This document provides an overview of Sigmund Freud and classical psychoanalysis. It discusses some of Freud's core concepts like the constancy principle, psychosexual stages of development, the structural model of the id, ego and superego, and defense mechanisms like repression. It also outlines Freud's early phases of psychoanalysis using techniques like free association, interpretation, and analysis of transference.

1. Sigmund Freud and Classical Psychoanalysis

2. The Constancy Principle States that the aim of the psychic apparatus (i.e., mind) is to keep stimulation to near zero if at all possible Studies on Hysteria (Breuer & Freud, 1895) Generated from an now outdated neurological conception Quiescence = pleasant Excitement = unpleasant Classical Psychoanalysis Mark W. Matthews, PhD

3. The psychic quantity that the constancy principle regulated (required to discharge) were the affects 1. An event (e.g., interpersonal exchange) 2. Reaction Sexually excited, angry, frightened, pleased 3. Affect determined by Individual personality Event itself Culture determines which affects are acceptable Classical Psychoanalysis Mark W. Matthews, PhD

4. 4. This interplay (individual & culture) determine which affects are “embroiled in conflict” (G & M, p. 27) 5. The memory associated with these affects become subject to repression Note: in this form, there are no irreducible forces or fundamental passions (i.e., drive) Classical Psychoanalysis Mark W. Matthews, PhD

5. Drive is an energy source Activates the psychic apparatus [structure] Determines humanity’s essential nature Quotes: “ a demand made upon the mind for work” “ the ultimate cause of all activity” “ every psychical act begins as an unconscious one” Classical Psychoanalysis Mark W. Matthews, PhD

6. Two drives Sexual Self-preservation Later to be incorporate in ego Later to become death/destruction Classical Psychoanalysis Mark W. Matthews, PhD

7. Psychosexual Stages Oral Incorporative(0 - 8 months): focus on the mouth, lips, tongue, swallowing, and sucking Incorporative character: smoker, eater Sadistic (8 - 12 months): biting and devouring Sadistic character: sarcastic Classical Psychoanalysis Mark W. Matthews, PhD

8. Anal (2 - 3 years) Child is learning how to control physiological functions Expulsive: releasing feces Expulsive character: messy, untidy Retentive: holding feces Retentive character: neat, tidy, obsessive Classical Psychoanalysis Mark W. Matthews, PhD

9. Phallic (4 - 5 years) Oedipus Complex Reverse Oedipus Complex Latency (6 - 12 years) Sexual instincts are sublimated until genital stage Genital (12 years +) Sexual instincts are not primarily autoerotic Health defied as the establishment of appropriate relationships with whole objects Classical Psychoanalysis Mark W. Matthews, PhD

10. 1. Sexual drive not yet organized 2. Composed of component/partial drives 3. Partial drives through their dependent relationship to the self-preserving drives are carried outside of the infant’s own body 4. Set of experiences develops Frustrating Satisfying Classical Psychoanalysis Mark W. Matthews, PhD

11. 5. These experiences, especially the satisfying experiences create an image or representation of what satisfaction is like 6. “The association of these satisfactions with the conditions under which they were experienced leads to object formation” (G & M, p. 41) Classical Psychoanalysis Mark W. Matthews, PhD

12. “ Because within the drive model the object is the creation of drive, object relations remain a function of drive” (G & M, p. 42, italics in original) Objects are passive receptacles or recipients of cathexis Classical Psychoanalysis Mark W. Matthews, PhD

13. Topographic unconscious (Ucs) preconscious (Pcs) conscious (Cs) Introduced in The Interpretation of Dreams Doubt about mechanisms the Ucs, Pcs and Cs use Classical Psychoanalysis Mark W. Matthews, PhD

14. One of the biggest areas changed as he accommodated his theory and created the structural model Addition of Narcissism, identification, and the ego ideal were too much for the system Classical Psychoanalysis Mark W. Matthews, PhD

15. Structural Finally gives structures to functions and the psychic apparatus written about id all unconscious ego mostly unconscious navigates reality superego mostly unconscious generated from resolution of Oedipus Complex Classical Psychoanalysis Mark W. Matthews, PhD

16. Actual Neuroses Anxiety neuroses Neurasthenia A psychological disorder characterized by chronic fatigue and weakness, loss of memory, and generalized aches and pains, formerly thought to result from exhaustion of the nervous system. Dysfunction of current sexual life Related to hypothesized chemical sexual substances (i.e., physiological) Classical Psychoanalysis Mark W. Matthews, PhD

17. Psychoneuroses Not neurological or physiological Available for psychoanalytic treatment Result of a conflict brought about the incongruity of ideas and the ensuing failure to release affect Seduction Theory “ Early seduction provides a traumatic experience precisely because the immature sexual apparatus is poorly equipped to handle the excitations that are stimulated, nor is the immature personality equipped to deal with their emotional concomitants” (G & M, p. 28). Classical Psychoanalysis Mark W. Matthews, PhD

18. Phase 1: Defense Model Repression of unacceptable affects exercise a “pathogenic force” Sexuality was considered the most likely area resulting in unacceptable affects, but still only one of a myriad of possible areas Incompatibility and conflict are pathogenic (regardless of source) “ Dominant mass of ideas” Classical Psychoanalysis Mark W. Matthews, PhD

