Talks about Freud's theory

2. Freud’s Psychoanalytic TheoryFreud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
of Personality and itsof Personality and its
DevelopmentDevelopment
"A man should not strive"A man should not strive
to eliminate histo eliminate his
complexes but to getcomplexes but to get
into accord with them,into accord with them,
for they arefor they are
legitimately whatlegitimately what
directs his conduct indirects his conduct in
the world."the world."
- Sigmund Freud- Sigmund Freud
1856-1939

3. About FreudAbout Freud
 Effects of anti-Semitism on his career:Effects of anti-Semitism on his career:
No university appointments for JewsNo university appointments for Jews
Freud becomes a neurologist in private practiceFreud becomes a neurologist in private practice
Encounters hysterias, which he treats first withEncounters hysterias, which he treats first with
hypnosis, later with free associationhypnosis, later with free association
 The birth of talk therapyThe birth of talk therapy

4. About Freud’s TheoryAbout Freud’s Theory
 Focus is on unconscious processesFocus is on unconscious processes
 DeterminismDeterminism
 Main determinants of personality:Main determinants of personality:
 Biological drives (sex and aggression)Biological drives (sex and aggression)
 Socialization before age 5Socialization before age 5
 Freud constantly revised his theory as new dataFreud constantly revised his theory as new data
came about, but ignored people who didn’tcame about, but ignored people who didn’t
agree with the principles behind his theoryagree with the principles behind his theory
 E.g. Jung and other ex-students of FreudE.g. Jung and other ex-students of Freud

5. Structure ofStructure of
the Mindthe Mind

6. Personality StructurePersonality Structure
The IdThe Id
• Pleasure PrinciplePleasure Principle
• LibidoLibido
 SocializationSocialization
• UnconsciousUnconscious
The SuperegoThe Superego
• Conscience/morality BUT based on childhood ideas ofConscience/morality BUT based on childhood ideas of
right and wrongright and wrong
 Guilt for unacceptable (to a 5 year old) id impulsesGuilt for unacceptable (to a 5 year old) id impulses
• Freud viewed ego-based morality as far superior toFreud viewed ego-based morality as far superior to
child-like superego moralitychild-like superego morality
• Largely unconsciousLargely unconscious
The Ego
• Reality Principle
• Gives a unified personality (if
working effectively)
• Strength of ego determines
mental health

7. Personality DynamicsPersonality Dynamics
 Intrapsychic conflictIntrapsychic conflict
(id vs. superego)(id vs. superego)
 Ego has to satisfy bothEgo has to satisfy both
andand stay within thestay within the
bounds of sociallybounds of socially
acceptable behavioracceptable behavior
 Energy hypothesisEnergy hypothesis
 AnxietyAnxiety

8. AnxietyAnxiety


9. Energy-saving SolutionsEnergy-saving Solutions
 Could use repression, but this takes up aCould use repression, but this takes up a
lot of energylot of energy
 Instead, satisfy the id while fooling theInstead, satisfy the id while fooling the
superego:superego:
DreamsDreams
Manifest vs. latent contentManifest vs. latent content
Freudian SlipsFreudian Slips
HumorHumor
Defense MechanismsDefense Mechanisms

10. Ego Defense MechanismsEgo Defense Mechanisms
 Are normal behaviors which operate on anAre normal behaviors which operate on an
unconscious level and tend to deny orunconscious level and tend to deny or
distort realitydistort reality
 Help the individual cope with anxiety andHelp the individual cope with anxiety and
prevent the ego from being overwhelmedprevent the ego from being overwhelmed
 Have adaptive value if they do notHave adaptive value if they do not
become a style of life to avoid facingbecome a style of life to avoid facing
realityreality

11. Defense MechanismsDefense Mechanisms
 DenialDenial
 ProjectionProjection
 Reaction formationReaction formation
 DisplacementDisplacement
 RationalizationRationalization
 SublimationSublimation
 RegressionRegression

12. Stages of PsychosexualStages of Psychosexual
DevelopmentDevelopment
Oral StageOral Stage
• Birth to 1 yearBirth to 1 year
 Attachment to motherAttachment to mother
• ConflictsConflicts
Timing of feedingTiming of feeding
TerminatingTerminating
breast-feedingbreast-feeding
• Related to laterRelated to later
mistrust andmistrust and
rejection issuesrejection issues

13. More PsychosexualMore Psychosexual
DevelopmentDevelopment
 Anal StageAnal Stage
 Ages 1-3Ages 1-3
 Pleasure derivedPleasure derived
from newfoundfrom newfound
control over bowelscontrol over bowels
 Retention andRetention and
expulsionexpulsion
 Related to laterRelated to later
personal powerpersonal power
issuesissues
 Phallic StagePhallic Stage
 Ages 4-5Ages 4-5
 Superego developedSuperego developed
 Males: OedipusMales: Oedipus
conflict andconflict and
castration anxietycastration anxiety
 Females: ElectraFemales: Electra
complex and peniscomplex and penis
envyenvy
 Related to laterRelated to later
sexual attitudessexual attitudes

14. Even More PsychosexualEven More Psychosexual
DevelopmentDevelopment
 Latency StageLatency Stage
 Ages 5 to pubertyAges 5 to puberty
 A time ofA time of
socializationsocialization
 Sexual energies areSexual energies are
channeled intochanneled into
school and friendsschool and friends
 Genital StageGenital Stage
 After pubertyAfter puberty
 Fulfilling sex lifeFulfilling sex life
 No fixations, if allNo fixations, if all
went wellwent well
 Sexual energies areSexual energies are
invested in lifeinvested in life

15. Psychoanalytic TreatmentPsychoanalytic Treatment
 Free associationFree association
 CatharsisCatharsis
 InsightInsight
 ResistanceResistance
 TransferenceTransference
 CountertransferenceCountertransference

16. Evidence for the UnconsciousEvidence for the Unconscious
 Subliminal PerceptionSubliminal Perception
 Very weak stimuli could be perceived and processedVery weak stimuli could be perceived and processed
without conscious awareness of such stimulus havingwithout conscious awareness of such stimulus having
occurred.occurred.
 Not consciously aware of stimuli that are neverthelessNot consciously aware of stimuli that are nevertheless
being processed by some parts of our brain.being processed by some parts of our brain.
 Silverman (1976, 1983)Silverman (1976, 1983)
 Stimuli presented briefly (4 milliseconds)Stimuli presented briefly (4 milliseconds)
 Aroused psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia patientsAroused psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia patients

17. Contributions of FreudContributions of Freud
 First personality and psychotherapy theoryFirst personality and psychotherapy theory
 Emphasis on sexuality as influenceEmphasis on sexuality as influence
 Importance of early childhood experienceImportance of early childhood experience
 Concept of unconsciousConcept of unconscious
 Emphasis on Helper Role in therapeuticEmphasis on Helper Role in therapeutic
relationshiprelationship
 Scientific approach to mental health onScientific approach to mental health on
continuum from physical healthcontinuum from physical health