The document summarizes key events and policies in China after Mao Zedong's death in 1976. It discusses how moderates like Zhou Enlai gained control of the government and pursued diplomatic relations with the United States. Deng Xiaoping later came to power and implemented economic reforms known as the Four Modernizations to modernize agriculture, industry, science/technology, and national defense. This opened China's economy but maintained a one-party communist system, as shown by the Tiananmen Square protests in 1989.

1. China After Mao:China After Mao:

2. China Under Mao ZedongChina Under Mao Zedong
 Great Leap ForwardGreat Leap Forward
 Cultural RevolutionCultural Revolution
Result: Commune based industries turned out poorly
made goods. Agricultural output declined and led to
widespread famine. Great Leap backward!
Result: For over a decade, schools and universities
were closed. Created a “Lost Generation.” Millions
were driven from their jobs and economy slowed.
Mao needed his army to restore order and control the
Red Guards. Cultural Disaster!

3. 1960: Tensions between China and the United1960: Tensions between China and the United
States.States.
• China Split with the USSR over theChina Split with the USSR over the
leadership of world Communismleadership of world Communism
• China had hostility toward the U.S.China had hostility toward the U.S.
due to the U.S. support ofdue to the U.S. support of TaiwanTaiwan andand
South Korea.South Korea.
US Ambassador,
Mao Zedong, and
Jiang Jieshi
during failed
peace

4. 1971: United States tries to1971: United States tries to
build relations with China.build relations with China.
Premier Zhou Enlai invited the
American table tennis team to tour
China.
U.S. endorsed UN membership for the
People’s Republic of China.
Nixon visited China and met with Mao.

5. 1976: Mao Zedong Dies1976: Mao Zedong Dies
ModeratesModerates take control of Chinatake control of China
Zhou EnlaiZhou Enlai had been the premiere since 1949 and was opposedhad been the premiere since 1949 and was opposed
to the radicals during the cultural revolution. In the 1960’s China played no majorto the radicals during the cultural revolution. In the 1960’s China played no major
role in world affairs. China’s isolation worried Zhou and he began arole in world affairs. China’s isolation worried Zhou and he began a
campaign to improve relations with the United Statescampaign to improve relations with the United States
Film ClipFilm Clip

6. 1980: Deng Xiaoping comes to power in China.1980: Deng Xiaoping comes to power in China.
 Supports moderate
economic polices
 Willing to use
capitalist ideas to
help China’s
economy.
 Goal was to
modernize China

7. Four ModernizationsFour Modernizations
Deng Xiaoping opposed Mao’s cultural Revolution and once in power he
set out to make practical reforms. His main goal was to “modernize” China
by reforming the economy . He called for progress in the these four areas:
Deng Xiaoping opposed Mao’s cultural Revolution and once in power he
set out to make practical reforms. His main goal was to “modernize” China
by reforming the economy . He called for progress in the these four areas:
1. Agriculture
2. Science and
Technology
3. Defense
4. Industry

8. Land Reforms and ConsumerLand Reforms and Consumer
GoodsGoods
CommunesCommunes were disbandedwere disbanded
and peasants were allowed toand peasants were allowed to
rent former communal lands.rent former communal lands.
This led to large increases inThis led to large increases in
agricultural productivity,agricultural productivity,
making China self sufficientmaking China self sufficient
in food.in food.
Under Mao, people had fewUnder Mao, people had few
consumer products. Chinaconsumer products. China
began producing morebegan producing more
consumerconsumer goods,goods, such assuch as
radiosradios andand televisions.televisions.

9. New Factory Management
Central planners lost some degree of control to local factory
managers. Managers and workers were allowed to sell some of
their production to private buyers for a profit. Under this system
food production increased by 50% in the years of 1978 to 1984.
The facility pictured
here manufactures
industrial air
conditioners. This is
a very successful,
privately run
company, and the
CEO places great
value on discipline
and order.
The facility pictured
here manufactures
industrial air
conditioners. This is
a very successful,
privately run
company, and the
CEO places great
value on discipline
and order.

