Biochemistry Of Hormones
Contains All Important topics with best key points....
Made By Sanjay kumar (Student Of PharmD Faculty of Pharmacy Hamdard University)
Biochemistry Of Hormones
Contains All Important topics with best key points....
Made By Sanjay kumar (Student Of PharmD Faculty of Pharmacy Hamdard University)
A chemical substance produced in the body that controls and regulates the activity of certain cells or organs. Many hormones are secreted by special glands, such as thyroid hormone produced by the thyroid gland.
Hormones are chemical messengers that are secreted directly into the blood, which carries them to organs and tissues of the body to exert their functions. There are many types of hormones that act on different aspects of bodily functions and processes.
This presentation includes information about secretion of glucagon, inhibitors, regulation of secretion, mechanism of action & actions of glucagon. It also includes ways to prevention of occurrence of hyperglycemia.
Posterior Pituitary or Neurohypophysis composed mainly of glial-like cells called pituicytes.
The pituicytes do not secrete hormones.
They act simply as a supporting structure for large numbers
of terminal nerve fibers and terminal nerve endings from nerve tracts.
That originate in the supraoptic and paraventricular
nuclei of the hypothalamus.
A chemical substance produced in the body that controls and regulates the activity of certain cells or organs. Many hormones are secreted by special glands, such as thyroid hormone produced by the thyroid gland.
Hormones are chemical messengers that are secreted directly into the blood, which carries them to organs and tissues of the body to exert their functions. There are many types of hormones that act on different aspects of bodily functions and processes.
This presentation includes information about secretion of glucagon, inhibitors, regulation of secretion, mechanism of action & actions of glucagon. It also includes ways to prevention of occurrence of hyperglycemia.
Posterior Pituitary or Neurohypophysis composed mainly of glial-like cells called pituicytes.
The pituicytes do not secrete hormones.
They act simply as a supporting structure for large numbers
of terminal nerve fibers and terminal nerve endings from nerve tracts.
That originate in the supraoptic and paraventricular
nuclei of the hypothalamus.
Estrogens (also called Oestrogens) are steroid hormone that are important for development and functioning of females of the species. They are named so because they play an important role in the estrous cycle. Their name comes from estrus/oistros (period of fertility for female mammals) + gen/gonos = to generate.
Estrogen carries physiological messages to body organs and systems. These messages differ for each body organ and system. Estrogen sends messages to the uterus to grow and replace the lining that is shed during the previous menses.
The endocrine system is a messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system, regulating distant target organs. In vertebrates, the hypothalamus is the neural control center for all endocrine systems.
As a component of the endocrine system, both male and female gonads produce sex hormones. Male and female sex hormones are steroid hormones and as such, can pass through the cell membrane of their target cells to influence gene expression within cells. Gonadal hormone production is regulated by hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary in the brain. Hormones that stimulate the gonads to produce sex hormones are known as gonadotropins. The pituitary secretes the gonadotropins luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). These protein hormones influence reproductive organs in various ways. LH stimulates the testes to secrete the sex hormone testosterone and the ovaries to secrete progesterone and estrogens. FSH aids in the maturation of ovarian follicles (sacs containing ova) in females and sperm production in males.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
3. Hormones
Hormones are chemical messengers, directly secreted into the blood or
extracellular fluid, which bind specific receptors on target cells
4. Classification of Hormones
The following Three categories of classification of hormones
1. According to Chemical Nature
2. According to Origin
3. According to Nature of Action
5. According to Chemical Nature
Steroid Hormones
e.g. Testosterone, Estrogen, Progesterone
Amine Hormones
e.g. T3, T4, epinephrine, norepinephrine.
Peptide Hormones
e.g. Oxytocin and vasopressin
Protein Hormones
e.g. Insulin and glucagon
Glycoprotein Hormones
e.g. LH, FSH
Eicosanoids Hormones
e.g. Prostaglandins.
6. On the Basis of Origin
Reproductive hormones primarily derived from four major organ or
system
o Hypothalamus
o Anterior and posterior lobe of pituitary gland
o Gonads (testis and ovary including their interstitial tissues and corpus
luteum)
o Placenta and Uterus
7. 1-PIH (Prolactin inhibiting hormone)
Source; Hypothalamus
Function; inhibit prolactin release
2-PRH (Prolactin releasing hormone)
Source; Hypothalamus
Function; stimulate prolactin release
3-GnRH (Gonadotropin releasing hormone)
Source; hypothalamus (synthesized and then stored in the medial basal
hypothalamus)
Function;
stimulate tonic release of FSH and LH.
stimulate preovulatory surge of FSH and LH.
8. FSH(Follicle stimulating hormone)
Source; Gonadotropes in anterior lobe .
