenhouse gases, temperature will also continue to change rather than reaching a new stable point. While aerosols from burning fossil fuels cause some cooling by blocking sunlight, greenhouse gases are the dominant factor currently increasing radiative forcing and global temperatures.
Earth as a system is composed of numerous interacting parts or subsystem. Earth system science attempts to integrate the knowledge from traditional sciences, geology, atmospheric science, chemistry, biology and so on. Earth is just a small part of larger system known as the solar system.
Earth system has nearly endless array of subsystems in which matter is recycled over and over again.
Earth as a system is composed of numerous interacting parts or subsystem. Earth system science attempts to integrate the knowledge from traditional sciences, geology, atmospheric science, chemistry, biology and so on. Earth is just a small part of larger system known as the solar system.
Earth system has nearly endless array of subsystems in which matter is recycled over and over again.
Impact of climate change in atmosphere of oceanAshish sahu
How does climate change effect the ocean?
5 ways that climate change affects the ocean
Higher temperatures are bad for fish — and for us.
Polar ice is melting.
Rising sea levels represent a slow, seemingly unstoppable threat.
Warming oceans alter currents.
Climate change is affecting the chemistry of seawater.
The reason for the occurrence of such a huge mass of water on the globe, is still a myth and reality. The reason goes back to the Origin of Earth itself. The exact mode of origin is not precisely known. Scientists assume, both Primary and secondary sources would have given rise to all both air and water on the earth. Two possible sources as internal source (or) external source have been proposed so far. Some of them are attributed towards the theories of origin of the earth.
El Niño is a naturally occurring event in the equatorial region which causes temporary changes in the world climate.
Originally, El Niño was the name used for warmer than normal sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of South America.
Now, El Niño has come to refer to a whole complex of Pacific Ocean sea-surface temperature changes and global weather events.
The ocean warming off South America is just one of these events.
The total volume of water on Earth is estimated at 1.386 billion km³ (333 million cubic miles), with 97.5% being salt water and 2.5% being fresh water. Of the fresh water, only 0.3% is in liquid form on the surface. In addition, the lower mantle of inner earth may hold as much as 5 times more water than all surface water combined (all oceans, all lakes, all rivers).
Impact of climate change in atmosphere of oceanAshish sahu
How does climate change effect the ocean?
5 ways that climate change affects the ocean
Higher temperatures are bad for fish — and for us.
Polar ice is melting.
Rising sea levels represent a slow, seemingly unstoppable threat.
Warming oceans alter currents.
Climate change is affecting the chemistry of seawater.
The reason for the occurrence of such a huge mass of water on the globe, is still a myth and reality. The reason goes back to the Origin of Earth itself. The exact mode of origin is not precisely known. Scientists assume, both Primary and secondary sources would have given rise to all both air and water on the earth. Two possible sources as internal source (or) external source have been proposed so far. Some of them are attributed towards the theories of origin of the earth.
El Niño is a naturally occurring event in the equatorial region which causes temporary changes in the world climate.
Originally, El Niño was the name used for warmer than normal sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of South America.
Now, El Niño has come to refer to a whole complex of Pacific Ocean sea-surface temperature changes and global weather events.
The ocean warming off South America is just one of these events.
The total volume of water on Earth is estimated at 1.386 billion km³ (333 million cubic miles), with 97.5% being salt water and 2.5% being fresh water. Of the fresh water, only 0.3% is in liquid form on the surface. In addition, the lower mantle of inner earth may hold as much as 5 times more water than all surface water combined (all oceans, all lakes, all rivers).
From NCERT CH-1
Contains info about-
-matter
-Evaporation
-Change of states of matter
-Boiling point and melting point
-Latent Heat of Fusion And Vaporisation
-Q and A
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2. Climate as a SYSTEM
• System: A set of things-people, cells,
molecules, interconnected in such a way
that they produce their own pattern of
behavior over time, serving a particular
function or goal.
3. Systems Thinking
• Systems behavior comes out of the
system, not the individual elements,
people or actors in it.
• Feedback loops exist because
everything is inter-connected, and
systems are nested within systems.
5. Reinforcing Loops (Positive Loops)
• Reinforcing Loops (+) enhance or amplify
changes; this tends to move a system away
from its equilibrium state and make it more
unstable. Reinforcing loops produce growth
and decay.
• Example: POPULATION GROWTH: As
population grows, more workers produce
resources, life expectancy increases and birth
rate increases = more population growth.
6. Balancing Loops (Negative Loops)
• Balancing Loops (-) tend to dampen or buffer
changes; this tends to hold a system to an
equilibrium state making it more stable.
Example: Body Temperature:
• When the internal temperature of your body
increases, you sweat, and as that sweat
evaporates from the warm surface of your
body, you cool down: balancing the initial
increase.
8. • Reinforcing: (+) loops. Healthy populations
will continue to grow leading to a decrease in
resource availability, making the population
more unstable-- unless other factors keep it in
check.
• Balancing (-) loops. Predators or fisherman
keep populations in check, leading to a stable
fish population.
