Woodward Fieser Rule.
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Class / Semester.; IG(Chemistry) / 6th semester Paper : Basic Spectroscopic Technique Unit III (Uv visible Spectroscopy)
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Two Diemensional NMR (2D NMR)
2-D NMR provides more information than 1-D NMR by collecting data in two frequency dimensions rather than one. It involves applying two pulses separated by a short evolution period to excite nuclei. This results in two free induction decay signals which are Fourier transformed to yield a spectrum with frequencies plotted on two axes. The different types of 2-D NMR experiments, such as COSY and HETCOR, provide information about connectivities between nuclei and help elucidate complex molecular structures.
NMR- Diamagnetic Anisotropy and its effect on chemical shift
The shift in the position of the NMR region resulting from the shielding and deshielding by electrons is called chemical shift.
When a proton is present inside the magnetic field more close to an electro positive atom more applied magnetic field is required to cause excitation. This effect is called shielding effect.
When a proton is present outside the magnetic field close to a electronegative atom less applied magnetic field is required to cause excitation . This effect is called deshielding effect
M.Sc. 2D NMR.pptx
2D NMR techniques provide additional information beyond conventional 1D NMR. COSY identifies pairs of coupled protons, while HETCOR identifies the number of protons directly bonded to a particular carbon. NOESY and ROESY spectra locate protons that are close in space. DEPT distinguishes between carbon types such as CH3, CH2, CH, and quaternary carbons. Spin decoupling simplifies spectra by removing coupling between irradiated and non-irradiated protons.
C-13 NMR Spectroscopy
This document provides an overview of C-13 NMR spectroscopy. It discusses the history and principle of NMR spectroscopy, focusing on C-13. Key points include: C-13 has a nuclear spin of 1/2, allowing it to be detected by NMR, unlike C-12. The chemical shift range for C-13 is much broader than for proton NMR, from 0-220 ppm. The number of C-13 signals indicates the number of non-equivalent carbon types in a molecule. C-13 coupling is observed with directly bonded protons and other nearby nuclei. Applications of C-13 NMR include structure elucidation of organic and biochemical compounds.
UV Spectroscopy - Woodward - Feiser Rules
Woodward Feiser Rules -Calculation of absorbtion maximum for conjugated dienes and trienes - for unsaturated carbonyl compounds - benzene and its derivatives
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This document discusses various 2D NMR techniques used in pharmaceutical analysis including COSY, NOESY, HSQC, HMBC, and INADEQUATE. It explains the principles and applications of each technique. COSY identifies protons that are coupled through bonds, while NOESY identifies protons that are spatially close. HSQC and HMBC correlate 1H and 13C signals to determine connectivity. INADEQUATE directly shows 13C-13C connectivity but has low sensitivity. Together, these 2D NMR methods provide detailed structural information about pharmaceutical compounds.
Nmr spectroscopy
,chemical shift ,shift reagent ,reference standard ,splitting ,coupling ,couling constant ,decoupling ,isotopes
Coupling constant
The coupling constant is the distance between peaks in a multiplet in NMR spectroscopy. It is measured in Hertz and does not depend on external magnetic field strength. The value of the coupling constant provides information to distinguish multiplets and can indicate structural features like cis/trans isomers. Coupling occurs between protons close in space, known as geminal, vicinal, and sometimes long-range coupling over several bonds. The coupling constant is affected by factors like bond angle, dihedral angle, and electronegativity of substituents.
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Two Diemensional NMR (2D NMR)
2-D NMR provides more information than 1-D NMR by collecting data in two frequency dimensions rather than one. It involves applying two pulses separated by a short evolution period to excite nuclei. This results in two free induction decay signals which are Fourier transformed to yield a spectrum with frequencies plotted on two axes. The different types of 2-D NMR experiments, such as COSY and HETCOR, provide information about connectivities between nuclei and help elucidate complex molecular structures.
NMR- Diamagnetic Anisotropy and its effect on chemical shift
The shift in the position of the NMR region resulting from the shielding and deshielding by electrons is called chemical shift.
When a proton is present inside the magnetic field more close to an electro positive atom more applied magnetic field is required to cause excitation. This effect is called shielding effect.
