Sigmund Freud was a famous Austrian neurologist who founded psychoanalysis. Some key aspects of his theory include that mental life is divided into the conscious and unconscious minds. The unconscious contains drives and urges beyond our awareness, and can be revealed through dreams, slips of the tongue, and other mechanisms. Freud believed psychopathology arises from unconscious conflicts between the id, ego, and superego. He developed techniques like free association and analysis of transference to treat disorders like hysteria and neuroses. Psychoanalysis examines early childhood development and the influence of sexuality and aggression on personality formation.

1. Psychoanalysis

2. • Psychoanalysis- the most famous of all personality theories.
• The two cornerstones of psychoanalysis
-Sex and aggression
• Spread beyond its Viennese
• Brilliant command of language
• Based on his experiences with patients, his analysis of his own
dreams and his vast readings in the various science and
humanities.

4. Sigismund (Sigmund) Freud
- Born either March 6 or May 6, 1856 in
Freiberg Moravia.
-Jacob and Amalie Nathanson Freud
-favorite of his indulgent mother
-at his young age his mother gave birth to a
second son Julius.
Sigmund harbored an unconscious
wish for Julius’ death.
-Freud was drawn into medicine, not because
he loved medicine but because he was
Intensely curious about human nature.
-in 1885 he study in Paris with the famous
French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot.
- He learned the hypnotic technique for treating
hysteria.

5. • Hysteria- a disorder typically characterized by paralysis or in the
improper functioning of certain parts of the body.
• Josef Breuer- a well-known Viennese physician who taught Freud
catharsis.
• Catharsis- the process of removing hysterical symptoms through
“talking them out.”
• From as early as adolescence, Freud literally dreamed of making
monumental discovery and achieving fame.
• In 1886 he had learned about male hysteria.
• Breuer discussed the case of Anna O to Freud
• He cannot accept Freud’s notion that hysteria came from childhood
sexual experiences.
• During 1890’s Freud suffer personal crisis.
• Neuroses have their etiology in a child’s seduction by a parent.
• 1897 he abandoned the seduction theory.
• Freud sank even more deeply in his midlife crisis.
• Henri Ellenberger said Freud’s life is a time of “creative illness”.

6. • “It is not the scientific differences that are so important; it is
usually some other kind of animosity, jealousy or revenge, that
gives the impulse to enmity. The scientific differences come
later.”
• 1902- Freud invited small group and they are – Alfred Adler,
Wilhelm Stekel, Max Kahane and Rudolf Reitler.
• 1910- Freud founded International Psychoanalytical Association
• Carl Jung of Zurich as a president of association .
• “Crown Prince” and “the man of the future”
•
“My emotional life has always insisted that I should have an
intimate friend and hated enemy. I have always been able to
provide myself afresh with both”

7. • 1895- his youngest child was born , Anna Freud.
• He never won the coveted Nobel prize for science, he was
awarded the Goethe prize for literature.
• He was a master of German tongue and knew several other
languages.
• Why did Freud have such a disdain for Americans?

11. • Mental life is divided into two levels.
-the unconscious and the conscious
• Unconscious has two different levels.
-the unconscious proper and the preconscious

13. • Contains all drives, urges or instincts that are
beyond our awareness.
• To him the unconscious is the explanation for he
meaning behind dreams slips of the tongue and
certain kind of forgetting called repression.
• To enter the conscious level of mind, the
unconscious images first must be sufficiently
disguised to slip past the primary censor and then
they must elude a final censor.
• Punishment and suppression often create feelings
of anxiety and the anxiety in turn stimulates
repression.

14. • Phylogenetic endowment- according to Freud this is
the inherited unconscious images from our early
ancestors.
• Unconscious drives may appear in consciousness,
but only after undergoing certain transformations.
• The unconscious mind of one person can
communicate with the unconscious of another
without aware of the process.
• Unconscious does not mean inactive or dormant.

16. • Contains all those elements that are not conscious
but can become conscious either quite readily with
some difficulty.
• The contents of the preconscious comes form two
sources:
-conscious perception
-unconscious

18. • Plays a relatively minor role psychoanalytic theory.
• It is the only level of mental life directly available to us.
• Ideas can reach consciousness from two different directions:
- Perceptual conscious
-from within the mental structure and includes non
threatening ideas.

21. • A term derived from the impersonal pronoun
meaning “the it” or the not yet owned component of
personality.
• Id serves as pleasure principle.
• Primitive, chaotic, inaccessible to
consciousness, unchangeable, amoral, illogical,
unorganized.
• The Id operates through the primary process.

22. • The ego or I.
• The only region of the mind in contact with reality.
• It is governed by the reality principle.
• It uses repression and other defense mechanism to
defend itself against the anxiety.
• The ego becomes differentiated from the Id when infants
learn to distinguished from the outer world.
• Freud used the analogy of a person on a horseback.

