Prismatic compasses are surveying instruments used to determine bearings along traversing lines. They consist of a prism for accurate observations. Compass surveying involves determining directions with a magnetic compass and measuring line lengths with a tape. Temporary adjustments include fixing, centering, leveling, and sighting the compass. To complete a closed traverse using a prismatic compass, bearings are taken at each station and lengths are measured between stations, with care taken to avoid local magnetic attractions.
Surveying Engineering
Contour & Contouring
In this lecture we will cover
definitions.
Characteristics of contour lines.
Contours used by Engineers .
Methods of locating contour.
Method of Interpolation Contours.
Contour & Contouring
A map showing the natural and cultural features as well
as showing the nature of the surface of the land (topography of the
land) of the up and downs and its representation in (3D)three
dimensions.
A contour is a line drawn on a plan joining all points of the same
height above or below a datum.
Or A contour line
is a line that passes through points having the same elevation.
contour interval
is the constant vertical distance(VD) between any two
consecutive contours is called the contour interval
. The contour interval on this map is 20m
-The choice of suitable contour interval depends on several
factors.
-Topographic Maps
-Characteristics of contour lines.
-Contours are used by Engineers to:
-Methods of locating contour:
A- The direct methods
1- Level and staff method.
2- Plan table and alidade method.
Direct method procedure:
In this method the actual contour is pegged out on the ground and its
planimetric position located. A back-sight is taken to an appropriate BM and
the HPC of the instrument is obtained, say( 34.800m.) A staff reading of
0.800m would then place the foot of the staff at the( 34m )contour level. The
staff is then moved throughout the terrain area, with its position pegged at
every 0.800m reading. In this way the 34m contour is located. Similarly a
staff reading of (1.800m) gives the 33m contour and so on. The planimetric position of the contour needs to be located using an appropriate survey technique.
1- Grid method:-
Methods of Contouring
B- Indirect contouring
*Method of Interpolation Contours.
-Plotting contours.
Prepared by:
Asst. Prof. Salar K.Hussein
Mr. Kamal Y.Abdullah
Asst.Lecturer. Dilveen H. Omar
Erbil Polytechnic University
Technical Engineering College
Civil Engineering Department
Surveying Engineering
Contour & Contouring
In this lecture we will cover
definitions.
Characteristics of contour lines.
Contours used by Engineers .
Methods of locating contour.
Method of Interpolation Contours.
Contour & Contouring
A map showing the natural and cultural features as well
as showing the nature of the surface of the land (topography of the
land) of the up and downs and its representation in (3D)three
dimensions.
A contour is a line drawn on a plan joining all points of the same
height above or below a datum.
Or A contour line
is a line that passes through points having the same elevation.
contour interval
is the constant vertical distance(VD) between any two
consecutive contours is called the contour interval
. The contour interval on this map is 20m
-The choice of suitable contour interval depends on several
factors.
-Topographic Maps
-Characteristics of contour lines.
-Contours are used by Engineers to:
-Methods of locating contour:
A- The direct methods
1- Level and staff method.
2- Plan table and alidade method.
Direct method procedure:
In this method the actual contour is pegged out on the ground and its
planimetric position located. A back-sight is taken to an appropriate BM and
the HPC of the instrument is obtained, say( 34.800m.) A staff reading of
0.800m would then place the foot of the staff at the( 34m )contour level. The
staff is then moved throughout the terrain area, with its position pegged at
every 0.800m reading. In this way the 34m contour is located. Similarly a
staff reading of (1.800m) gives the 33m contour and so on. The planimetric position of the contour needs to be located using an appropriate survey technique.
1- Grid method:-
Methods of Contouring
B- Indirect contouring
*Method of Interpolation Contours.
-Plotting contours.