19. Phase 2: Resistance and Repression Dominant mass of ideas = social structure The tension between one’s impulses and the social structure into which one must fit is what determines repression Wants to make repression deriving from humanity’s biological nature Postulates “organic repression” Ontogeny reiterating phylogeny Morality without society Purest form of drive/structure model Classical Psychoanalysis Mark W. Matthews, PhD

20. Phase 3: Anxiety and Late Affect Theory Anxiety near universal Affect relegated to secondary position No longer affect that is defended against Affect (specifically anxiety) is an indication that repression was partially failing With drive being primary, specific aspects of affects were disregarded, except as the affects indicated or revealed the nature of the repressed drive impulse Classical Psychoanalysis Mark W. Matthews, PhD

21. “ In Freud’s early view of the actual neuroses he saw anxiety as the product of dammed-up libido which had become ‘toxic’; because there were no opportunities for discharge, the libido had become (physiologically) transformed. The theory of anxiety in psychoneuroses, and the theory of affect generally, was imported from this approach to the actual neuroses. Anxiety was seen as the result of a damming-up, not in the case because of inadequate sexual opportunity, but because of repression” (G & M, p. 65) Classical Psychoanalysis Mark W. Matthews, PhD

22. “ All neurotic psychopathology represents a compromise between a repressed unacceptable wish and an unconscious fear. Where as all behavior represents a compromise between the demands of inner drives and external reality, neurotic behavior is a second-best solution, reflecting the individual’s effort to accommodate not only to the real world but also to the restrictions imposed by his unconscious fear” (MacKinnon & Michels, 1971, p. 74) Classical Psychoanalysis Mark W. Matthews, PhD

23. Symptoms Sharply defined Ego-dystonic Generally Axis I Anxiety Depression Phobias Obsessions Compulsions Classical Psychoanalysis Mark W. Matthews, PhD

24. Character More generalized behaviors Part of a persons personality Ego-syntonic Generally Axis II Mistrust Irresponsibility Impulsiveness Narcissism Classical Psychoanalysis Mark W. Matthews, PhD

25. Symptoms are uncovered through what the patient talks about Character is uncovered and revealed in the way and manner the patient talks and how the patient relates to others Symptoms not only defend against forbidden wishes, symptoms also partially gratify the wish. Classical Psychoanalysis Mark W. Matthews, PhD

26. Neurosis The ego responds to intolerable id demands by renouncing the id’s demands (i.e., repression) Psychosis The ego responds by renouncing the reality that makes the id’s demands intolerable (i.e., disavowal) This defense is against perceptions This defense is directed outwards Classical Psychoanalysis Mark W. Matthews, PhD

27. Early Phases Hypnosis moving toward free association Abreaction/Catharsis Pathology happens when affect cannot be discharged (constancy principle) Pent up affects result in neurotic symptoms Recovery of the repressed memories result in abreaction Classical Psychoanalysis Mark W. Matthews, PhD

28. Later Phases Treatment requires the uncovering of the libidinal force which has led to the appearance of a given affect Described like chess Classical Psychoanalysis Mark W. Matthews, PhD

29. Transference Distortion based on history Acting in vs. Acting out Patient is unconsciously reenacting a latter-day version of forgotten childhood memories, repressed fantasies, and other material with the therapist Classical Psychoanalysis Mark W. Matthews, PhD

30. Interpretation Helps patient distinguish reality and fantasy past and present self and others Provides broader perspective on how childhood impacts present Enlightens how the patient responds automatically and in stereotyped ways Classical Psychoanalysis Mark W. Matthews, PhD

31. Working Through Once or twice is never enough! Classical Psychoanalysis Mark W. Matthews, PhD

32. First personality theorist Ideas have permeated all of society Art & Literature Popular Culture Freudian Slip Dream Analysis Id, Ego, Superego Classical Psychoanalysis Mark W. Matthews, PhD

33. Acknowledged presence and power of a dynamic unconscious Developed a cohesive theory of personality structure Pioneered a developmental model of diagnosis and treatment Different ages and stages with different needs and struggles Classical Psychoanalysis Mark W. Matthews, PhD

34. Concerned with psychopathology Wrested with the “Seduction Theory” First theorist to talk about “object relations” Treatment Concepts Transference/Countertransference Resistance Dream Work Free Association Classical Psychoanalysis Mark W. Matthews, PhD

35. Drive/Structure Model Constancy Principal Pleasure Principal Reality Principal Psychosexual Stages Pathology has developmental characteristics Talking Cure Classical Psychoanalysis Mark W. Matthews, PhD

36. Development of Drive/Structure Model Drive Fundamental human urges Elemental passions Id expresses true purpose Structure Mental topography is a fiction Stresses metaphorical nature by assigning common names Classical Psychoanalysis Mark W. Matthews, PhD

37. Greenberg, J. R., & Mitchell, S. A. (1983). Object relations in psychoanalytic theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. MacKinnon, R. A., & Michels, R. (1971). The psychiatric interview in clinical practice. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders. Classical Psychoanalysis Mark W. Matthews, PhD