Kingdom fungi
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Kingdom Fungi includes Unicellular ( Yeast) or multicellular and filamentous (Penicillium) organisms. Unicellular organisms have a protoplast with many nuclei e.g. Rhizopus or with a single nucleus e.g. Yeast. Filamentous organisms consist of a body called Mycelium in which a number of thread like structures called Hypae are present.
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Kingdom of fungi
Fungi are eukaryotic, non-photosynthetic organisms that include mushrooms, molds, yeasts, and others. They obtain nutrients by absorbing organic material through their filamentous hyphae. Fungi reproduce both sexually through spores and asexually through fragmentation or budding. Major groups include Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, and Zygomycota. Fungi play important ecological roles as decomposers, parasites, and symbionts through mycorrhizal relationships with plants.
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Kingdom Fungi
This document provides information about different types of fungi. It discusses that fungi lack chloroplasts and absorb nutrients from other sources. It then describes several types of fungi in more detail, including zygomycota which reproduce sexually through conjugation, ascomycota which reproduce sexually through ascospores and asexually through conidiospores, yeasts which are unicellular, and basidiomycota which reproduce sexually through basidia. It also provides examples of types of fungi like mildew, puffballs, bracket fungi, and the imperfect fungi that reproduce asexually.
9. introduction to kingdom fungi
Fungus comes from the Greek word mykes “Mushrooms”
They are Eukaryotic organism that digests food externally and absorbs nutrients directly through its cell walls. Consist of about 100,000 spp.
Kingdom protista
The kingdom Protista includes a diverse range of single-celled and simple multi-cellular eukaryotic organisms. While they differ greatly from one another, protists share characteristics of being eukaryotic with nuclei but less complex than other eukaryotes. Protists reproduce through both asexual and sexual means. They obtain food through photosynthesis, consuming other organisms or organic matter, or using multiple methods. Major groups of protists include algae, protozoa like amoebas and ciliates, slime molds, and diatoms.
Rhodophyta
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Vacuoles
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9. introduction to kingdom fungi
Fungus comes from the Greek word mykes “Mushrooms”
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Kingdom protista
The kingdom Protista includes a diverse range of single-celled and simple multi-cellular eukaryotic organisms. While they differ greatly from one another, protists share characteristics of being eukaryotic with nuclei but less complex than other eukaryotes. Protists reproduce through both asexual and sexual means. They obtain food through photosynthesis, consuming other organisms or organic matter, or using multiple methods. Major groups of protists include algae, protozoa like amoebas and ciliates, slime molds, and diatoms.
Rhodophyta
1. The document discusses the classification, characteristics, and life cycle of the red algae Gelidium. It belongs to the division Rhodophycophyta, class Rhodophyceae, sub-class Florideae, and order Gelidiales.
2. Gelidium has a stiff, cartilaginous thallus that is often pinnately branched. It reproduces both sexually, through non-motile gametes, and asexually, through fragmentation and non-motile spores.
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Vacuoles are membrane-bound organelles found in plant and fungal cells that serve various functions. They were first observed in protozoa in 1776 and named "vacuoles" in 1841. Vacuoles have a membrane called the tonoplast that separates the vacuolar contents from the cytoplasm. There are different types of vacuoles including lytic vacuoles, protein storage vacuoles, contractile vacuoles, food vacuoles, and sap vacuoles. Vacuoles in plants and fungi maintain pH, store water and nutrients, control turgor pressure and cell growth. They also store pigments and break down materials. Animal vacuoles assist in exocytosis and
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biological classification
The document discusses the history and systems of biological classification. It begins with Linnaeus' two kingdom system distinguishing animals and plants. It then describes Whittaker's five kingdom system comprising Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Each kingdom is characterized by cell structure, nutrition, and cellular organization. The document also provides details on the characteristics and life cycles of plants, algae, and their classification within the kingdoms.
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Here are the questions with highlights:
1) List the three main (groups) types of protists?
2) Give two examples of animal-like protists.
3) What are sporozoans and what disease do they cause?
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biological classification
The document discusses the history and systems of biological classification. It begins with Linnaeus' two kingdom system distinguishing animals and plants. It then describes Whittaker's five kingdom system comprising Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Each kingdom is characterized by cell structure, nutrition, and cellular organization. The document also provides details on the characteristics and life cycles of plants, algae, and their classification within the kingdoms.
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3. They are classified based on their structures - yeasts are unicellular, molds form branching hyphae and mycelium, and dimorphic fungi switch between yeast and mold forms based on temperature.
