This is the presentation which was presenrted in PPT CONTEST on TCP PRESENTO 2020 Organized by Thiagarajar College of Preceptors-Madurai.

1. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING VS OPERANT
CONDITIONING
A.SARASWATHI
B.Ed, YEAR-I
St.Christopher’s College of Education,
Chennai-07
TCP PRESENTO-2020

2. INTRODUCTION
 Classical and operant conditioning are two important
concepts central to behavioral psychology.
 Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are
processes that lead to learning. Classical conditioning pairs
two stimuli, while operant conditioning pairs behavior and
response.
 Also, classical conditioning always works with involuntary
responses, while operant conditioning works with voluntary
behaviors.
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3. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
 Classical conditioning (also known as Pavlovian
conditioning) is learning through association and was
discovered by Pavlov, a Russian physiologist.
 Classical conditioning is a form of learning whereby a
conditioned stimulus becomes associated with an unrelated
unconditioned stimulus, in order to produce a behavioral
response known as a conditioned response.
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4. PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENTS
 Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936) was a Russian scientist whose
work with dogs has been influential in understanding how
learning occurs. Through his research, he established the
theory of classical conditioning.
 Pavlov’s experiments involves the study of the salivation of
dogs. Pavlov was originally studying the saliva of dogs as it
related to digestion, but as he conducted his research, he
noticed that the dogs would begin to salivate every time he
entered the room—even if he had no food. The dogs were
associating his entrance into the room with being fed. This led
Pavlov to design a series of experiments in which he used
various sound objects, such as a buzzer, to condition the
salivation response in dogs.
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5. PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENTS
 He started by sounding a buzzer each time food was given
to the dogs and found that the dogs would start salivating
immediately after hearing the buzzer—even before seeing
the food.
 After a period of time, Pavlov began sounding the buzzer
without giving any food at all and found that the dogs
continued to salivate at the sound of the buzzer even in the
absence of food. They had learned to associate the sound
of the buzzer with being fed.
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6. PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENTS
Pavlov had successfully associated an unconditioned response (natural salivation in
response to food) with a conditioned stimulus (a buzzer), eventually creating a
conditioned response (salivation in response to a buzzer). With these results, Pavlov
established his theory of classical conditioning.
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7. PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENTS
Classical conditioning: Before conditioning,
an unconditioned stimulus (food) produces
an unconditioned response (salivation), and
a neutral stimulus (bell) does not have an
effect. During conditioning, the
unconditioned stimulus (food) is presented
repeatedly just after the presentation of the
neutral stimulus (bell). After conditioning,
the neutral stimulus alone produces a
conditioned response (salivation), thus
becoming a conditioned stimulus.
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8. OPERANT CONDITIONING
 Operant conditioning (also called instrumental conditioning) is a type of associative
learning process through which the strength of a behavior is modified by
reinforcement or punishment. Through operant conditioning, an individual makes
an association between a particular behaviour and a consequence (Skinner, 1938)
 Skinner is regarded as the father of Operant Conditioning, but his work was based on
Thorndike’s (1898) law of effect. According to this principle, behaviour that is
followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated, and behaviour followed
by unpleasant consequences is less likely to be repeated.
 Skinner introduced a new term into the Law of Effect - Reinforcement. Behaviour
which is reinforced tends to be repeated (i.e., strengthened); behaviour which is not
reinforced tends to die out-or be extinguished (i.e., weakened).
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9. B.F.SKINNER’S EXPERIMENT
 Skinner (1948) studied operant conditioning by conducting experiments
using animals which he placed in a 'Skinner Box' which was similar to
Thorndike’s puzzle box.
 For example, when a lab rat presses a blue button, he receives a food
pellet as a reward, but when he presses the red button he receives a
mild electric shock. As a result, he learns to press the blue button but
avoid the red button.
 But operant conditioning is not just something that takes place in
experimental settings while training lab animals; it also plays a powerful
role in everyday learning. Reinforcement and punishment take place
almost every day in natural settings as well as in more structured
settings such as the classroom or therapy sessions.