When a proton is present outside the magnetic field close to a electronegative atom less applied magnetic field is required to cause excitation . This effect is called deshielding effect
M.Sc. 2D NMR.pptx
2D NMR techniques provide additional information beyond conventional 1D NMR. COSY identifies pairs of coupled protons, while HETCOR identifies the number of protons directly bonded to a particular carbon. NOESY and ROESY spectra locate protons that are close in space. DEPT distinguishes between carbon types such as CH3, CH2, CH, and quaternary carbons. Spin decoupling simplifies spectra by removing coupling between irradiated and non-irradiated protons.
C-13 NMR Spectroscopy
This document provides an overview of C-13 NMR spectroscopy. It discusses the history and principle of NMR spectroscopy, focusing on C-13. Key points include: C-13 has a nuclear spin of 1/2, allowing it to be detected by NMR, unlike C-12. The chemical shift range for C-13 is much broader than for proton NMR, from 0-220 ppm. The number of C-13 signals indicates the number of non-equivalent carbon types in a molecule. C-13 coupling is observed with directly bonded protons and other nearby nuclei. Applications of C-13 NMR include structure elucidation of organic and biochemical compounds.
UV Spectroscopy - Woodward - Feiser Rules
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This document discusses various 2D NMR techniques used in pharmaceutical analysis including COSY, NOESY, HSQC, HMBC, and INADEQUATE. It explains the principles and applications of each technique. COSY identifies protons that are coupled through bonds, while NOESY identifies protons that are spatially close. HSQC and HMBC correlate 1H and 13C signals to determine connectivity. INADEQUATE directly shows 13C-13C connectivity but has low sensitivity. Together, these 2D NMR methods provide detailed structural information about pharmaceutical compounds.
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Coupling constant
The coupling constant is the distance between peaks in a multiplet in NMR spectroscopy. It is measured in Hertz and does not depend on external magnetic field strength. The value of the coupling constant provides information to distinguish multiplets and can indicate structural features like cis/trans isomers. Coupling occurs between protons close in space, known as geminal, vicinal, and sometimes long-range coupling over several bonds. The coupling constant is affected by factors like bond angle, dihedral angle, and electronegativity of substituents.
Hetcor
This document provides an overview of 2D NMR spectroscopy techniques, specifically HETCOR. It discusses the principles behind 2D NMR, describing how it plots data in two frequency axes rather than one, providing more information about a molecule's structure. It then explains the four periods that occur in a 2D NMR experiment: preparation, evolution, mixing, and detection. The document focuses on HETCOR, describing it as a heteronuclear experiment that provides correlations between different nuclei like protons and carbons. Examples of HETCOR spectra are provided to show how they indicate couplings between protons and the carbons they are attached to. Related techniques like HSQC and HMBC are also briefly described.
Woodward__fieser Rule
This document discusses the Woodward-Fieser rules for predicting the wavelength of maximum absorption (λmax) of organic compounds based on their molecular structure. It introduces the basic terminology and presents the parent values and incremental contributions for calculating λmax for different functional groups in conjugated dienes, aromatics, α,β-unsaturated carbonyls, and compounds with more than four conjugated double bonds. Examples are provided to demonstrate the application of the rules for each class of compounds. The document is intended as an introduction to the Woodward-Fieser rules and their use in predicting UV-vis absorption spectra based on molecular structure.
Aromatic allylic-nmr-spin-spin-coupling
Long range NMR spin-spin coupling can occur beyond three bonds in systems with pi electrons like olefins, acetylenes, aromatics, and heteroaromatics. Specific types of long range coupling discussed include allylic coupling between protons on carbons adjacent to a double bond, homoallylic coupling between protons on either side of a double bond, and aromatic coupling between ortho, meta, and para protons. Rigid systems can also exhibit long range coupling through geometries that allow for orbital overlap like a "W" configuration.
Two dimensional nmr
The document discusses two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (2D NMR). 2D NMR provides more structural information about molecules than 1D NMR. There are several types of 2D NMR experiments that provide different information, including COSY, TOCSY, HSQC, and NOESY. These experiments establish correlations between nuclei that are directly bonded or spatially close. 2D NMR is useful for determining molecular structures, especially of complex biomolecules like proteins.