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Protists are eukaryotic, one- or many-celled organisms that live in aquatic environments. They can be plant-like, animal-like, or fungus-like. Protists reproduce both sexually and asexually. Major groups of protists include algae, which use photosynthesis, protozoa which are single-celled animal-like protists, and ciliates which use cilia for movement. Fungi are many-celled organisms that feed on dead and decaying matter and reproduce via spores. Lichens are symbiotic organisms consisting of a fungus and algae or cyanobacteria.
PRESENTATION ON FUNGI.
Fungi reproduce through three main methods: vegetative reproduction through fragmentation or budding, asexual reproduction through spores produced on specialized structures, and sexual reproduction through the fusion of haploid gametes. Asexual reproduction can be endogenous through spores produced inside sporangia or exogenous through spores (conidia) produced on conidiophores. During sexual reproduction, haploid gametes from two parents fuse and undergo meiosis to produce diploid spores, restoring the haploid phase.
Introdution of fungi by brijesh pratap singh and ravindra chauhan
Fungi are a diverse group of organisms that play important roles in ecosystems. They range from unicellular yeasts to complex multicellular mushrooms. Fungi reproduce both sexually, through spores formed via meiosis, and asexually, through mitotic spores or budding. Their cell walls contain chitin and they absorb nutrients from dead or living organic matter. Major groups of fungi include the Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota.
General characters of fungi
Described about general characters of fungi which include sexual and asexual reproduction with diagram, so it will be easy for undergraduates to understand the various concepts
Lec 9. Intro myco1.pptx
This document provides an introduction to mycology, the study of fungi. It defines fungi as eukaryotic organisms that lack chlorophyll and produce filamentous structures and spores. There are over 100,000 known fungal species, with around 300 pathogenic to humans. Fungi have cell walls containing chitin rather than peptidoglycan and cell membranes with ergosterol rather than cholesterol. Many medically important fungi can exist in both yeast and mold forms depending on temperature (dimorphism). Fungi are classified based on their morphology, life cycle and reproduction into groups such as zygomycetes, ascomycetes, and basidiomycetes.
STRUCTURE OF FUNGI.pptx
Fungi, Yeast, Penicillium, Economic importance of fungi, General structure of fungi, Reproduction in fungi, plasmogamy, Harmful effect of fungi
Fungi
Fungi is a group of eukaryotic non-phototropic organisms with rigid cell walls, that includes unicellular yeasts and multicellular molds. These slides will provide you the basics of fungi, general properties , reproduction and types of fungi.
53349a126a0ff26e1ab9ddb8c4dd5dba (1).pdf
Fungi have several different body forms including unicellular, filamentous hyphae that make up the mycelium, and multicellular fruiting bodies. They can be saprophytes, symbionts, or parasites. Fungi grow through their food source and absorb nutrients. They reproduce both sexually through spores formed on hyphae or in structures like fruiting bodies, and asexually through spores. Fungi are classified in divisions like Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Deuteromycota based on characteristics of sexual reproduction. Fungi interact with humans both beneficially through roles like decomposition, and harmfully as causes of diseases, food contamination
FUNGI FULL NEW.pdf
This document describes the key characteristics of fungi. It discusses that fungi are a diverse group of chemoheterotrophs, with over 100,000 identified species, of which about 100 are human pathogens. Fungi can be saprophytes that digest dead organic matter, or parasites that obtain nutrients from living tissues. Most fungi are aerobes or facultative anaerobes. The document also summarizes fungi morphology, noting they have cell walls containing chitin, are eukaryotic, and can be unicellular or multicellular. It provides details on hyphal growth and structure, mycelium, and types of asexual and sexual spores.
Diversity in living organisms
The document discusses the classification of living organisms into kingdoms and describes the key characteristics of each kingdom. It outlines five kingdoms - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. For each kingdom, it provides 1-3 key defining characteristics and examples of organisms that belong to that kingdom. It also discusses further classification within kingdoms like Protista into categories based on characteristics.
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Introdution of fungi by brijesh pratap singh and ravindra chauhan
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Double fertilization
Double fertilization is the process found in angiosperms in which out of the two male gametes released inside the embryo sac, one fuses with the egg cell (syngamy) and another fuse with secondary nucleus (triple fusion).
Female gametophyte
The document summarizes the development of the female gametophyte in flowering plants. A diploid megaspore mother cell in the nucellus of an ovule undergoes meiosis to form four haploid megaspores arranged in a linear tetrad. The lower chalazal megaspore develops into the functional female gametophyte through three rounds of mitotic division, forming an eight-nucleate, seven-celled structure called the embryo sac containing an egg cell, synergid cells, and antipodal cells with a secondary nucleus formed by fusion of two polar nuclei.
