Definition, metamorphism.
limits and type of metamorphic agents.
Metamorphic processes.
Types of Metamorphism
Classification of metamorphic rocks and textures of metamorphic rocks
Mineral assemblages and Metamorphic grade and facies of metamorphic rocks.
Graphic representation of metamorphic mineral parageneses.
Definition, metamorphism.
limits and type of metamorphic agents.
Metamorphic processes.
Types of Metamorphism
Classification of metamorphic rocks and textures of metamorphic rocks
Mineral assemblages and Metamorphic grade and facies of metamorphic rocks.
Graphic representation of metamorphic mineral parageneses.
EARTH MATERIALS AND PROCESSES
Topic: Classification of Rocks / Types of Rocks
Senior High School | Earth and Life Science
Learning Competency: Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. (S11/12ES-Ib-10)
Senior High School | Earth Science
Learning Competency: Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. (S11ES-Ic-6)
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Weathering is an important geological mechanism which can destabilize the earth’s surface materials and remove them by erosive processes. Weathering is the physical disintegration and chemical decomposition of a rock mass on the land. It is a unique phenomena happening on the earth’ surface. Weathering is a collective term used to denote the mechanical, chemical and biological(organic) processes that take place on the earth’s surface. Weathering of rock-forming minerals can create new products from pre-existing rocks. In many regions, soils are the ultimate products of weathering. Weathering of rocks releases chemical compounds that become available for biological processes. It is necessary to study the factors that are influencing the weathering processes.
EARTH MATERIALS AND PROCESSES
Topic: Classification of Rocks / Types of Rocks
Senior High School | Earth and Life Science
Learning Competency: Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. (S11/12ES-Ib-10)
Senior High School | Earth Science
Learning Competency: Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. (S11ES-Ic-6)
Please LIKE / FOLLOW and SHARE my other social media accounts.
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Simple-ABbieC-131584525051378/
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Weathering is an important geological mechanism which can destabilize the earth’s surface materials and remove them by erosive processes. Weathering is the physical disintegration and chemical decomposition of a rock mass on the land. It is a unique phenomena happening on the earth’ surface. Weathering is a collective term used to denote the mechanical, chemical and biological(organic) processes that take place on the earth’s surface. Weathering of rock-forming minerals can create new products from pre-existing rocks. In many regions, soils are the ultimate products of weathering. Weathering of rocks releases chemical compounds that become available for biological processes. It is necessary to study the factors that are influencing the weathering processes.
This is a powerpoint showing the Pangaea theory. A theory of the continents once forming a huge super continent before breaking apart. Alfred Weneger, a German scientist, was the one who thought of the continents once existing as one before splitting and breaking apart.
Engineering Physics,
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY,
Simple cubic, Body-centered cubic, Face-centered cubic,
DIAMOND STRUCTURE,
Atomic Packing Factor of Diamond Structure,
Projection of diamond lattice points on the base
In this presentation, you will find a situation analysis for "Warwick Pangea Beach Resort & Spa"
Pangea had few difficulties on a strategic level. So i decided to study the market in order to understand it and recommend few strategic decisions "management & marketing" in order to keep the business growing.
For all employers, you will see in this presentation how i handle situation analysis and recommend specific marketing needs based on of every case.
For more information, check the situation analysis.
Serge Rizkallah
Marketing Executive
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
1. Dr. V. R GhodakeDr. V. R Ghodake
SCOE, PuneSCOE, Pune
2. DefinitionDefinition
It is a aggregate of mineral. They form major part of the earthIt is a aggregate of mineral. They form major part of the earth
crust.crust.
Rocks are divided in to three major groupsRocks are divided in to three major groups
1)1)Igneous RocksIgneous Rocks
2)2)Sedimentary RocksSedimentary Rocks
3)3)Metamorphic RocksMetamorphic Rocks
Igneous Rocks:Igneous Rocks:
Igneous rocks are formed by cooling andIgneous rocks are formed by cooling and
solidification of magma. Magma is hot, viscous, siliceoussolidification of magma. Magma is hot, viscous, siliceous
melts, containing water vapor and gases. It comes frommelts, containing water vapor and gases. It comes from
great depth below the earth surface it is mainly composedgreat depth below the earth surface it is mainly composed
of O, Si, Al, Fe, Na, Mg, Ca and K.of O, Si, Al, Fe, Na, Mg, Ca and K.