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10. B.F.SKINNER’S EXPERIMENTS
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11. B.F.SKINNER’S EXPERIMENTS
 Skinner identified three types of responses, or operant,
that can follow behaviour.
 • Neutral operants: responses from the environment
that neither increase nor decrease the probability of a
behaviour being repeated.
 • Reinforcers: Responses from the environment that
increase the probability of a behaviour being repeated.
Reinforcers can be either positive or negative.
 • Punishers: Responses from the environment that
decrease the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated.
Punishment weakens behaviour.
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12. COMPARISON BETWEEN CLASSICAL AND
OPERANT CONDITIONING
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING OPERANT CONDITIONING
It is also known as Substitute learning. It is also known as Instrumental learning.
It was formulated by a Russian
psychologist namely Pavlov.
It was formulated by an American
psychologist Skinner.
Pavlov conducted experiments on dogs. Skinner conducted experiments on rats
and pigeons.
It is called Pavlovian or type-1 learning
(respondent).
It is called Skinnerian or type-2 learning
(operant).
In classical conditioning, the occurrence of
conditioned response is forced reflectively
by unconditioned stimulus.
Response is more spontaneous and
voluntary in operant conditioning.
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13. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING OPERANT CONDITIONING
The unconditioned stimulus occurs
irrespective of subject’s behaviour.
The reward is contingent upon the
occurrences of response.
Classical conditioning is preparatory or
anticipatory response. It is also called
signal learning.
Operant conditioning serves mainly to
stress or guide the learner that already
has certain responses available.
The law of contiguity is the basis of
association between stimulus- response.
The law of effect is the basis of
association between stimulus-response
(S.R.).
Automatic nervous system in the organism
is the controlling authority.
Central nervous system in the organism is
the controlling authority.
COMPARISON BETWEEN CLASSICAL AND
OPERANT CONDITIONING
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14. COMPARISON BETWEEN CLASSICAL AND
OPERANT CONDITIONING
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING OPERANT CONDITIONING
There is pairing of un-conditioned stimulus
and conditioned stimulus.
There is the pairing of a response and the
reinforcing stimulus which follows. There is
no pairing of unconditioned stimulus and
conditioned stimulus.
Bondage between specific unconditioned
stimulus and conditioned stimulus is
established.
Tendency to respond in a specific manner is
developed.
Reinforcement takes the first place in the
Pavlov’s experiment as food is presented
first to elicit the response.
Reinforcement comes after the response is
made by the organism.
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15. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING OPERANT CONDITIONING
Conditioned stimulus and unconditioned
stimulus- Close contiguity is followed and
response stimulus is formed.
Conditioned stimulus and unconditioned
stimulus can be placed in different
temporal sequences. Close contiguity is
followed.
In classical conditioning, focus is on the
single stimulus response bondage.
Operant conditioning is concerned with the
sequences of responses. A chain of
responses is formed leading to the desired
goal.
Regardless of the occurrence of
conditioned response, we present the
unconditioned stimulus.
Stimulus is presented only if the organism
makes the desired response.
COMPARISON BETWEEN CLASSICAL AND
OPERANT CONDITIONING
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16. COMPARISON BETWEEN CLASSICAL AND OPERANT
CONDITIONING
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING OPERANT CONDITIONING
Classical conditioning presents different
pictures of behavior and learning in which an
arbitrary stimulus is associated with a
specific elicitable response.
The operant conditioning deals with the
differentiation and discrimination of a
sequence out of a mass behavior emitted in
response to a complex stimulus field.
It helps in the learning of respondent
behavior.
It helps in the learning of operant behavior.
It is based on involuntary reflective behavior. It involves voluntary behavioral outcomes.
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17. REFERENCE
 Advanced educational psychology by S.K.Mangal
 Educational psychology by I.S.Sindhu
 https://www.verywellmind.com/classical-vs-
operant-conditioning-2794861
 https://www.simplypsychology.org/classical-
conditioning.html
 https://www.simplypsychology.org/operant-
conditioning.html
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