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Photochemical reactions
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Cosy,nosy
2D NMR provides more information than 1D NMR by plotting data in a space defined by two frequency axes. There are several types of 2D NMR experiments including COSY, NOESY, and HETCOR. COSY identifies spin-coupled protons by showing cross peaks between protons that are directly bonded. NOESY correlates protons that are near each other in space but not necessarily directly bonded. HETCOR plots 1H and 13C spectra on separate axes and connects carbon signals to bonded proton signals. 2D NMR techniques provide additional structural information about molecules compared to traditional 1D NMR.
Woodward Fieser Rules for UV spectrometry
1. The document discusses the Woodward-Fieser rules which are used to calculate the absorption maxima (λmax) of conjugated systems based on their structure.
2. There are three sets of rules - for conjugated dienes and polyenes, for α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds, and for aromatic compounds or benzoyl derivatives.
3. Examples are provided to demonstrate applying the parent values and substituent increments to calculate λmax values for different compound classes.
Woodward Fieser Rules
In 1945 Robert Burns Woodward gave certain rules for correlating λmax with molecular structure. In 1959 Louis Frederick Fieser modified these rules with more experimental data, and the modified rule is known as Woodward-Fieser Rules
Mass spectroscopy
Mass spectrometry is a technique used to identify molecules based on their mass. It works by ionizing chemical compounds to generate molecular or fragment ions and measuring their mass-to-charge ratios. The document discusses the basic principles and components of a mass spectrometer, including ionization, separation of ions based on mass, and detection. It also covers common fragmentation patterns observed for different classes of compounds like hydrocarbons, alcohols, aromatics, and others. General rules for fragmentation are provided along with examples to illustrate how structural information can be determined.
Nmr spin spin coupling
1. Spin-spin splitting occurs when nonequivalent protons on the same carbon or adjacent carbons interact with each other magnetically. This causes peaks in NMR spectra to split into multiplets.
2. The number of peaks in a multiplet is determined by the "n+1" rule, where n is the number of protons on adjacent carbons. For example, two adjacent protons cause a doublet, three adjacent protons cause a triplet.
3. The intensities of peaks within multiplets follow Pascal's triangle, such as a triplet having peak intensities of 1:2:1. This is because of the different magnetic environments felt by the absorbing proton due to the alignments of adjacent protons.
C 13 NMR Spectroscopy
1313
C NMR spectroscopy provides information about the number and types of nonequivalent carbon atoms in a molecule. It detects the number of protons bonded to each carbon and the electronic environment of the carbons. The chemical shift range for 1313
C NMR is much wider than for 1H NMR, from 0 to 220 ppm versus 0 to 12 ppm, making individual carbon signals easier to distinguish. Signal averaging and Fourier transform techniques improve the sensitivity of the 1313
C NMR spectrum. Decoupling and DEPT experiments can also provide information about the types of carbon atoms present.
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Metastable Ion
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Nitrogen Rule & graphs
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Factors affecting IR absorption frequency
1. Many factors affect the absorption frequency in IR spectroscopy, including reduced mass, bond strength, hydrogen bonding, electronic effects, and molecular structure.
2. Coupling between vibrations and Fermi resonance can cause frequency shifts and intensity changes. Hydrogen bonding causes broad bands while strong bonds absorb at higher frequencies.
3. Electronic effects like induction, mesomerism, and conjugation influence frequency by altering bond strength. Ring size, hybridization, and physical state also impact the absorption frequency.
Attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy
Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectroscopy allows samples to be examined directly in the solid or liquid state without preparation by passing infrared radiation through an infrared-transmitting crystal with a high refractive index. The infrared beam undergoes total internal reflection within the crystal and evanescent waves penetrate into the sample in contact with the crystal, producing its infrared spectrum. ATR is useful for analyzing liquids, solids, powders, and other samples with little preparation and can be applied in fields like pharmaceuticals, chemicals, forensics, and biomedical research.
Ziegler natta catalysts.pptx
Zeigler Natta catalyst is an important class of chemical compounds remarfot their ability to effect the polymerization of olefin to polymers of high molecular weights and streoregular structures.
It was developed by German SCientist Karl Zeigler and Itanlian scientist Giulio Natta and they received the 1963 Nobel prize in chemistry.
It's a combination of organimetallics which consists of a complex Triethyl aluminum an transition metal halide(Titanium tetrachloride ) which analysis polymerization.