when magma comes upon the surface it iswhen magma comes upon the surface it is
called as ‘Lava’called as ‘Lava’
R o c k sR o c k s
3. Chemical Composition of Igneous RocksChemical Composition of Igneous Rocks
• Acid MagmaAcid Magma :: is rich in Si, Na, & K and Poor in Ca, Mg, Feis rich in Si, Na, & K and Poor in Ca, Mg, Fe
• Basic Magma:Basic Magma: is rich in Ca, Fe & Mg and Poor in Si, Na, & Kis rich in Ca, Fe & Mg and Poor in Si, Na, & K
Basic Magma is divided in to three groupsBasic Magma is divided in to three groups
1)1)Ultra Basic rock:Ultra Basic rock: these contains less than 45% of Si. Example Perioditethese contains less than 45% of Si. Example Periodite
2)2)Basic Rock :Basic Rock : These contain Si between 45 to 55 %. Example Gabbro &These contain Si between 45 to 55 %. Example Gabbro &
BasaltBasalt
3)3)Intermediate Rock :Intermediate Rock : These contains Si between 55 to 65%. ExampleThese contains Si between 55 to 65%. Example
DioriteDiorite
4)4)Acid Rock :Acid Rock : In this Si contains more than 65%. Example GraniteIn this Si contains more than 65%. Example Granite
Peridotite Gabbro Basalt Diorite
4. Igneous rocks can also be classified asIgneous rocks can also be classified as
1)1)Over saturated:Over saturated: contains high amount of Si & abundant Qtz. & alkalicontains high amount of Si & abundant Qtz. & alkali
FeldsparsFeldspars
2)2)Saturated:Saturated: contains sufficient amount of Si & do not contains Qtz.contains sufficient amount of Si & do not contains Qtz.
3)3)Under saturated:Under saturated: contains less Si & High in Alkali & aluminum Oxides.contains less Si & High in Alkali & aluminum Oxides.
Types of Igneous RocksTypes of Igneous Rocks
1)1)Extrusive RocksExtrusive Rocks
2)2)Intrusive Rocks :Intrusive Rocks : These are divided in to two typesThese are divided in to two types
Plutonic RocksPlutonic Rocks
Hypabyssal RocksHypabyssal Rocks
5. Texture of Igneous RocksTexture of Igneous Rocks
Texture means Size, Shape and arrangement of mineral grains in a rockTexture means Size, Shape and arrangement of mineral grains in a rock
In general the slower cooling or solidification of magma shows coarser grain rocks.In general the slower cooling or solidification of magma shows coarser grain rocks.
To study texture following four parts are important.To study texture following four parts are important.
1)1)Degree of crystallizationDegree of crystallization
2)2)Size of grainsSize of grains
3)3)Shape of crystalShape of crystal
4)4)Mutual relation between mineral grainsMutual relation between mineral grains
Lava
1)1) Degree of Crystallization : It divides in two partsDegree of Crystallization : It divides in two parts
a)a) Holocrystalline texture:Holocrystalline texture: Rocks shows entirely crystalline textureRocks shows entirely crystalline texture
b)b) Holohyalline texture:Holohyalline texture: Rocks shows entirely glassy textureRocks shows entirely glassy texture
2) Size of grains:2) Size of grains:
a)a) Phaneric : constituent minerals grains can be see by necked eyes.Phaneric : constituent minerals grains can be see by necked eyes.
i)i) Coarse grained ii) Medium grained iii) Fine grainedCoarse grained ii) Medium grained iii) Fine grained
ii)ii) Aphanitic : whose mineral grains are too small but can be see by necked eyesAphanitic : whose mineral grains are too small but can be see by necked eyes
Phaneric TexturePhaneric Texture Aphanitic TextureAphanitic Texture
6. Shape of crystals:Shape of crystals:
Well developed crystals faces of grains calledWell developed crystals faces of grains called EuhedralEuhedral
Partly developed crystal faces calledPartly developed crystal faces called SubhedralSubhedral
The crystal faces are absent such grains of rock calledThe crystal faces are absent such grains of rock called
UnhedralUnhedral
Mutual relation of grainsMutual relation of grains..
i)i) Equigranular textureEquigranular texture
ii)ii) Inequigranular textureInequigranular texture
a) Porphyritic texture b) Poikilitic texture c) Ophitic texturea) Porphyritic texture b) Poikilitic texture c) Ophitic texture
Porphyritic texturePorphyritic texture Poikilitic texturePoikilitic texture
PhenocrystPhenocryst
GroundGround
massmass
8. • Flow StructureFlow Structure
• Reaction RimReaction Rim
• Xenolith structureXenolith structure
• Vesicular structureVesicular structure
• Amygdaloidal StructureAmygdaloidal Structure
• Pegmatite StructurePegmatite Structure
Structures of Igneous RocksStructures of Igneous Rocks
VesiclesVesicles
Vesicular StructureVesicular Structure
Vesicular StructureVesicular Structure
Lava contains large amount ofLava contains large amount of
gas & volatiles, these gasesgas & volatiles, these gases
escapes in atmosphere and aescapes in atmosphere and a
way from which these gases areway from which these gases are
escaped keeps the cavities in theescaped keeps the cavities in the
form of vesicles.form of vesicles.
