It discuss about what is classification, why and criteria for animal classification (6) with the images and explanation, species, benefits, rules, Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups , and Non chordata and chordata in details with the images
The word cell is derived from the Latin word “cellula” which means “a little room”
It was the British botanist Robert Hooke who, in 1664, while examining a slice of bottle cork under a microscope, found its structure resembling the box-like living quarters of the monks in a monastery, and coined the word “cells”
The word cell is derived from the Latin word “cellula” which means “a little room”
It was the British botanist Robert Hooke who, in 1664, while examining a slice of bottle cork under a microscope, found its structure resembling the box-like living quarters of the monks in a monastery, and coined the word “cells”
The chordates are named for the notochord: a flexible, rod-shaped structure that is found in the embryonic stage of all chordates and also in the adult stage of some chordate species.
It is located between the digestive tube and the nerve cord, providing skeletal support through the length of the body.
In some chordates, the notochord acts as the primary axial support of the body throughout the animal's lifetime.
A vertebrate is an animal with a spinal cord surrounded by cartilage or bone. The word comes from vertebrae, the bones that make up the spine. Animals that are not vertebrates are called invertebrates. Vertebrates include birds, fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals
Animal Classification by Carolus Linnaeus, Binomial Nomenclature, Symmetry types, Coelom types, functions of coelom, General characters of Invertebrate Phylum's
The chordates are named for the notochord: a flexible, rod-shaped structure that is found in the embryonic stage of all chordates and also in the adult stage of some chordate species.
It is located between the digestive tube and the nerve cord, providing skeletal support through the length of the body.
In some chordates, the notochord acts as the primary axial support of the body throughout the animal's lifetime.
A vertebrate is an animal with a spinal cord surrounded by cartilage or bone. The word comes from vertebrae, the bones that make up the spine. Animals that are not vertebrates are called invertebrates. Vertebrates include birds, fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals
Animal Classification by Carolus Linnaeus, Binomial Nomenclature, Symmetry types, Coelom types, functions of coelom, General characters of Invertebrate Phylum's
Classical and molecular taxonomic parameters, species concept, systematic gradation of animals, nomenclature, modern scheme of animal classification into sub-Kingdom, division, section, phyla and minor phyla
Animals are multicellular and heterotrophic organisms without cell wall and chlorophyll. The method of arranging organism into groups on the basis of similarities and differences is called classification. Taxonomy is the science of classification which makes the study of wide variety of organisms easier.
A presentation for BSC biology semester 1 students. This rich presentation is about major phylum in animal kingdom, each phylum is explained in detail with their general characterstics. Can be used for presenting in college or school, teaching, learning, etc.
Diversity, refers to all the variety of life that exists on Earth. Ecosystem diversity refers to the variety of ecosystems on Earth. An ecosystem is a system formed by populations of many different species interacting with each other and their environment.
GALLOWAY’S SYSTEM OF INTERACTION ANALYSIS.pdfBeulahJayarani
It discuss about Galloway's system of interaction analysis in details. It also explains what is interaction, analysis, class room interaction, importance of interaction analysis, Category wise verbal & non-verbal behaviour, rules and regulations, advantages and disadvantages of it.
It discuss on safety and first aid in schools, home & play field. It also discuss on the qualities & responsibilities required for the first aider
1. TO SAVE LIFE
• 2. TO PREVENT FUTHER INJURY / To limit worsening of the situation
• 3. TO PROMOTE RECOVERY
It discuss about what is health, health education, aim, objectives, need, areas, scope, functional objectives, importance and new dimensions of health education.
It discuss on what is tissue, simple & compound animal tissue, it also disscusses on animal tissue structure and function of
a. epithelial
b. muscular
c. connective &
d. nervous
in detail.