10. Limited Capitalism
• Individuals were allowed to own small businesses
• Owners were allowed to hire a small number of workers
• Private sector became responsible for a large portion on China’s industrial
output.
• As incomes increased people began to buy more appliances and televisions.
Skyline of
Shanghai,
China

11. Foreign InvestmentForeign Investment
New laws encouraged foreign investment. Investors brought needed capital and high-
technology to special enterprise zones in China.
China’s economy opened up to the world. Chinese students now wore western clothes
and listened to western music due to foreign influence.

12. Soon, I’ll be on a
shelf at Walmart
and I’ll be sold for
a very cheap
price!
Impact of China’s
Industrial Revolution
Film ClipFilm Clip

13. List the positive and negatives of DengList the positive and negatives of Deng
Xiaoping's Four Modernizations.Xiaoping's Four Modernizations.
PositivePositive
 Peasants gainedPeasants gained
individual farms.individual farms.
 Farmers and peasantsFarmers and peasants
could profit from theircould profit from their
workwork
 Food productionFood production
increased by 50%increased by 50%
 Small business couldSmall business could
operateoperate
 China became moreChina became more
open to the Westopen to the West
NegativeNegative
 Gap between the rich and poorGap between the rich and poor
widenedwidened
 The public believe someThe public believe some
government officials were corrupt.government officials were corrupt.
 Gap between coastal and westernGap between coastal and western
ChinaChina
 The Chinese began to see their lackThe Chinese began to see their lack
of political freedomof political freedom
 Open the economy risked theOpen the economy risked the
people challenging the government.people challenging the government.
 Neglect of CommunistNeglect of Communist
indoctrinationindoctrination

14. “If you open up the window, some flies naturally get in”
-Deng Xiaoping
1. What do you think Deng is referring to in this
quote?

16. Tiananmen Square andTiananmen Square and
the limits of Reformthe limits of Reform
• Although Chinese leaders
encourage reform, they
refused to abandon the
Communist system.
• In 1989, college students
peacefully demonstrated in
Beijing’s Tiananmen Square
for greater personal freedom
and democracy.
• When students refuse to
leave, an army of tanks fired
on the demonstrators,
killing hundreds.
Film Clip

17. "
"The Unknown Rebel" — This famous photo, taken by
Associated Press photographer Jeff Widener, depicts a lone
protester whose actions halted the progress of a column of
advancing tanks for over half an hour.

19. • Western leaders
reduced trade with
China for a brief
period. Since then,
trade has resumed
and China now has
one of the fastest
growing economies
in the world.
• Tiananmen Square is
recognized as a
Human Rights
Violation.
• Western leaders
reduced trade with
China for a brief
period. Since then,
trade has resumed
and China now has
one of the fastest
growing economies
in the world.
• Tiananmen Square is
recognized as a
Human Rights
Violation.
The West RespondsThe West Responds

20. Capitalism withoutCapitalism without
Democracy!Democracy!

22. Deng Xiaoping’s LegacyDeng Xiaoping’s Legacy
 For Deng
Xiaoping and the
Chinese
government, what
is the danger of
conducting
massive capitalist
reforms?
 According to this
cartoon, how will
Deng Xiaoping be
remembered?
 Create a title for
this cartoon.

23. China TodayChina Today
Many Chinese no longer see the immediate need for a democracy to be wise,Many Chinese no longer see the immediate need for a democracy to be wise,
preferring a slow move toward democracy. The focus is on economicpreferring a slow move toward democracy. The focus is on economic
development,development, nationalismnationalism, and restoring the prestige of China., and restoring the prestige of China.