9. Amygdaloidal Structure:Amygdaloidal Structure: The vesicles of volcanic rocks mayThe vesicles of volcanic rocks may
subsequently be filled by secondary minerals such as calcite andsubsequently be filled by secondary minerals such as calcite and
zeolites, such filled vesicles are called Amygdaloidal Structure.zeolites, such filled vesicles are called Amygdaloidal Structure.
Structures of Igneous RocksStructures of Igneous Rocks
Amygdaloidal StructureAmygdaloidal Structure
10. Xenolith structureXenolith structure: Inner rock fragments are included in to: Inner rock fragments are included in to
magma. When it rises up towards the surface, if they are notmagma. When it rises up towards the surface, if they are not
digested they remain entrapped within the magma anddigested they remain entrapped within the magma and
produces Heterogeneityproduces Heterogeneity
Structures of Igneous RocksStructures of Igneous Rocks
Xenolith StructureXenolith Structure
11. Pegmatite Structure:Pegmatite Structure: The constituent minerals grains exceedsThe constituent minerals grains exceeds
several centimeters in the size, the rock is known asseveral centimeters in the size, the rock is known as
Pegmatite Structure.Pegmatite Structure.
Structures of Igneous RocksStructures of Igneous Rocks
Pegmatite StructurePegmatite Structure
12. 1)1) Extrusive Igneous BodiesExtrusive Igneous Bodies
2)2) Intrusive Igneous Bodies.Intrusive Igneous Bodies.
Forms of Igneous BodiesForms of Igneous Bodies
Extrusive Igneous Bodies :Extrusive Igneous Bodies : These are forms when magmaThese are forms when magma
reaches to earth surface and get solidification. Example Lavareaches to earth surface and get solidification. Example Lava
flowflow
Intrusive Igneous Bodies :Intrusive Igneous Bodies : These areThese are
formed by the consolidation of magma atformed by the consolidation of magma at
some depth below the earth surface. Suchsome depth below the earth surface. Such
bodies shows variations in their shape andbodies shows variations in their shape and
size.size.
These are divided in to two parts.These are divided in to two parts.
1) Discordant bodies 2) Concordant bodies.1) Discordant bodies 2) Concordant bodies.
14. Forms of Igneous BodiesForms of Igneous Bodies
SillSill
SillSill
DykeDyke
Volcanic neckVolcanic neck
LaccolithLaccolith
15. Volcanic necksVolcanic necks
- Shallow intrusion formed when- Shallow intrusion formed when
magma solidifies in throat ofmagma solidifies in throat of
volcanovolcano
DikesDikes
- Tabular intrusive structure that- Tabular intrusive structure that
cuts across any layering incuts across any layering in
country rockcountry rock
SillsSills
- Tabular intrusive structure that- Tabular intrusive structure that
parallels layering in countryparallels layering in country
rockrock
PlutonsPlutons
- Large, blob-shaped intrusive body- Large, blob-shaped intrusive body
formed of coarse-grainedformed of coarse-grained
igneous rock, commonlyigneous rock, commonly
graniticgranitic
- Small plutons are called- Small plutons are called stocksstocks,,
large plutons (>100 kmlarge plutons (>100 km22
) are) are
calledcalled batholithsbatholiths
LaccolithsLaccoliths mushroom-shapedmushroom-shaped
body of igneous rocks with abody of igneous rocks with a
flat bottom and domed top. It isflat bottom and domed top. It is
parallel to the layersparallel to the layers
16. Forms of Igneous BodiesForms of Igneous Bodies
Mafic dykeMafic dyke
17. Forms of Igneous BodiesForms of Igneous Bodies
BatholithsBatholiths
18.
19.
20. SillsSills are also small igneous intrusions. They are sheets of rock that, unlike
dikes, are parallel to pre-existing rocks. Think of magma invading
sedimentary rocks by spreading out between rock layers. That magma
would cool to form a sill.