Policies and programmes of inclusive education.pdfBeulahJayarani
It discusses on what are the policies and programmes helps to combine the special students with main stream of education. It also talks about old to new policies
It discuss on what is micro teaching, different skill of micro teaching, teaching & learning, importance of stimulus & variation - meaning, components of skill of variation, need & importance, INCREASE THE RETENTTION POWER OF STUDENTS…Some factors which influence students attention…..evalution sheet
It discuss on major skill of micro teaching, what is teaching & learning. Meaning and definition of skill of non verbal cues, components of non verbal cues, 1. FACIAL EXPRESSIONS, 2.BODY MOVEMENT AND POSTURE 3. GESTURES 4. EYE CONTACT 5. TOUCH / HAPTICS & DIFFERENCE BETWEEN VERBAL & NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION, OBSERVATION CODING SHEET
It talks about what is learning resources. Principles of learning resources. Need and significance of learning resources. Limitations of learning resources
Under Learning resources it discuss on science laboratory. It also discuss on Science Express, Mobile Science Lab, activities OF Mobile Science Laboratory, Virtual Lab. COMPONENTS OF VIRTUAL LAB, BENEFITS & LIMITATIONSOF VIRTUAL LABS,ROLE OF TEACHERS, Field Trip or Excursion - INTRODUCTION, benefits of field trips, Science Fair, Exhibition and Talk on Science & major activities in the science fairs
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) chose to study behaviour through the use of what he called a Skinner box. Versions were created for rats and pigeons. It discuss about Types of behaviours - Respondent, operant,: Positive, negative, stimulus & punishment, and 6 elements also.
Robert Glaser developed this model in 1962. It explains the relationship between teaching and learning. Assumptions of Basic Teaching Model, Components. Step 1: Instructional objectives, Step 2: Entering behaviour, Step: 3 Instructional procedures, Step: 4 Performance assessments, Description of Glaser’s Basic Training Model, Principles of reaction
BRYON MASSIALS AND BENJAMIN COX SOCIAL.pdfBeulahJayarani
The social enquiry model is the outcome of the efforts of Benjamin Cox and Byron Massials. It also discuss on elements, Principles of reaction in detail
“Concept Attainment ( indirect instruction strategy) Model” by Jerome Bruner. It also discuss on Descriptions of Bruner’s Concept Attainment Model. Merits, limitations and applications of Concept Attainment Model
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.
Classification animals-converted
1. ANIMAL CLASSIFICATION
DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI
M.Sc., M.A, M.Ed, M.Phil (Edn), M.Phil (ZOO), NET, Ph.D
ASST. PROFESSOR,
LOYOLA COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, CHENNAI - 34
2. ANIMALS Classification
•Animal classification refers to
the arrangement of animals in
taxonomic groups according to
their observed similarities and
evolutionary relationships
15-11-2021 DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI 2
3. WHY classification
• Classification allows us to understand diversity
better.
• It helps in the identification of living
organisms as well as in understanding the
diversity of living organisms.
• Classification helps us to learn about
different kinds of plants and animals, their
features, similarities and differences.
15-11-2021 DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI 3
4. CRITERIA FOR ANIMAL CLASSIFICATION
1. Number of germ layers
2. Animal body plan
3. Body symmetry
4. Body cavity or coelom
5. Body segmentation
6. Body support
15-11-2021 DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI 4
5. 1. Number of germ layers
✓Every multicellular organism begins life as a single cell
called ‘zygote’. The zygote divides many times to form a
mass of cells. These mass of cells get arranged into 2-3
layers called as germinal layers
✓Diploblastic animal: 2 layers, outer ectoderm & inner
endoderm separated by mesoglea. Example: phylum
Cnidaria
✓Triploblastic animal: 3 layers, outer ectoderm, middle
mesoderm & inner endoderm. Example: phylum
Platyhelminthes
15-11-2021 DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI 5
6. CELL AGGREGATE
PLAN
• Includes simplest of
animal types like
sponges
• Animal is made up of
aggregation or
collection of cells
• Tissues & organs are
absent
• There is no nervous
co-ordination
• Example: Phylum
Porifera
BLIND SAC BODY PLAN
• Shown by slightly
complex animals
• Digestive system
having a single opening
which acts as mouth &
anus. Hence ingestion &
egestion is done
through that opening
• Example: Phylum
Cnidaria
2. Animal body plan
6
7. Tube within tube body plan:
• Shown by advanced & evolved animals
• Complete digestive system with 2 separate openings for mouth & anus
• Example: Phylum Annelida
15-11-2021 DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI 7
8. ASYMMETRICAL
• Animals whose
body cannot be
divided into 2
equal parts
through any plane.