Prepared by:
Asst. Prof. Salar K.Hussein
Mr. Kamal Y.Abdullah
Asst.Lecturer. Dilveen H. Omar
Erbil Polytechnic University
Technical Engineering College
Civil Engineering Department
Surveying Levelling & Contouring Unit 2 Notes updating.pptx (1).pdfDenish Jangid
Levelling
Datum
Reduced Level
Absolute Level
MSL
Back sight
Fore sight
Intermediate sight
Types of BenchMark
Height of instrument
Rise & Fall Method
Temporary benchmark
Great Trigonometric Survey BM
Line of Collimation
Barometric levelling
Trigonometric Leveling
Fly leveling
Profile leveling
Dumpy Level
Y level or Wye-level
Tilting Level
Reversible Level
Auto Level
Automatic Level
Levelling Staff
Self reading staff
Target staff
Contour
Characteristic of Contours
Uses of contours maps
Contour Interval and Horizontal Equivalent
Errors in leveling
Earth curvature
Refraction
Collimation errors
Numerical on HI, Rise & Fall Method
Introduction, electromagnetic spectrum, electromagnetic distance measurement, types of EDM instruments, electronic digital theodolites, total station, digital levels, scanners for topographical survey, global positioning system.
Introduction, purpose, principle, instruments, methods of tacheometry, stadia constants, anallatic lens, Subtense bar, field work in tacheometry, reduction of readings, errors and precisions.
Surveying Levelling & Contouring Unit 2 Notes updating.pptx (1).pdfDenish Jangid
Levelling
Datum
Reduced Level
Absolute Level
MSL
Back sight
Fore sight
Intermediate sight
Types of BenchMark
Height of instrument
Rise & Fall Method
Temporary benchmark
Great Trigonometric Survey BM
Line of Collimation
Barometric levelling
Trigonometric Leveling
Fly leveling
Profile leveling
Dumpy Level
Y level or Wye-level
Tilting Level
Reversible Level
Auto Level
Automatic Level
Levelling Staff
Self reading staff
Target staff
Contour
Characteristic of Contours
Uses of contours maps
Contour Interval and Horizontal Equivalent
Errors in leveling
Earth curvature
Refraction
Collimation errors
Numerical on HI, Rise & Fall Method
Introduction, electromagnetic spectrum, electromagnetic distance measurement, types of EDM instruments, electronic digital theodolites, total station, digital levels, scanners for topographical survey, global positioning system.
Introduction, purpose, principle, instruments, methods of tacheometry, stadia constants, anallatic lens, Subtense bar, field work in tacheometry, reduction of readings, errors and precisions.
In Compass survey chain or tape is used for linear measurements and compass is used for fixing direction.
In compass freely suspended magnetic needle directs to north- south and the bearing of line is obtained by line of sight.
When large area are involved, compass surveying is used.
There are mainly two methods of land measurement.
Triangulation survey
Traverse survey
Plane Table Surveying is a graphical method of survey in which the field observations and plotting are done simultaneously.
It is simple and cheaper than theodolite survey. It is most suitable for small scale maps.
The plan is drawn by the surveyor in the field, while the area to be surveyed is before his eyes. Therefore, there is no possibility of omitting the necessary measurements.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
2. Prismatic Compass is a :
• navigation and surveying instrument
• used to find out the bearing of the traversing and included angles
• The name Prismatic compass is given to it because it essentially consists of a prism which is used for
taking observations more accurately.
USE :
Compass surveying is a type of surveying in which :
• Directions of surveying lines are determined with a magnetic compass,
• and the length of the surveying lines are measured with a tape or chain
• The compass calculates bearings of lines with respect to magnetic needle.
• For each survey line in the traverse, surveyors take two bearings that is fore bearing and back bearing which
should exactly differ by 180° if local attraction is negligible.
4. Temporary adjustments in Prismatic Compass :
1.Fixing the compass to tripod
2.Centering the compass
3.Levelling the compass
4.Sighting the object
5.Observation of bearings
5.
6.
7. Let us say we have to run a closed compass traverse ABCDEA.
• Set the prismatic compass at point A.
• center it and level it.
1. Take bearings of traverse lines AB and AE.
2. Shift the compass to point B center it and level it. Take the bearings BC and BA.
3. Link-wise complete the traverse
4. Measure the length of traverse line AB, BC, CD, DE, and EA.
5. Record the observation in tabular columns.
6. Care must be taken to see that the stations are not affected by local attractions.
7. Simplest method of plotting is angle and distance method with a protractor. If Last point is
falling short by some distance in meeting the first point then it means that there is a closing
error.