Flower
The document summarizes the structure and development of flowers and their reproductive organs. It describes that a flower contains four main parts - sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. Sepals and petals are non-reproductive, while stamens are the male organs that produce pollen and carpels are the female organs containing ovules. It then explains the structure of these reproductive organs in detail and the development of pollen grains into male gametophytes and fertilization of ovules to form seeds.
Pollen pistil interaction
The document discusses pollen-pistil interaction and development of seeds and fruits in angiosperms. It describes how the pollen tube grows through the pistil tissues towards the ovary after pollination. It explains that fertilization results in the ovule developing into a seed and the ovary developing into a fruit. The key stages of embryo and endosperm development are also summarized.
Pollination
This document discusses pollination and the different types of pollination including self-pollination, cross-pollination, and their advantages and disadvantages. It also describes the floral adaptations for different pollination mechanisms including anemophily (wind), hydrophily (water), entomophily (insects), ornithophily (birds), and chiropterophily (bats). Key adaptations include flower size, color, scent, nectar production, pollen characteristics, and timing of anther and stigma maturation.
Reproduction in angiosperms
This document summarizes reproduction in angiosperms. It describes that a typical stamen contains a filament and anther with two lobes containing four microsporangia packed with pollen grains. Each microsporangium is surrounded by four wall layers including a tapetum that nourishes developing pollen grains. Microsporogenesis involves meiosis of microspore mother cells forming haploid microspore tetrads. Each microspore develops into a pollen grain containing an outer exine layer, inner intine layer, and two cells - a larger vegetative cell and smaller generative cell. Pollen grains are important but can also cause allergies in some people.
Calvin cycle
It is also known as C3 cycle because the 1st stable products are of 3 carbon compound i.e. phosphoglyceric acid (PGA).
C4 pathway, cam photorespiration
The first stable compound during the pathway is 4C OAA (Oxalocatic acid) compound. Hence called the C4 pathway.
1 photsoysthesis
Photosynthesis is an anabolic process by which simple inorganic substances like CO2 and H2O are converted into a complex substance like a carbohydrate in the presence of light and chlorophyll.
Incomplete dominance
In incomplete dominance, the genes of an allelomorphic pair are not expressed as dominant or recessive.
Genetics
This document provides an overview of genetics and summarizes Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants. It discusses key genetics concepts like heredity, variation, factors/genes, phenotypes, genotypes, dominance, and segregation. It describes Mendel's monohybrid and dihybrid crosses and how they led to his laws of inheritance - the law of dominance and the law of independent assortment. Mendel's work established genetics as a field and provided the foundation for modern understanding of heredity.
Dominance
Gregor Johann Mendel (July 20, 1822 – January 6, 1884) was a Czech-German Augustinian friar and scientist, who gained posthumous fame as the founder of the new science of genetics for his study of the inheritance of certain traits in pea plants. Mendel showed that the inheritance of these traits follows particular laws, which were later named after him. The significance of Mendel’s work was not recognized until the turn of the 20th century. The independent rediscovery of these laws formed the foundation of the modern science of genetics.
Dna as genetic material
In incomplete dominance the genes of an allelomorphic pair are not expressed as dominant or recessive.
ii. They express them self partially when present together in hybrid.
iii. One gene cannot suppress the expression of the other completely.
iv. As a result F1, hybrid shows characters intermediate to the effect of two genes of the parent.
v. In such cases both the alleles of contrasting characters express as blend or mixing.
Dna as genetic material ppt
DNA (Deoxyribo nucleic acid) is the principal genetic material of all organisms, except some viruses.
In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick proposed the structural model of DNA for which they received the Nobel Prize in 1962.
Back and test cross
1. A back cross is a cross between an F1 individual and one of its parents. A test cross is specifically a cross between an F1 individual and its homozygous recessive parent.
2. Back crosses and test crosses are important for determining genotypes, obtaining pure lines, and introducing desirable traits through successive crosses.
3. A test cross, unlike a general back cross, will result in a 1:1 ratio of dominant to recessive phenotypes in the F2 generation, allowing determination of genetic constitution.
Mitosis
Mitosis is an equational division, dividing the mother cell into two daughter cells which are identical to one another and also to the mother cell in having the same number and kind of chromosome.
Meiosis
Meiosis is reductional division in which the chromosome number is reduced to half. During meiosis, four haploid daughter cells are formed from one parental cell.
It is a process in which the chromosomes duplicate only once but the cell divides twice.
It results in formation of four haploid cells. Hence, it is also called reduction division.