• Eg: Some
sponges & snails
BILATERALLY
SYMMETRICAL
• The animal can be divided
into 2 equal halves by
one 1 single median plane
• Example: Fish, frog,
goat
3. Body symmetry
Symmetry means similarity in shape, size & number of parts
on opposite sides of a median line. Median line is the plane
through which animal can be cut into 2 equal halves
▪ Animal whose body can be cut
into 2 similar halves in many
planes
▪ All the cuts pass through the
centre & appear like radii.
• Example: Hydra, starfish
RADIALLY SYMMETRICAL
8
9. ACOELOMATES
✓Animals which do not have
any body cavity
✓The space between body
wall & alimentary canal is
filled with parenchyma
✓Eg: Phylum Platyhelminthes
PSEUDOCOELOMAT
ES
• These animals show a false body
cavity which is lined by patches of
mesodermal cells
• The false cavity is called as
‘pseudocoel’
• Eg: Phylum Aschelminthes
4. Body cavity
Body cavity is the space between the body wall & the alimentary
canal which is produced by the splitting of the mesoderm during
embryonic development
Animals having a true body cavity
• Present in triploblastic animals
• The mesoderm splits into 2 layers
enclosing a body cavity called coelom
• The cavity is filled with ‘coelomic fluid’
COELOMATE
S
9
10. 5. Body segmentation
➢It is also called as ‘metamerism’ (true
segmentation)
➢It is a series of segments arranged along
the body of the animal
➢When the external segmentation matches
with the internal segmentation, such
animals are called as ‘metamerically
segmented animals’. Eg: Earthworm
15-11-2021 DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI 10
11. 6. Body Support
• The internal or external framework which
provides support to the body is called as
skeleton
• It is of 2 types. Exoskeleton (outside) &
endoskeleton (inside)
• Lower animals have only exoskeleton for
protection. Eg: cockroach
• Higher developed animals have both
exoskeleton & endoskeleton for their
protection. Eg: fish, cobra, parrot, man,
15-11-2021 DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI 11
12. TAXONOMY
• Classification is the
arrangement of organisms into
orderly groups based on their
similarities
• Classification is also known as
taxonomy. “Taxonomy – the
study of biological
classification.”
• Taxonomists are scientists that
identify & name organisms
15-11-2021 DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI 12
13. • There are 13 billion known
species of organisms
• This is only 5% of all
organisms that ever lived!!!!!
• New organisms are still being
found and identified
Species of Organisms
15-11-2021 DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI 13
15. • Accurately & uniformly
names organisms
• Prevents misnomers such
as starfish & jellyfish that
aren't really fish
• Uses same language
(Latin or some Greek) for
all names
Latin Names are Understood
by all Taxonomists
Benefits of Classifying
15-11-2021 DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI 15
16. •Binomial nomenclature used
•Genus species
•Latin or Greek
•Italicized in print
•Capitalize genus, but NOT
species
•Underline when writing
Standardized Naming
15-11-2021 DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI 16
17. • The International Code for
Binomial Nomenclature
contains the rules for
naming organisms
• All names must be
approved by International
Naming Congresses
(International Zoological
Congress)
• This prevents duplicated
names
Rules for Naming Organisms
15-11-2021 DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI 17
18. • Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a
category into which related
organisms are placed
• There is a hierarchy of groups
(taxa) from broadest to most
specific
• Domain, Kingdom, Phylum,
Class, Order, Family, Genus,
species
Classification Groups
15-11-2021 DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI 18
21. CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN
CLASSIFICATION
CATEGORY
• Domain Eukarya
• Kingdom Animalia
• Phylum Chordata
• Class Mammalia
• Order Primates
• Family Hominidae
• Genus Homo
• Species Homo sapiens
CHARACTERISTICS
• Cells with Nuclei
• Multicellular, motile, ingestion of food
• Dorsal supporting rod & nerve cod
• Hair, mammary gland
• Adapted to climb trees
• Adapted to walk erect
• Large Brain
• Body proportions of Modern human
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22. Early systems
Aristotle – Plants / Animals
Animals split into groups:
• Live and move in the water
• Live and move on land
• Move through the air
Linnaeus and other
scientists
Observable
features
Use of
microscopes
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23. principles of classification
• Classification –the grouping of organisms often on
the basis of simple observable features
1.Artificial classification
Divides organisms by what is useful at the time
e.g. Colour, size, no of legs (analogous features)
2.Natural classification
Based on the evolutionary relationships between
organisms and their evolutionary descent e.g.