Other transition metal such as Vanadium,Zirconium,Chromium, have also proven effective.
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This document discusses several factors that can affect UV-Vis absorption spectra, including sample temperature, concentration, pH, solvent, and molecular structure. Lowering the temperature results in sharper, more defined absorption bands. Increasing the concentration can lead to band broadening at high levels due to molecular interactions. Changing the pH can cause shifts in absorption maxima for compounds like phenols and anilines. The solvent can also impact absorption by stabilizing different electronic states to varying degrees. Molecular structure factors such as conjugation, steric hindrance, and isomerism further influence absorption spectra.
Determination of reaction mechanisms
1. Reaction mechanisms can be determined through various methods like identifying products, detecting intermediates through isolation, trapping or labeling studies, studying the effects of catalysts and acids, and performing kinetic studies.
2. Isotope labeling and crossover experiments involve using isotopically labeled reactants to determine whether reaction pathways are intra- or intermolecular. Kinetic isotope effects also provide information about which bonds are broken or formed in the rate-determining step.
3. Acid and base catalysis can indicate whether proton transfer is involved in the rate-determining step. General acid catalysis means proton transfer is rate-determining while specific catalysis means it is not.
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Woodward__fieser Rule
This document discusses the Woodward-Fieser rules for predicting the wavelength of maximum absorption (λmax) of organic compounds based on their molecular structure. It introduces the basic terminology and presents the parent values and incremental contributions for calculating λmax for different functional groups in conjugated dienes, aromatics, α,β-unsaturated carbonyls, and compounds with more than four conjugated double bonds. Examples are provided to demonstrate the application of the rules for each class of compounds. The document is intended as an introduction to the Woodward-Fieser rules and their use in predicting UV-vis absorption spectra based on molecular structure.
Aromatic allylic-nmr-spin-spin-coupling
Long range NMR spin-spin coupling can occur beyond three bonds in systems with pi electrons like olefins, acetylenes, aromatics, and heteroaromatics. Specific types of long range coupling discussed include allylic coupling between protons on carbons adjacent to a double bond, homoallylic coupling between protons on either side of a double bond, and aromatic coupling between ortho, meta, and para protons. Rigid systems can also exhibit long range coupling through geometries that allow for orbital overlap like a "W" configuration.
Two dimensional nmr
The document discusses two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (2D NMR). 2D NMR provides more structural information about molecules than 1D NMR. There are several types of 2D NMR experiments that provide different information, including COSY, TOCSY, HSQC, and NOESY. These experiments establish correlations between nuclei that are directly bonded or spatially close. 2D NMR is useful for determining molecular structures, especially of complex biomolecules like proteins.
Microwave assisted reactions
MERITS OF MICROWAVE ASSISTED REACTIONS
DEMERITS OF MICROWAVE ASSISTED REACTIONS
MECHANISM OF MICROWAVE HEATING
EFFECTS OF SOLVENTS IN MICROWAVE ASSISTED SYNTHESIS
MICROWAVE VERSUS CONVENTIONAL SYNTHESIS
MICROWAVE INSTRUMENTATION
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APPLICATIONS OF MICROWAVE ASSISTED REACTIONS
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The document discusses Fourier-transform nuclear magnetic resonance (FT-NMR) spectroscopy. It provides an introduction to Fourier transforms and their use in converting time domain NMR spectra to frequency domain spectra. It describes the components of an FT-NMR instrument, including an RF transmitter coil, magnet, receiver coil, and computer. Key advantages of FT-NMR are its dramatic increase in sensitivity over continuous wave NMR, allowing detection of samples under 5 mg, and its ability to rapidly provide high signal-to-noise ratio spectra.
Photochemical reactions
Photochemistry is the study of chemical reactions initiated by light. Light provides the energy needed for photochemical reactions. There are several types of photochemical reactions including photo-oxidation, photo-addition, and photo-fragmentation. Photochemical reactions have specific characteristics - each molecule absorbs only one photon, the rate depends on light intensity, and the change in free energy may be positive or negative. Photochemistry is important for processes like vision, vitamin D formation, photosynthesis, and polymerization.
