This document discusses Freud's dual-instinct theory of Eros and Thanatos, or the life and death instincts. It also covers three contemporary views of the unconscious - the Freudian, adaptive, and implicit unconscious. Key psychodynamic concepts are explained such as the id, ego, ego defense mechanisms, ego effectance, and object relations theory. Criticisms of the psychodynamic approach are also mentioned.

1. Unconscious Motivation
Chapter 14

2. Freud’s Dual-Instinct Theory
EROS THANATOS
Instinct for Life Instincts for Death
e.g., instincts for e.g., instincts for
• sex, • aggression toward self,
(self-criticism,
• nurturance, depression)
• affiliation • aggression toward others
(anger, prejudice)

3. ontempor ary Psychodynamic Perspectiv

4. hree Contempor ary Views on the Unconsciou
Freudian Adaptive Implicit
Unconscious Unconscious Motivation
Automatically e.g., sets goals, Automatically
appraises makes attend to
the judgments, emotionally
environment and initiates linked
action environmental
events

5. Psychodynamics
The clashing of psychological forces
Conscious volition (Will) Unconscious Counter-Will
Idea Counter-idea
Desire Repression
Excitation Inhibition
Cathexis (sexual desire) Anticathexis (guilt)
Ego ID

6. Illustr ation of Psychodynamics

7. Do the ID and Ego Actually Exist?

8. Ego
Psychology
Ego Development (Loevinger, 1976)

9. Ego Development
 Symbiotic
 Infant, ego is immature and overwhelmed by impulses
 Welfare depends of and is provided by caretaker
 Impulsive
 External forces (parental rules) curb a child’s impulses
and desires
 Self-Protective
 Child begins to understand rules and consequences and
develops self-control
 Rules and consequences are internalized and guide
one’s self-protective defense capabilities

10. Ego Development
 Conformist
 Ego internalizes group accepted rules
 Anxiety of group disapproval becomes a counterforce
against impulses
 Conscientious
 Set of internal standards to curb and counter impulses
 Autonomous
 Thoughts, plans, goals, and behaviors originate from
within the ego
 Self regulating and self motivating ego

11. Motivational Importance of
Ego Development

12. Ego Defense
Changes in Internal
Or External Reality
• Environmental Dangers
(conflict with Anxiety,
environment) Distress,
Depression
• Instinctual Presses (from Id)
(conflict with impulses)
Defense Mechanisms to
• Superego Demands Buffer and Reduce Anxiety
(conflict with
conscience)
Figure 14.1 Role of Defense Mechanisms in Buffering the Ego from Anxiety-Generating Events

13. Ego Defense Mechanisms
Page 408
 Denial
 Fantasy
 Projection
 Displacement
 Identification
 Regression
 Reaction formation
 Rationalization
 Anticipation
 Humor
 Sublimation

14. Ego Effectance
White’s Model of Effectance Motivation
Effectance
Motivation
When Successful, Sense
of Competence Increases
Willingness to Exercise Inevitable Voluntary Attempts
Emerging and Existing Effects on or To Produce Intentional,
Skills and Capabilities Changes in the Goal-Directed
Environment Changes in the
Environment

15. Freud’s Drive
Theory
Source of Drive Impetus of Drive Object of Drive Aim of Drive
Bodily deficit Intensity of the Environmental Satisfaction
psychological object capable by removing the
discomfort of satisfying bodily deficit
(anxiety) bodily deficit
 Development of mental representations of self through your relationships with
others.

16. Object Relation Theory
The quality of any one’s mental representation of
relationships can be characterized by three chief dimensions:

17. Criticisms of the
Psychodynamic Approach