Shared features and derived from ancestors
(homologous characteristics)
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24. Classification of animals
NON-CHORDATES
• Absence of notochord
• Pharynx not perforated by
gill-slits
• Nerve chord, if present,
double, ventral and solid
• Heart, if present, dorsal in
position
CHORDATES
• Presence of notochord at
some stage of development
• Pharyngeal gill-slits present
at some stage of life
• Single, dorsal and hollow
nerve chord
• Heart – Ventral in position.
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26. Phylum - Protozoa
➢Unicellular, Microscopic
➢Free-living, symbiotic or parasitic
➢Free-living forms are mostly aquatic or
terrestrial
➢Locomotion by pseudopodia, cilia, flagella
➢Ingestion of food by phagocytosis or
pinocytosis
➢Asexual reproduction by binary/multiple
fission and sexual by conjugation
➢E.g. Amoeba, Entamoeba, Plasmodium,
Paramoecium, Euglena
26
27. Phylum - Porifera
✓Simplest animals having pores called ostia
✓Aquatic. Mostly marine
✓Sessile ,i.e., not locomotive
✓Body is supported by spicules
✓Feed on small organisms or nutrients
✓Ingestion by ostia or large openings – oscula
✓Asexual reproduction by budding
✓Have a great power of regeneration
✓E.g. Sycon, Euspongia, Hyalomena
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28. Phylum - Coelenterata
❑Cylindrical (polyp) or umbrella (medusa) like
animals
❑Radially symmetrical and diploblastic body
❑Solitary or colonial and sessile or free-swimming
❑Mouth is surrounded by tentacles having
cnidocytes
❑Tentacles – food capturing
❑Stinging cells – offence, defence organs
❑Asexual reproduction by budding
❑Have a great power of regeneration
❑E.g. Hydra, Sea anemone, physalis, Aurelia
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29. Phylum - Platyhelminthes
❑Dorsoventrally flattened thin body
❑Mostly endoparasites or free- living
❑Triploblastic body
❑They are hermaphrodite
❑E.g. Planaria, Liver fluke, Tapeworm
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30. Phylum - Nemithelminthes
✓Long, slender, cylindrical worms
(round worms)
✓Free-living or endoparasites
✓Triploblastic body covered by a thick
cuticle
✓Unisexual organisms
✓E.g. Ascaris, Filaria, Hook worm.
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31. Phylum - Annelida
oElongated, cylindrical, metameric
segmented animals
oFree living/ ectoparasitic
oMarine / terrestrial
oTriploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical
coelomates
oLocomotive organs : setae,
parapodia, suckers
oHermaphrodite or separate sexes
oE.g. Earthworm, Leech, Nereis.
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32. Phylum - ArthRopoda
➢Most successful, largest animal group
➢Found in all habitats
➢Triploblastic, coelomate and bilaterally
symmetrical segmented animals with
heads
➢Have paired jointed appendages for
locomotion
➢Chitinous exoskeleton covering the body
➢Separate sexes
➢E.g. Crab, Spider, Millipede, Cockroach. 32
33. Phylum - Mollusca
✓Aquatic or terrestrial
✓Triploblastic, coelomate and
unsegmented soft- bodied animals
✓A large muscular foot modified for
creeping, burrowing, swimming
✓Body enclosed in membranous
structure (mantle) secreting
calcareous protective shell
✓Separate sexes
✓E.g. Pila, Bivalve, Snail, Octopus.