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2D NMR provides more information than 1D NMR by plotting data in a space defined by two frequency axes. There are several types of 2D NMR experiments including COSY, NOESY, and HETCOR. COSY identifies spin-coupled protons by showing cross peaks between protons that are directly bonded. NOESY correlates protons that are near each other in space but not necessarily directly bonded. HETCOR plots 1H and 13C spectra on separate axes and connects carbon signals to bonded proton signals. 2D NMR techniques provide additional structural information about molecules compared to traditional 1D NMR.
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1. The document discusses the Woodward-Fieser rules which are used to calculate the absorption maxima (λmax) of conjugated systems based on their structure.
2. There are three sets of rules - for conjugated dienes and polyenes, for α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds, and for aromatic compounds or benzoyl derivatives.
3. Examples are provided to demonstrate applying the parent values and substituent increments to calculate λmax values for different compound classes.
Woodward Fieser Rules
In 1945 Robert Burns Woodward gave certain rules for correlating λmax with molecular structure. In 1959 Louis Frederick Fieser modified these rules with more experimental data, and the modified rule is known as Woodward-Fieser Rules
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Mass spectrometry is a technique used to identify molecules based on their mass. It works by ionizing chemical compounds to generate molecular or fragment ions and measuring their mass-to-charge ratios. The document discusses the basic principles and components of a mass spectrometer, including ionization, separation of ions based on mass, and detection. It also covers common fragmentation patterns observed for different classes of compounds like hydrocarbons, alcohols, aromatics, and others. General rules for fragmentation are provided along with examples to illustrate how structural information can be determined.
Nmr spin spin coupling
1. Spin-spin splitting occurs when nonequivalent protons on the same carbon or adjacent carbons interact with each other magnetically. This causes peaks in NMR spectra to split into multiplets.
2. The number of peaks in a multiplet is determined by the "n+1" rule, where n is the number of protons on adjacent carbons. For example, two adjacent protons cause a doublet, three adjacent protons cause a triplet.
3. The intensities of peaks within multiplets follow Pascal's triangle, such as a triplet having peak intensities of 1:2:1. This is because of the different magnetic environments felt by the absorbing proton due to the alignments of adjacent protons.
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C NMR spectroscopy provides information about the number and types of nonequivalent carbon atoms in a molecule. It detects the number of protons bonded to each carbon and the electronic environment of the carbons. The chemical shift range for 1313
C NMR is much wider than for 1H NMR, from 0 to 220 ppm versus 0 to 12 ppm, making individual carbon signals easier to distinguish. Signal averaging and Fourier transform techniques improve the sensitivity of the 1313
C NMR spectrum. Decoupling and DEPT experiments can also provide information about the types of carbon atoms present.
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Significance of Molecular ion & Graphically Method
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Nitrogen Rule & graphs
Formulation of Rule
Factors affecting IR absorption frequency
1. Many factors affect the absorption frequency in IR spectroscopy, including reduced mass, bond strength, hydrogen bonding, electronic effects, and molecular structure.
2. Coupling between vibrations and Fermi resonance can cause frequency shifts and intensity changes. Hydrogen bonding causes broad bands while strong bonds absorb at higher frequencies.
3. Electronic effects like induction, mesomerism, and conjugation influence frequency by altering bond strength. Ring size, hybridization, and physical state also impact the absorption frequency.
Attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy
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It was developed by German SCientist Karl Zeigler and Itanlian scientist Giulio Natta and they received the 1963 Nobel prize in chemistry.
It's a combination of organimetallics which consists of a complex Triethyl aluminum an transition metal halide(Titanium tetrachloride ) which analysis polymerization.
Other transition metal such as Vanadium,Zirconium,Chromium, have also proven effective.
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Factors affecting uv visible spectroscopy
This document discusses several factors that can affect UV-Vis absorption spectra, including sample temperature, concentration, pH, solvent, and molecular structure. Lowering the temperature results in sharper, more defined absorption bands. Increasing the concentration can lead to band broadening at high levels due to molecular interactions. Changing the pH can cause shifts in absorption maxima for compounds like phenols and anilines. The solvent can also impact absorption by stabilizing different electronic states to varying degrees. Molecular structure factors such as conjugation, steric hindrance, and isomerism further influence absorption spectra.
Determination of reaction mechanisms
1. Reaction mechanisms can be determined through various methods like identifying products, detecting intermediates through isolation, trapping or labeling studies, studying the effects of catalysts and acids, and performing kinetic studies.
