This document discusses refractive index and related concepts. Refractive index is defined as the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in a substance. It depends on factors like the density, temperature, wavelength of light, and composition of the material. Snell's law describes how light bends when passing from one medium to another with a different refractive index. Refractive index is used in applications like determining the concentration of solutions, calculating lens power, and identifying substances.

1. Refractive index
Prepared by :
Aras Jabar , Shaxawan Rahim
Tishko mhamad

2. content
 Introduction
 Refractive index
 Snell”s law
 Factors have effect on R.I
 Applications

4. Refractive index
Refractive Index : Is defined as the ratio of
velocity of light in vacuum to the velocity of
light in a substance at same wave length.

5. Refractive Index
Refractive index: is dependent on the
color of light travelling through the
medium.
Also depending on the density of the
medium.
White light is made up of light of
different colors.

7. Snell’s law:
 Snell’s law states that:
 A light travels from a first medium to a second
medium, the ratio of the sine of the angle of
incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is a
constant called the refractive index.

10. The arrow and the bent pencil

15. Factors that affect on refractive index
 Temperature
at high temperature we have a smaller value for the
R.I
At Low Temperature We Have A Higher Value For R.I
Because dense with temperature have an inversily
proportional

16. Factors that affect on refractive index
 Wavelength of light
The refractive index varies with wavelength linearly
because different wavelengths interfere to different
extents with the atoms of the medium

17. Uses of the refractive index
 it is used to measure the concentration of a solute in
an aqueous solution.
 For a solution of sugar, the refractive index can be used
to determine the sugar content

18. Uses of the refractive index
 The refractive index of a material is the most
important property of any optical system that
uses refraction.

19. Uses
 used to calculate the focusing power of lenses ,and the
dispersive power of prisms
 it is used to identify a particular substances
Since refractive index is a fundamental physical property
of a substance

20. Reference
 http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/bending-light
 https://www.fpharm.uniba.sk/.../Refractive_index.p
df
 webapps.utsc.utoronto.ca/chemistryonline/refractive
.php

21. Thanks for listening