9. How do Feedback Loops relate to
Climate Change?
Net radiative forcing The
difference in the solar
energy absorbed by the
earth and the energy
radiated back into space
10. Questions:
• What would happen if we made a one time
change to the net radiative balance?
• Why does the balancing loop have a delay—
once a change happens it may take many
decades for the “balancing” to kick in.
• What is “net radiative forcing”?
11. Answers
• The equilibrium loop, on its own, cannot produce a runaway
global warming (or cooling) – the earth will eventually find a
new equilibrium in response to a change in net radiative
forcing.
• The balancing loop has a delay, because it takes a lot of
energy to warm the oceans. Once a change starts in this loop,
it takes many decades for the balancing effect to kick in.
• If we make a one-time change to the radiative balance, the
earth will slowly change its temperature until it reaches a new
balance point, and then will stay there, because the balancing
loop keeps it there. However, if there is some other force
that keeps changing the radiative balance, despite this loop’s
attempts to adjust, then the temperature will keep on
changing.
12. Climate Class Notes
• Net radiative forcing The difference in the solar energy
absorbed by the earth and the energy radiated back
into space.
• Be able to define BALANCING AND REINFORCING
LOOPS (from the reading)
• If we make a one-time change to the radiative balance,
the earth will slowly change its temperature until it
reaches a new balance point, and then will stay there,
because the balancing loop keeps it there. However, if
there is some other force that keeps changing the
radiative balance, despite this loop’s attempts to
adjust, then the temperature will keep on changing.
15. Aerosols
• Aerosols are tiny particles (smoke, dust)
produced when dirtier fossil fuels are burnt.
Coal is the worst but oil produces them as
well. Aerosols block visible light, and hence
reduce the incoming sunlight (like adding a
sunshade).
16. Greenhouse Gases (GHG’s)
• Greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide,
methane, water vapour, and a number of
other gases. By volume, CO2 is by far the most
common byproduct from fossil fuels, although
some of the rarer gases actually have a larger
“greenhouse effect”. Greenhouse gases
block infrared radiation, and hence reduce
the outgoing radiation from the planet (like
adding an extra blanket):
17. Discuss:
• Do aerosols reduce or increase net radiative
forcing?
• Do GHG’s reduce or increase net radiative
forcing?
• Which one is having the greatest effect on the
climate?
18. • However we look at it, the greenhouse gases
are having the biggest effect, by a large
margin. That should mean the planet is
warming. And it is:
19. Class Notes: Aerosols and GHG
• As we increase economic development we have
more demand for energy and burn more fossil fuels
(Reinforcing Loop +)
• As we burn more fossil fuels, the reserves decrease,
prices go up, as prices rise, rate of consumption
decreases. (Balancing Loop (-)
• Aerosols block visible light, causing cooling.
• Greenhouse gases block outgoing radiation causing
warming.
• Currently GHG’s are having the biggest effect on
climate, and the planet is warming.
Editor's Notes
Give one example of a simple system including the stock, inflow and outflow from the reading.
In this feedback example, a positive loop (Reinforcing Loop) of fish reproducing increases the overall size of a school of fish. At the same time, pressure from predators and fishermen form negative loops (Balancing Loops) that decrease the size of the school. If these loops are in balance, the fish population will remain stable.
Balancing Feedback: Tends to hold a system at equilibrium or make it more stable (also called Negative Loop)-predators and fishing pressures.
Reinforcing Feedback: Tends to move a system away from equilibrium making it less stable (also called Positive Loop)-population
Central Equilibrium Loop: What global climate patterns look like in equilibrium state-when the climate is not changing: The temperature of the planet is determined primarily by the balance between the incoming energy from the sun and the outgoing energy lost back into space. The incoming energy is in the form of shortwave radiation from the sun
Net radiative forcing The difference in the solar energy absorbed by the earth and the energy radiated back into space
If the incoming energy from the sun is greater than the outgoing energy, the imbalance causes the earth to retain more energy, and so the temperature rises. As a warmer planet loses energy faster, this increases the outgoing radiation, which in turn reduces the imbalance again (i.e. this is a balancing loop).
The structure of this loop always pushes the planet to find a (roughly) stable equilibrium: essentially, if the incoming and outgoing energy ever get out of balance, the temperature of the planet rises or falls until they are balanced again.
There is one more complication for this loop. The net radiative forcing determines the rate at which energy is retained, rather than the total amount. If the net forcing is positive, the earth keeps on retaining energy. So although this leads to an increase in temperature, and, if you follow the loop around, a decrease in the net radiative forcing, it will reduce the rate at which energy is retained (and hence the rate of warming), it won’t actually stop the warming until the net radiative balance falls to zero. And then, when the warming stops, it doesn’t cool off again – the loop ensures the planet stays at this new temperature.
Burning fossil fuels creates 2 reinforcing loops based on the byproducts of aerosols and GHG’s.
Aerosols reduce the net radiative forcing (causing cooling), and greenhouse gases increase it (causing warming).