2. Isotope labeling and crossover experiments involve using isotopically labeled reactants to determine whether reaction pathways are intra- or intermolecular. Kinetic isotope effects also provide information about which bonds are broken or formed in the rate-determining step.
3. Acid and base catalysis can indicate whether proton transfer is involved in the rate-determining step. General acid catalysis means proton transfer is rate-determining while specific catalysis means it is not.
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Neeri - Toxic Air Pollutants
This document discusses the complexities in monitoring and characterizing airborne particulate matter (PM). It notes that PM classifications, analysis techniques, and chemical compositions can vary significantly between locations and sources. Advances in monitoring now allow analysis of finer PM fractions as well as physical, chemical, and biological particle properties. However, this additional data reveals new challenges for standards development. The document also outlines gaps in current understanding around secondary PM formation, indoor/outdoor sources, and background concentrations. New monitoring techniques like open-path spectroscopy are providing more detailed real-time air quality data over larger areas. Overall, characterizing PM remains an important but complex area of research.
Controlled release formulations as a smart delivery system for eco friendly p...
Controlled release formulations as a smart delivery system for eco friendly p...Asst Prof SSNAIK ENTO PJTSAU
Here I would like to explain you on bio pesticides and their disadvantages and their alternative way of utilization like controlled release formulations and also role of nanotechnology in the bio pesticides longevity in the environment. I hope it would increase your understanding on the concepts .......................................................Chemistry at the University of Central Lancashirec
The document summarizes chemistry and forensic chemistry degree programs at the University of Central Lancashire (UCLan). It outlines the school of forensic and investigative science, which offers diverse programs across forensic investigation, policing, chemistry, and more. It provides details on the BSc and MChem chemistry programs, including course content, facilities, staff, opportunities for students, and positive feedback from external examiners. The forensic chemistry program combines chemistry and crime scene science, emphasizing organic chemistry, chemical analysis, and crime scene processing skills.
Biomolecular interaction analysis (BIA) techniques
The document discusses various biomolecular interaction analysis (BIA) techniques for studying interactions between biomolecules and small molecules. It begins with an introduction to BIA and its importance for understanding biology, drug discovery, and diagnostics. The document then outlines and describes several BIA techniques categorized as biochemistry and biophysics methods, molecular methods, computer-aided techniques, and novel creative approaches. Specific techniques discussed in detail include fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and isothermal titration calorimetry. The document provides information on the principles, applications, advantages, and limitations of each technique.
KINETICS AND THERMODYNAMICS FO ENMES BY MALIK SUFYAN
This document discusses applications of UV-visible spectroscopy. It provides examples of UV-visible spectroscopy applications in food analysis for quality control, food color analysis, antioxidant analysis, flavor and aroma analysis, and nutrient analysis. It also discusses using online UV-visible spectrophotometers for drinking water quality monitoring and process control. Finally, it outlines five steps for reading and interpreting UV-visible spectrophotometric results to determine the structure of chemical compounds, including observing spectrum patterns, absorption bands, absorbance values, identifying possible chromophores, and observing band shifting.
Use of fluorescence lifetime technology to provide efficient protection from ...
This article describes novel data analysis of fluorescence lifetime-based protein kinase assays to identify and correct for compound interference in several practical cases. This ability, together with inherent advantages of fluorescence lifetime technology (FLT) as a homogeneous, antibody-free format indepen- dent of sample concentration, volume, excitation intensity, and geometry, makes fluorescence lifetime a practical alternative to the established ‘‘gold standards’’ of radiometric and mobility shift (Caliper) assays. The analysis is based on a photochemical model that sets constraints on the values of fluorescence lifetimes in the time responses of the assay. The addition of an exponential component with free floating lifetime to the constrained model, in which the lifetimes are constants predetermined from control mea- surements and the preexponential coefficients are ‘‘floating’’ parameters, allows the relative concentra- tion of phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated substrates to be calculated even in the presence of compound fluorescence. The method is exemplified using both simulated data and experimental results measured from mixtures of dye-labeled phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated kinase substrates. A change of the fluorescence lifetime is achieved by the phosphorylated substrate-specific interaction with a bifunctional ligand, where one binding site interacts with the phosphate group and the other interacts with the dye.