23. • The super ego or above-I, represents the moral and
ideal aspects of personality.
• Guided by the moralistic and idealistic principles.
• Like an ego it has no energy on its own.
• The super ego has to subsystems:
- The conscience
-The ego-idea
• It cannot produce repressions by itself, but it can
order the ego to do so.
• The super ego is not concerned in the happiness of
the ego.
• Is like an Id in that it is completely ignorant of and
unconcerned with the practicability of its
requirements.

26. • From a German word Trieb to refer to a drive or a
stimulus within the person.
• Constant motivational force
• The various drives can all be grouped under two major
headings:
- Sex or Eros
- Aggression and distraction or Thanatos.
• This drives originates from the ego.
• Libido- a psychic energy for the sex drive.

27. • Every basic drive is characterized by :
-an impetus
-a source
-an aim
-an object.

28. • The aim of the sexual drive is pleasure.
• Erogenous zones- mouth and anus are especially
capable of producing sexual pleasure.
• Sex can take may forms including:
- narcissism
- love
- sadism
-masochism

29. • Primary narcissism- Infants are primarily self-centered, with
their libido invested almost exclusively on their own ego.
• Secondary narcissism- adolescents often redirect their libido
back to the ego and become preoccupied with personal
appearance and other self interest.
• Love- second manifestation of Eros.
- develops when people invest their libido on an
object or person other than themselves.
• Sadism- the need of sexual pleasure from inflicting pain or
humiliation on another person.
- it is a common need and exists to some in all sexual
relationships.
•
• Masochism- like sadism it is a common need but it becomes a
perversion when Eros becomes subservient to the destructive
drive.

30. • The aim of the destructive drive is to return the
organism to an inorganic state.
• Ultimate inorganic condition is death and the final
aim of the aggressive drive is self-destructive.
• Aggression can also take many forms:
-teasing
-gossip
-sarcasm
-humiliation
-humor
-enjoyment of other people’s suffering.

31. • It is a felt, affective, unpleasant state accompanied
by a physical sensation that warns the person
against impending danger.
• Only ego can produce or feel anxiety.
• The ego’s dependence on the id results neurotic
anxiety.
• The ego’s dependence on the superego produces
moral anxiety.
• The ego’s dependence on the outer world leads to
realistic anxiety.

32. • Neurotic Anxiety- defined as apprehension about an
unknown danger.
• Moral anxiety- conflict between ego and superego.
• Realistic Anxiety- defined as unpleasant, non
specific feeling involving a possible danger.
• Anxiety serves as an ego- preserving mechanism
because it signals us that some danger is at hand.

34. • We must expend psychic energy to establish and
maintain defense mechanisms, the more defensive
we are, the psychic energy we have left to satisfy id
impulses.
• Ego’s purpose in establishing defense mechanisms-
to avoid dealing directly with sexual and aggressive
implosives and to defend itself against the anxiety
that accompanies them.

35. • The most basic defense mechanism.
• Ego protects itself by repressing those impulses.
• Repressed drives may be disguised as physical
symptoms.
• Repressed drives may also find an outlet in dreams,
slips of the tongues or one of the other defense
mechanisms.

36. • Repressed impulse may become conscious is
through adopting a disguise that is directly
opposite its original form.

37. • People can redirect their unacceptable urges onto a
variety of people or objects so that the original
impulse is disguised or concealed.

38. • Sticking to a certain way of reaction although its
ineffectiveness has been proved repeatedly.

39. • Can be recognized if a person in frustrating
situation acts in an immature and outworn
manner.

40. • Seeing in others unacceptable feelings or
tendencies that actually reside in one’s own
unconscious.

41. • People incorporate positive qualities of another person into
their own ego.

42. • Redirecting unacceptable, instinctual drives into personally and
socially acceptable channels.

44. • Oral phase
-obtain life sustaining nourishment through the oral cavity.
-gain pleasure through the art of sucking
-oral sadistic period
• Anal phase
-anal character
-anal triad
-Penis,baby and feces
• Phallic phase
-genital area becomes the leading erogenous zone.
-”History is destiny” changed into “Anatomy is destiny”

45. • Male Oedipus Complex
-castration anxiety
• Female Oedipus Complex
-penis envy
• Laius and Jocasta – parents of Oedipus, the king and queen of
Thebes
• Polybus and Merope-the King and Queen of Corinth, who don't
have any children.

47. Latency Period
-brought about partly by parents attempts to punish or
discourage sexual activity in their young children.
Genital Period
• Maturity
-psychological maturity

48. • Freud’s Early Therapeutic Technique
• Freud’s Later Therapeutic Technique
-free association
-Transference
-negative transference
-resistance
-psychoses

49. • Manifest content
• Latent content
• Repetition compulsion
• Posttraumatic stress disorder
Freudian Slips
• “faulty functions”
• parapraxes

50. • Did Freud understand women,
gender and sexuality?
• Was Freud a Scientist?