2. Sigmund Freud
(1856-1939)
- Jewish background, though avowed
atheist
- Lived in Vienna until Nazi occupation
in 1938
- Had medical background- wanted to
do “neurophysiological research”
- Private practice with specialty in
neurology
- Josef Breuer and Anna O.
- Private practice in nervous and
brain disorders
3. • Early 1900s published many works--
• Interpretation of Dreams (1900)
• The Psychopathology of Everyday Life (1901)
• 1905 concept of sexual drive being most powerful
personality component
• 1906 Psychoanalytic Society formed
• Many works burned in Nazi occupation (starting 1933)
• Left Austria, fled to England 1938
• Died of jaw cancer 1939
4. Personality
1. Personality is strongly influenced
by unconscious determinants.
2. The unconscious originates in early
experiences.
3. The unconscious, though dynamic,
is in conflict with the other aspects
of consciousness.
6. •Conscious
• Current contents of
your mind that you
actively think of
• What we call working
memory
• Easily accessed all the
time
7. •Preconscious
• Contents of the mind
you are not currently
aware of
• Thoughts, memories,
knowledge, wishes,
feelings
• Available for easy
access when needed
8. •Unconscious
• Contents kept out of
conscious awareness
• Not accessible at all
• Processes that actively
keep these thoughts
from awareness
9. •Topographical model
Operating Motivation Descriptive Dynamic “system”
System principle position position
Conscious Secondary Reality Within Not word oriented;
Process principle awareness repressed; time bound;
Easily accessed declarative
Preconscious Secondary reality outside of not word oriented;
Process principle awareness repressed; time bound;
can be poetic
Can have relatively
easy access when
attention is focused
Unconscious primary pleasure outside of repressed; Image oriented;
process principle awareness difficult access; not time bound;
available in dreams symbolic
10. Theory of the Structure of the Personality
The id houses biological instincts, is completely
unconscious, and operates according to the pleasure
principle.
- No contact with reality, constantly strives to reduce
tension by satisfying instinctual desires
- Unrealistic, illogical and can entertain incompatible
ideas, lack of morality
11. Theory of the Structure of the Personality
The ego develops out of the demands and constraints of
the environment and gains pleasure through the reality
principle: the use of rational means to gain pleasure
within the norms of society.
- In contact with reality although it may be partly
conscious, partly preconscious and partly unconscious
12. Theory of the Structure of the Personality
The superego represents the moral and ideal aspects of
personality as guided by the moralistic and the idealistic
principles
-unrealistic demands for perfection
-subsystems: (conscience and ego-ideal)
-controls sexual and aggressive impulses
13.
14.
15. •The Interaction of the Id, Ego and Superego
• With so many competing forces, it is easy to see
how conflict might arise between the id, ego and
superego. Freud used the term ego strength to
refer to the ego's ability to function despite these
dueling forces. A person with good ego strength is
able to effectively manage these pressures, while
those with too much or too little ego strength can
become too unyielding or too disrupting.
• According to Freud, the key to a healthy
personality is a balance between the id, the ego,
and the superego.
19. • Undoing - ego attempts to do away with unpleasant
experiences and their consequences, usually through
ceremonial, compulsive behavior.
• Fixation – ego remains at the present, more comfortable,
secured psychological stage, and considered universal
• Identification– incorporate positive qualities of another person
into their own (introjection, basking in reflected glory, name-
dropping, etc)
•Other Ego Defense Mechanisms
20. The inability to resolve conflicts may leave an
individual fixated in a particular developmental
stage, which then translates into various adult
personality characteristics.
21. •Psychosexual Development
• Stages of development in which conflict over
Id’s impulses plays out
• Ego must control these impulses
• If not resolved, psychological issues can emerge
later in life
22. •Psychosexual Stages
• Oral Stage (0-18 months)
• Pleasure centering around the mouth (sucking,
biting etc)
• Focus: weaning- becoming less dependent
• Not resolved? aggression or dependency later in
life-- fixation with oral activities Oral Aggressive
(smoking, drinking, nail biting etc.) or Oral
Incorporative (gullible, silent, etc)
23. •Psychosexual Stages
• Anal (18-35 months)
• Fixation on bowel and bladder elimination
• Focus: search for control
• Not resolved? anal retentive (rigid and
obsessive personality) or anal expulsive (messy
and disorganized personality)
24. •Psychosexual Stages
• Phallic (3-6 years)
• Focus: genital area and difference between males
and females
• Electra Complex or Oedipus Complex
25. •Complexes in the Phallic Stage
• Oedipus Complex (boys)
• Unconscious sexual desires towards mother, father is
competition
• Simultaneously fears the dad- “castration anxiety”
• Electra Complex (girls)
• Unconscious sexual desires towards father and mother is
competition
• Penis envy
• Resolution?