Function;
stimulate follicular growth in female and
Spermatogenesis in male
Maturation of ovarian follicle or graffian follicle
LH(Lutenising hormone )
SOURCE;
Gonadotropes in anterior lobe of pituitary.
Function;
stimulate ovulation and lutinisation of ovarian follicle(corpus luteum) in
female
Testosterone in male from interstitial cells (leyding cells)
9. Prolactin;
Source;
Anterior lobe of pituitary .
Function;
initiate and maintains lactation .
Promotes maternal behavior.
Oxytocin;
Source;
supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus and ovary ( corpus luteum)
Function;
stimulate uterine contraction
Milk letdown
Ovarian oxytocin involved luteal function acts on endometrium to induce
PGF2alpha.
10. Melatonin;
Source;
pineal gland.
Function ;
induction of ovarian cycles in ewes
inhibition of cyclicity in mare.
Estrogen(E2)
Source;
theca interna of the ovarian follicle and
Fetal placental unit
Function;
to induce behavioral estrus in the female
Physical development of female
Secondary sexual characteristics in female
Stimulate duct growth and cause the development of the mammary gland
To increase body weight gain and growth
11. Progesterone;
Source;
luteal cells of corpus luteum
Placenta (fetoplacental unit) and
Adrenal gland
Function;
prepare the endometrium for implantation and maintenance of pregnancy.
Acts synergistically with estrogen to induce behavioral estrus
Develop the secretory tissue of the mammary glands
Inhibit estrus and the ovulatory surge at high level
12. Testosterone;
Source;
leyding ,s cells in the testis and
Limited amount by adrenal cortex
Function;
develop and maintain accessory sex gland
Stimulate secondary sexual characteristics in male
Sexual behavior
Spermatogenesis
Relaxin ;
Source;
primarily by the corpus luteum during pregnancy.
Some species placenta and uterus
Function;
Dilation of cervix and vagina before parturition
Inhibit uterine contraction
13. Inhibin ;
Source;
sertoli cells in male
Granulosa cells in female
Function;
inhibit release of FSH to a level’
Maintain number of ovulation.
Activin ;
Source;
follicular fluid in female
Rete testis fluid in male
Function;
stimulates FSH secretion.
14. eCG (PMSG); (Equine chorionic gonadotropin)
Source;
endometrial cups of fetal origin
Function;
FSH like activity
Stimulates formation of accessory corpora lutea in mare.
hCG ;(human chorionic gonadotropin)
source;
syncytiotrophoblastic cells
function;
LH like activity
maintains corpus luteum of pregnancy in primates
15. Prostaglandins;
Source;
almost all body tissue secrete them, endometrium of uterus
Function;
regression of the corpus luteum
Contraction of smooth muscles in reproductive and GIT, erection
,ejaculation, sperm transport, ovulation, formation of corpus luteum,
parturition, and milk ejection
17. According to Nature of Action
General Hormones: Growth hormone influence nearly all the body tissues,
similar is the case with Thyroid and Insulin hormones, hence they fall in
general category.
Specific Hormones: these hormones affect functions of specific organs,
e.g. FSH and androgens.
Local Hormones: Prostaglandins, Acetyl cholin, Histamine act locally to
their site of production.
18. Mechanism of Action
The first step of a hormone’s action is to bind to specific receptors at
the target cell.
Some receptors are located on cell membrane while some are located
in cytoplasm and nucleus.
These receptors are protein in nature and usually 2000-100,000
receptors are present on each cell.
Receptors are located on specific in/on target cells
19. Mode of Action of Lipophilic
Hormone
Hormones like steroid bind with protein receptors present inside the cell.
These hormones are lipid soluble and hence can easily cross cell
membrane.
The combined receptor protein–hormone then diffuses into or is
transported into the nucleus.
The hormone receptor complex then binds with specific regulatory
sequence of the DNA called hormone response element → transcription of
specific genes → mRNA→ Protein synthesis.
22. References
Pathway to Pregnancy and Parturition By P.L. Senger, Ph. D.
Guyton Text Book of Medical Physiology
http://www.biologydiscussion.com/hormones/classification-
hormones/classification-of-hormones-5-categories/18429
https://www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-
physiology-textbook/endocrine-system-16/hormones-150/mechanisms-of-
hormone-action-774-807/
https://en.wikivet.net/Reproductive_Hormones_Overview_-
_Anatomy_%26_Physiology
http://animal--husbandry.blogspot.com/2010/07/reproductive-hormones.html
https://bhsagriculture.wikispaces.com/The+Role+of+Hormones+in+the+
Regulation+of+animal+reproduction+and+behaviour
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