Lichens
The lichens are slow growing, long living organisms.
Theophrastus was first to use the word lichen.
Lichens are formed by close association of two different partners,
A) Phycobiont or photobiont: The algal component of lichens is called phycobiont.
It mostly belong to Chlorophyceae(green algae)
Or cyanobacteria ( blue green algae)
B) Mycobiont: The fungal component of the lichens is called mycobiont. It belongs to ascomycetes and rearly Basidomycetes or Deuteromycetes.
Cell cycle
What is cell division?
Ans: Cell division is a process by which a cell divides into two or more daughter cells.
Every cell arises from the pre-existing cell by the process of cell division.
Q. What is generation time?
Ans: The period between two successive divisions is called generation time.
COMMERCIAL CULTIVATION OF WHITE BUTTON MUSHROOM BY DR. P. B. CHOLKE
This document discusses the process of composting and mushroom cultivation. It describes:
1. The pre-wetting area (PWA) which is a simple cemented structure near the road with a depression to hold water for pre-wetting ingredients.
2. Phase 1 bunkers which are non-insulated tunnels used for initial composting, equipped with a perforated floor and ventilation system.
3. Phase 2 tunnels used for pasteurization before spawning begins in bags inside a spawn run room, then cultivation in racks inside a growing room, and finally harvesting.
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It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
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在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
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四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
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2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
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8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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Kingdom fungi
- 2. Kingdom Fungi Deparment Of Botany Preapared by Dr. P. B.Cholke (Assistant Professor in Botany) Pune District Education Association’s Anantrao Pawar College ,Pirangut, Tal-Mulshi, Dist-Pune- 412115
- 3. Kingdom: Fungi • Kingdom Fungi includes Unicellular ( Yeast) or multicellular and filamentous (Penicillium) organisms. • Unicellular organisms have a protoplast with many nuclei e.g. Rhizopus or with a single nucleus e.g. Yeast. • Filamentous organisms consist of a body called Mycelium in which a number of thread like structures called Hypae are present.
- 4. • The hyphae with septa is known as septate. • The hyphae without septa is known as aseptate. • Hyphae may be uninucleated or multinucleated. • The non-septate multinucleated hyphae are called coenocytic hyphae.
- 5. • The cell wall in fungi is composed of Chitin or fungal cellulose. • Fungi contain well organized membrane bound cell organelles except the chloroplast. • Fungi exhibit heterotrophic mode of nutrition. most are saprophytes- They absorb food which is decomposed (digested) outside. • Some are parasites or predators and some are symbiotic. • Reproduction is vegetative, asexual or sexual.
- 6. Classification of Fungi • A) Phycomycetes • B) Ascomycetes • C) Basidiomycetes • D) Deuteromycetes
- 7. A) Phycomycetes • Commonly called as Algal Fungi. • Body consist of coenocytic hyphae. • These fungi commonly grow in moist and damp habitats on decaying organic matter. • They reproduce asexually by spore formation. • Spores are endogenous, which are produced inside the sporangia( spore mother cell). • Examples: • Mucor • Rhizopus • Albigo is a parasitic phycomycetes.
- 10. B) Ascomycetes • Commonly called as Sac Fungi. • They are mostly multicellular, body is of thallus like or somatic body composed of branched septate hyphae. • They produce endogenous sexual spores called ascospores in sac like structure called asci. • Some produce fruiting bodies ( ascocarps) which enclose asci. • The asexual and endogenously produced spores are called as conidia.
- 12. • Conidia are produced at the tip of septate hyphae called conidiophores. • Examples: • Aspergillus • Penicillium • Neurospora • Yeast is an example of unicellular ascomycetes.
- 14. C) Basidiomycetes • Are Commonly called as Club Fungi. • It includes bracket fungi, rusts, smuts etc. • They have branched septate hyphae. • Asexual reproduction is absent but they reproduce by vegetative method by means of fragmentation. • Sex organs are lacking. • The fusion of two vegetative cells or somatic cells called somatogamy, produces dikaryotic mycelium which give rise to basidia or a firuiting body called basidiocarp.
- 16. • Basidiocarp contains many basidia which produce sexual spores called basidiospores, exogenously. • Examples: • Agaricus, Ustilago, Puccinia etc.
- 19. D) Deuteromycetes • It is temporary group of fungi . • They reproduce only asexually. • They are commonly called imperfect fungi. • When their sexual reproduction is discovered they are transferred to their respective group. • They mostly decomposers, while few are parasitic. • Examples: Alternaria, colletotrichum, Tricophyton etc.