Polymer science in drug delivery system
This document discusses polymers and their applications in drug delivery systems. It provides an overview of various polymers used in drug delivery, including PLGA, PGA, poly-L-glutamic acid, polylactic acid, PNIPAAM, pHEMA, PPy, and PAMAM. It also discusses responsive polymers and their use in conventional and novel drug delivery systems. Advantages of polymer-based drug delivery include controlled and sustained release of drugs. Challenges include difficulty in scaling up production and removing residual organic solvents.
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Recently uploaded
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart Agriculture
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
CLASS 12th CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE ppt (Animated)
Description:
Dive into the fascinating realm of solid-state physics with our meticulously crafted online PowerPoint presentation. This immersive educational resource offers a comprehensive exploration of the fundamental concepts, theories, and applications within the realm of solid-state physics.
From crystalline structures to semiconductor devices, this presentation delves into the intricate principles governing the behavior of solids, providing clear explanations and illustrative examples to enhance understanding. Whether you're a student delving into the subject for the first time or a seasoned researcher seeking to deepen your knowledge, our presentation offers valuable insights and in-depth analyses to cater to various levels of expertise.
Key topics covered include:
Crystal Structures: Unravel the mysteries of crystalline arrangements and their significance in determining material properties.
Band Theory: Explore the electronic band structure of solids and understand how it influences their conductive properties.
Semiconductor Physics: Delve into the behavior of semiconductors, including doping, carrier transport, and device applications.
Magnetic Properties: Investigate the magnetic behavior of solids, including ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and ferrimagnetism.
Optical Properties: Examine the interaction of light with solids, including absorption, reflection, and transmission phenomena.
With visually engaging slides, informative content, and interactive elements, our online PowerPoint presentation serves as a valuable resource for students, educators, and enthusiasts alike, facilitating a deeper understanding of the captivating world of solid-state physics. Explore the intricacies of solid-state materials and unlock the secrets behind their remarkable properties with our comprehensive presentation.
在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
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The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Alternate Wetting and Drying presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024. Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDS
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...ABHISHEK SONI NIMT INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND PARAMEDCIAL SCIENCES , GOVT PG COLLEGE NOIDA
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.fermented food science of sauerkraut.pptx
This ppt contains the production of a fermented food name - sauerkraut
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Juaristi, Jon. - El canon espanol. El legado de la cultura española a la civi...
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The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
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Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
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GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
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Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
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Woodward Fieser Rule.
- 1. Woodward Fieser Rule PGDepartmentofChemistry,ClusterUniversitySrinagar P G Department of Chemistry, SP College Cluster University Srinagar Online Lecture By Dr. Syed Raashid Maqsood Assistant Professor Class / Semester.; IG(Chemistry) / 6th semester Paper : Basic Spectroscopic Technique Unit III (Uv visible Spectroscopy)
- 2. Why we are Here PGDepartmentofChemistry,ClusterUniversitySrinagar #StayHomeStaySafe #BreakTheChain
- 3. PGDepartmentofChemistry,ClusterUniversitySrinagar Woodward Fiser Rules Woodward–Fieser rules ,(named after Robert Burns Woodward and Louis Fieseralso) are sets of empirically derived rules which predict the wavelength of the absorption maximum (λmax) in an ultraviolet–visible spectrum of a given organic molecule. Inputs used in the calculation are the type of chromophores present, the auxochromes (substituents on the chromophores), extended conjugation and solvent. These rules are mostly applicable to two types of organic molecules: i) conjugated dienes,and polyenes. ii) conjugated carbonyl compounds ƛmax (Cal.) = Base Value for diene + Ʃcontribution for substituents + Ʃcontribution from other factors For a good number of examples ƛmax (Cal.) ᴝ ƛmax (Exp.) conjugated dienes, and polyenes.
- 4. PGDepartmentofChemistry,ClusterUniversitySrinagar Assigning the Base Value Type of Diene Unit Base ValueStructure Acyclic Diene Homoannular Diene Hetroannular Diene 214 /215 nm 214 / 215 nm 253 nm (Cissoid) (transoid)
- 16. PGDepartmentofChemistry,ClusterUniversitySrinagar Drop your quarries and responses in the comment section of Google class room StayHomeStaySafe