24. PopulationPopulation
With just over ____________ people, China is the world's most populous country. As the world's
population is approximately 6.5 billion, China represents a full 20% of the world's population so one
in every five people on the planet is a resident of China.
With just over ____________ people, China is the world's most populous country. As the world's
population is approximately 6.5 billion, China represents a full 20% of the world's population so one
in every five people on the planet is a resident of China.
 One third of the population today is under 14, two-thirds are under 30.
 About three-quarters of the people live in rural areas, but urban centers are
growing rapidly.
 One third of the population today is under 14, two-thirds are under 30.
 About three-quarters of the people live in rural areas, but urban centers are
growing rapidly.
1.3 billion

25. (26)

26. QUESTION: What commonalities can you notice in these images?
(30-33)

27. One-Child PolicyOne-Child Policy
China's one child policy was
established by Chinese leader
_______________ in 1979 to
limit communist China's
population growth. The policy
limits couples to one child.
China's one child policy was
established by Chinese leader
_______________ in 1979 to
limit communist China's
population growth. The policy
limits couples to one child.
Additional children will result in
large fines. The families are
required to pay economic
penalties, and might be denied
bonuses at their workplace.
Additional children will result in
large fines. The families are
required to pay economic
penalties, and might be denied
bonuses at their workplace.
(29)
Chinese population video
Deng Xiaoping

28. Effects of the One-Child PolicyEffects of the One-Child Policy
(40)
(41)
(39)
1. Estimated to have reduced population growth. The fertility rate
has fallen to 1.7 births per woman.
1. Estimated to have reduced population growth. The fertility rate
has fallen to 1.7 births per woman.
2. Gender imbalance - the ratio is now 114 males for every 100 females.2. Gender imbalance - the ratio is now 114 males for every 100 females.
3. Ethnic minorities have had their proportion in China grow.3. Ethnic minorities have had their proportion in China grow.
One Child Policy

29. Economic DevelopmentEconomic Development
 China is one of the world's top exporters and is attracting record amounts of foreign
investment. In turn, it is investing billions of dollars abroad.
 China is the largest oil consumer after the US, and the world's biggest producer and
consumer of coal.
 China is one of the world's top exporters and is attracting record amounts of foreign
investment. In turn, it is investing billions of dollars abroad.
 China is the largest oil consumer after the US, and the world's biggest producer and
consumer of coal.
(46)
Film Clip
 There has been a massive investment in hydro-power,
including the $25 billion Three Gorges Dam project.
 There has been a massive investment in hydro-power,
including the $25 billion Three Gorges Dam project.

30. Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dam
The Chinese government regards the project as a historic engineering, social and economic
success, with the design of state-of-the-art large turbines, and a move toward limiting
greenhouse gas emissions.
The Chinese government regards the project as a historic engineering, social and economic
success, with the design of state-of-the-art large turbines, and a move toward limiting
greenhouse gas emissions.
However, the dam flooded archaeological and cultural sites and displaced some 1.3 million
people, and is causing significant ecological changes, including an increased risk of landslides.
However, the dam flooded archaeological and cultural sites and displaced some 1.3 million
people, and is causing significant ecological changes, including an increased risk of landslides.

31. Artificial IslandsArtificial Islands
China is rapidly building "a Great Wall" of artificial islands across hotly-contested waters.
They want to control the vital shipping lanes and Natural gas reserves.
China is rapidly building "a Great Wall" of artificial islands across hotly-contested waters.
They want to control the vital shipping lanes and Natural gas reserves.

32. U.S. Navy warship — the USS Fort Worth
— sailed through the South China Sea
near islands China is building in an effort
to extend its territorial claims.
The United States considers the area to be
international waters, and the Philippine
and Japanese navies have conducted
exercises in the area in an attempt to
counter the Chinese claims.
U.S. Navy warship — the USS Fort Worth
— sailed through the South China Sea
near islands China is building in an effort
to extend its territorial claims.
The United States considers the area to be
international waters, and the Philippine
and Japanese navies have conducted
exercises in the area in an attempt to
counter the Chinese claims.
Two Super Powers –Two Super Powers –
New Cold War?New Cold War?
Film

34. “We must make persistent efforts, press ahead with indomitable will,
continue to push forward the great cause of socialism with Chinese
characteristics, and strive to achieve the Chinese dream of great
rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.” Xi Jinping
“We must make persistent efforts, press ahead with indomitable will,
continue to push forward the great cause of socialism with Chinese
characteristics, and strive to achieve the Chinese dream of great
rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.” Xi Jinping
Chinese Aggression?Chinese Aggression?
Xi JinpingXi Jinping
President ofPresident of
the People’sthe People’s
Republic ofRepublic of
ChinaChina