• Kid identifies with same sex parent
26. • Male Phallic Phase
• Oedipus Complex
• Castration Complex –
castration anxiety
• Identification with the father
• Strong superego replaces the
nearly dissolved Oedipus
Complex
Female phallic stage
Castration complex in the form
of penis envy
Electra Complex
Gradual realization that Elektra
desires are self-defeating
Identification with the mother
Weak superego replaces the
partially dissolved Electra
complex
•Parallel Paths of the Simple Male and
Female Phallic Phases
27. •Psychosexual Stages
• Latency (6 yrs to puberty)
• Sexual interest is repressed
• Kids play with same sex others-- until puberty
28. •Psychosexual Stage
• Genital (puberty and beyond)
• Sexual urges awaken
• If developed “properly” develop these urges towards
opposite sex members with fixation on the genitals
29.
30. DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY
Instincts – German word trieb which means “drive”
or “stimulus within a person”
-inborn psychological representation of an inner
somatic source of excitation; psychic energy
Life instinct – Eros
Death Instinct – Thanatos
Libido – force by which life or sexual instinct works
31. •Characteristics features:
• Source – bodily condition or need
• Aim – removal of bodily excitation
• Object – includes all things and behavior that
takes place in securing the necessary thing or
condition
• Impetus – strength or force of intensity of the
underlying need
32. THE SEXUAL INSTINCT
Aims to reduce sexual tension and bring about
pleasure, not limited to genitals – erogenous
zones
Sex can take many forms, including narcissism,
love, sadism, and masochism.
33. • Primary
Narcissism
• Infants are primarily self-centered, with
their libido invested almost exclusively on
their own ego.
• Secondary
Narcissism
• During puberty, individuals redirect their
libido back to the ego and become
preoccupied with personal appearance and
other self-interests.
Narcissism
Primary versus Secondary Narcissism
34. Love is developed when
people invest their libido on
an object or person other than
themselves.
Love is often accompanied by
narcissistic tendencies, as
when people love someone
who serves as an ideal or
model of what they would like
to be.
Love
35. Sadism is the need for sexual
pleasure by inflicting pain or
humiliation on another
person.
Masochism refers to the
experience sexual pleasure
from suffering pain and
humiliation inflicted either
by themselves or by others.
Sadism and Masochism
36. Aggression Is viewed to be as
the drive for self destruction.
As with the sexual drive,
aggression is flexible and can
take a number of forms, such
as teasing, gossip, sarcasm,
humiliation, humor, and the
enjoyment of other people’s
suffering.
Aggression
38. Freud (1933/1964) emphasized that
anxiety is a felt, affective, unpleasant
state accompanied by a physical
sensation that warns the person
against impending danger.
The unpleasantness is often vague
and hard to pinpoint, but the anxiety
itself is always felt.
Anxiety
39. • Neurotic
Anxiety
Neurotic anxiety is defined as apprehension
about an unknown danger.
• Moral
Anxiety
Moral anxiety conflict between realistic
needs and the dictates of their superego.
Anxiety
• Realistic
Anxiety
It is defined as an unpleasant, nonspecific
feeling involving a possible danger.
43. Free Association requires the patient to verbalize
every thought that comes to his/her mind, no matter
how irrelevant or repugnant it may appear.
The purpose of free association is to arrive at the
unconscious by starting with a present conscious
idea and following it through a train of associations
to wherever it leads.
Freud’s Therapeutic Technique
44. The basic assumption of
Freud’s dream analysis is
that nearly all dreams are
wish fulfillments.
Dream Analysis
45. The manifest content of a dream
is the surface meaning or the
conscious description given by
the dreamer.
Latent content refers to its
unconscious material.
Dream Analysis
46. Parapraxes or Freudian Slips
Freud believed that many everyday slips of
the tongue or pen, misreading, incorrect
hearing, misplacing objects, and
temporarily forgetting names or intentions
are not chance accidents but reveal a
person’s unconscious intentions.
Freudian Slips
47. • Deterministic
• Pessimistic
• High on causality
• Unconscious
• High on biological influences
• Middle position
•Concept of Humanity
48. Santrock, J. W. (2005). Psychology (7th ed.). New York: N. Y.
McGraw-Hill.
Feist, J. and Feist, G. (2008). Theories of Personality (7th ed.). USA:
McGraw-Hill.
Cloninger, S. (2000). Theories of Personality: Understanding
Persons (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River: N. J. Prentice Hall.
Tria, G. Theories of Personality
References
