The document outlines the classification and formation processes of rocks, dividing them into three main categories: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. It details the characteristics of each category, such as the cooling processes of igneous rocks, the formation and types of sedimentary rocks, and the transformation of existing rocks into metamorphic rocks due to heat and pressure. Specific examples of each rock type are provided, illustrating their origins and characteristics.

1. Minerals Gems

2. ROCKS 3
any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals
or mineraloid matter.
• categorized by the minerals included, its chemical
composition and the way in which it is formed.
Rock Formation

3. Sabtang Island, Batanes

4. Ilocos Norte

7. (Surigao, Mindanao)

8. 3 Main Categories of Rocks 9
IGNEOUS SEDIMENTARY METAMORPHIC
Sediment - materials
“ignis” - fire deposited by water, wind and/or
glaciers
“meta” - change
“morph” - form

9. 3 Main Categories of Rocks

10. ROCK CYCLE
rocks from one kind to another.

12. IGNEOUS ROCKS
from a Latin word
“ignis” which means
fire.
• The parent material of
igneous rocks is usually
magma (a molten material
from deep within the earth
that cools and hardens).

13. IGNEOUS ROCKS
Fine-grained Igneous rock
(“Aphanitic”) - has smaller crystal
due to the faster rate of cooling of
the magma.
2) Coarse-grained Igneous Rock
(“Phaneritic”) - has larger crystal
due to the slower rate of cooling of
the magma.

14. IGNEOUS ROCKS
-grained Igneous rock -grained Igneous Rock
(“Aphanitic”) (“Phaneritic”)

15. IGNEOUS ROCKS
Mafic - are
magmas associated
with crystal
spreading.
2) Felsic - are
magmas associated
with crystal
compression.

16. IGNEOUS ROCKS
✓ cool slowly
✓ forms coarse grained rock
✓ presence of crystal growth
2) EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS
✓ cool quickly
✓ forms fine-grained rock
✓ lack of crystal growth

17. IGNEOUS ROCKS

18. IGNEOUS ROCKS
or Plutonic Igneous Rocks:

19. IGNEOUS ROCKS
Extrusive or Volcanic Igneous

20. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
formed by the compaction and cementing
together of sediments (broken pieces of rock-like
gravel, sand, silt, or clay)

21. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Lithification - a process of sementing soft,
unconsolidated sendiments into hard rocks.
• Deposition - process when rocks are
fragmented into tiny bits, then carried to low
areas and settled at the bottom.
• Sedimentation - process of building up of
deposited rocks after many years.

22. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

23. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Clastic- are formed from mechanical
weathering debris.
2. Chemical - are formed when dissolved
materials precipitate from solution.
3. Organic - are formed by accumulated
sedimentary debris caused by organic
processes.

24. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
TYPE EXAMPLES
• Conglomerate - composed of pieces
pebble-size or larger
CLASTIC • Sandstone - composed of sand-size pieces
• Shale - composed of pieces smaller than
fine sand
• Limestone - a whitish or grayish rock made
CHEMICAL
of the mineral calcite.
• Rock salt, iron ore, chert, flint, some
dolomites, and more.
• coal, lignite, oil shale, or black shale
ORGANIC
• Chalk
• Limestone with fossils
• Coquina

25. METAMORPHIC ROCKS
The metamorphic rocks get
their name from “meta”
(changed) and “morph”
(form).
• Movement of earth causes
rock to be pressed or buried
that leads to an increase in
temperature and pressure.

26. METAMORPHIC ROCKS
is the transformation of the
rock’s minerology and physical characteristics.

27. METAMORPHIC ROCKS
is the transformation of the
rock’s minerology and physical characteristics.

28. METAMORPHIC ROCKS
✓ evolves when rock near igneous intrusive
gets heated.
✓ produces non-foliated metamorphic
rocks.
2) REGIONAL (PRESSURE) Metamorphism
✓ affects a large area due to mountain
formation.
✓ foliated rocks are produced and strong
pressure effects.

29. METAMORPHIC ROCKS
-FOLIATED
✓ formed around the igneous intrusive.
✓ their atoms recognize while becoming more compact
and dense.
✓ shows color bands that reflects very small impurities.
2) FOLIATED
✓ formed within the earth’s interior.
✓ extremely high temperature and unequal pressure.
✓ better identified on the basis of their texture.

30. METAMORPHIC ROCKS
Slate - derived from shale.
• Serpentine - originates from basalt.
• Gneiss - derived from conglomerate.
Contains feldspar or quartz.
Marble - derived from limestone-its parent rock. A
hard crystalline rock and the most beautiful rock
because of its shimmering luster.
• Quartzite - derived from sandstone, its hard
and durable.

31. METAMORPHIC ROCKS

32. METAMORPHIC ROCKS
- the original / parent rock or the unmetamorphosed rock
from which a given metamorphic rock is formed
- From the Greek words:
“proto” means first and “lithos” means rock

33. METAMORPHIC ROCKS

34. TYPES OF ROCKS