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34. Phylum - Echinodermata
✓Exclusively marine animals
✓Triploblastic, coelomate
✓Pentaradial symmetry in adults
✓Bilateral symmetry in larvae
✓Move by tube feet also for grasping the food
✓Few are sessile
✓Skeleton of calcareous plates or spines
✓Separate sexes
✓E.g. Starfish, Sea urchin, Brittle star, Sea
cucumbar
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35. Phylum - Hemichordata
➢Acorn worms
➢Marine animals living in burrows
➢Divisible in 3 regions : proboscis,
collar, trunk
➢May have one to several gill – slits
➢Sexes are separate
➢May be hermaphrodite
➢E.g. Balanoglossus, Saccoglossus.
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36. Chordates
❑Presence of notochord at some
stage of development
❑Presence of pharyngeal gill-slits
❑Presence of single, dorsal,
tubular, hollow nerve chord
❑Heart in ventral position.
DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI 36
37. Sub- Phylum - Urochordata
✓Marine animals
✓Body surrounded by leathery covering
(tunic / test)
✓Larvae are free swimming &
notochord is only in tail in larvae
✓After settling on seashore, they get
transformed into sessile adults
✓Generally hermaphrodite
✓E.g. Ascidians, Doliolum, Oikopleura
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38. Sub-phylum - Cephalochordata
❑Small fish-like marine animals
❑Notochord extends along the
entire body
❑Pharynx is large with
numerous gill- slits
❑Sexes are separate
❑E.g. Amhioxus.
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39. Sub-phylum -
Vertebrata
✓The notochord is replaced by a
vertebral column
✓The head is well developed
✓Brain is protected in a cranium
✓Endoskeleton may be cartilaginous
or bony
✓They may be jaw-less (Agnatha),
with jaws (Ganathostomata).
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40. Class Cyclostomata
➢They have suctorial mouths without
jaws
➢Skin is soft and devoid of scales
➢Absence of paired appendages
➢Cartilaginous endoskeleton
➢Mostly ectoparasites
➢E.g. Petromyzon, Myxine.
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41. Class Pisces (Fishes)
➢Cold blooded, aquatic
➢Stream-lined body
➢Fins – Swimming Tail-fin – Direction changing
➢Exoskeleton is the form of scales
➢Endoskeleton may be cartilaginous or bony
➢Respiration by gills
➢Eyes without eye-lids
➢E.g. Dogfish, Rohu
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42. Class Amphibia
➢Cold-blooded and freshwater or terrestrial
➢Limbs are two pairs
➢Digits are without claws
➢Absence of exoskeleton
➢Smooth, moist skin for respiration
➢Presence of ear drum
➢Eyes are protruding &provided with eyelids
➢E.g. Frog, Toad, Salamander
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43. Class Reptilia
❑Cold-blooded animals
❑Crawl on the ground
❑Their dry skin bears scales or
bony plates
❑Presence of neck
❑Absence of external ear
❑Digits are provided with claws
❑E.g. Tortoise, Wall lizard, Snake
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44. Class Aves (Birds)
✓Warm-blooded animals
✓Stream lined body for lower air
resistance during flight
✓Fore-limbs are modified into wings.
Digits are clawed and covered with
scales
✓Exoskeleton is in the form of feathers
✓Neck, beck are present
✓E.g. Parrot, Pigeon, Duck.
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45. Class Mammalia
➢Presence of mammary glands
➢Warm-blooded animals
➢Body is divisible into Head-Neck-Trunk-Tail
➢Digits are provided with nails, claws,
hooves
➢Exoskeleton is in the form of hairs or fur
➢External ear is absent
➢E.g. Bat, Squirrel, Rat, Lion, Monkey, Man.
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