This document discusses laboratory thermometers and heat transfer. It describes how laboratory thermometers are used to accurately measure temperature between -10 to 110 degrees Celsius. It also explains how to take the temperature of water using a thermometer and defines maximum-minimum thermometers. Finally, it summarizes the three methods of heat transfer: conduction occurs in solids, convection occurs in liquids through rising and falling water, and radiation transfers heat without a medium.

1. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• LABORATORY THERMOMETER
• ACTIVITY ON LABORATORY
THERMOMETER
• MAXIMUM MINIMUM
THERMOMETER
• TRANSFER OF HEAT

2. LABORATORY THERMOMETER
• A laboratory thermometer is a device used in laboratories
to measure temperature with high accuracy .
• The range of laboratory thermometer is generally -10
degree celsius to 110 degree celsius .

3. ACTIVITY ON LABORATORY THERMOMETER
• Take some tap water in the beaker . Dip the thermometer in
water so that the bulb is immersed in water but does not
touch the bottom or sides of the container . Hold the
thermometer vertically . Observe the movement of mercury in
thermometer . Wait till the mercury thread becomes steady .
Note the reading . That will be the temperature of water .

4. MAXIMUM MINIMUM THERMOMETER
The maximum and the minimum temperatures of the previous
day , reported in weather reports are measured by a
thermometer called Maximum – Minimum Thermometer .

5. PRECAUTIONS OF USING LABORATORY THERMOMETER
• This should always be kept upright not tilted.
• The bulb of thermometer should not be touched to
the surface of container .

6. TRANSFER OF HEAT
• Substances that allow heat to pass through them is
called as Conductors . This happens generally in solids
• Substances that do not allow heat to pass through
them is called as Insulators . This happens in wood etc .
• There are three methods of heat transfer-----
• 1.Conduction
• 2.Convection
• 3.Radiation

7. TRANSFER OF HEAT
The process by
which heat
transfers from
hotter end to
colder end of
object is called
as Conduction
.It occurs in
solids.
which heat transfers from hotter end to
colder
• Conduction in Solids---

8. TRANSFER OF HEAT
• Convection in liquids--
• When water is heated the water near flames get hot
and rises up . Cold water from sides move
downwards. This water also gets hot and rises up and
water from sides move down , This process continues
till the water gets heated up . This mode of heat
transfer is called Convection .

9. TRANSFER OF HEAT
• Transfer of heat with no medium is called as
Radiation . All hot bodies radiate heat .

10. RECAP OF ALL TRANSFER OF HEAT PROCESSES

11. RECAP
LABORATORY THERMOMETER
 ACTIVITY ON LABORATORY
THERMOMETER
 MAXIMUM MINIMUM
THERMOMETER
 TRANSFER OF HEAT
(1) CONDUCTION
 (2) CONVECTION
(3)RADIATION