Iron is extracted from iron ore deposits in the ground through the blast furnace process. Iron ore, consisting of iron oxides like magnetite and hematite, is heated in the blast furnace to remove oxygen and produce pure iron. Steel is made by further purifying iron through heating it to remove impurities. Aluminum is produced through the electrolysis of alumina, using cryolite to lower the melting point in the process. Catalysts are used in many chemical processes to increase reaction rates and produce desired products through heterogeneous and homogeneous reactions. Fuel cells generate electricity through the reaction of hydrogen and oxygen, while rechargeable batteries can be recharged through reversible chemical reactions.
A Power Point Presentation on Introductory Chemistry. To motivate new students of Chemistry. To help students appreciate the importance of Chemicals in everyday life. Done by Bro. Oh Teik Bin, Lower Perak Buddhist Association, Teluk Intan, Malaysia.
A Power Point Presentation on Introductory Chemistry. To motivate new students of Chemistry. To help students appreciate the importance of Chemicals in everyday life. Done by Bro. Oh Teik Bin, Lower Perak Buddhist Association, Teluk Intan, Malaysia.
Properties of periodic table by Saliha RaisSaliha Rais
The presentation "Properties of Periodic Table" is prepared for grade IX students. The slide show includes a brief description on the properties of elements in the periodic table, that shifts periodically, hence explaining the concept of periodicity. the main topics include Atomic Radii, Ionization energy, Electron affinity and Electronegativity.
Branches of chemistry, careers in chemistry, in the chemistry laboratory, laboratory rules, why chemistry apparatus are made of glass, the bunsen burner, differences between a luminous and non-luminous flame, apparatus for measuring volume, temperature, mass, time, etc
Chemistry in our daily life and its importanceAMIR HASSAN
Chemistry in our daily life and its importance
A Short Introduction to Chemistry and its branches.
There are five main branches of Chemistry:
1)Organic Chemistry
2)Inorganic Chemistry
3)Analytical Chemistry
4)Physical Chemistry
5)Biochemistry
Presented By: Amir Hassan Chemistry Department, Government Post Graduate College Mardan KP Pakistan.
Properties of periodic table by Saliha RaisSaliha Rais
The presentation "Properties of Periodic Table" is prepared for grade IX students. The slide show includes a brief description on the properties of elements in the periodic table, that shifts periodically, hence explaining the concept of periodicity. the main topics include Atomic Radii, Ionization energy, Electron affinity and Electronegativity.
Branches of chemistry, careers in chemistry, in the chemistry laboratory, laboratory rules, why chemistry apparatus are made of glass, the bunsen burner, differences between a luminous and non-luminous flame, apparatus for measuring volume, temperature, mass, time, etc
Chemistry in our daily life and its importanceAMIR HASSAN
Chemistry in our daily life and its importance
A Short Introduction to Chemistry and its branches.
There are five main branches of Chemistry:
1)Organic Chemistry
2)Inorganic Chemistry
3)Analytical Chemistry
4)Physical Chemistry
5)Biochemistry
Presented By: Amir Hassan Chemistry Department, Government Post Graduate College Mardan KP Pakistan.
Purpose
Key to good performance
Problem Areas
Catalysts, heat shields and plant up-rates
Burner Guns
Development of High Intensity Ring Burner
Case Studies
Conclusions
This is the biggy, the one everyone wants to achieve. Here we will be looking at metal-based chiral catalysis. We will concentrate on bisoxazoline-based Lewis acid catalysis and then look at reductions before finishing with the ubiquitous Sharpless epoxidation and dihydroxylation.
Catalyst poisons & fouling mechanisms the impact on catalyst performance Gerard B. Hawkins
Primary Effects
Secondary Effects
Typical Poisons in hydrocarbon processing
Permanent Poisons
- Arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium…
- Silica, Iron Oxide….
Temporary Poisons
- Sulfur, Chlorides, Carbon
Boiler Feed water impurities
Heavy Metals
Foulants
THE NATURE OF CARBON DEPOSITS FORMED ON CATALYSTS
- CARBON FORMATION
Type A, B, C
- FEEDSTOCK COMPOSITION EFFECTS
COMMERCIAL’ CARBON DEPOSITS
- CARBON BURNING IN AIR
- CARBON REMOVAL BY STEAMING
- CARBON BURN CONTROL METHODS
- CATALYST – REACTION WITH STEAM
- MAXIMUM OXYGEN CONCENTRATION
- TEMPERATURE OF THE CATALYST SURFACE DURING CARBON BURNS
- CONDITIONS TO BURN OFF CARBON COATED CATALYST
- EFFECT OF CARBON FORMATION
Done By: Silver Group
School Name: Al Khor Independent School for Girls
Environmental Catalysis Module: Students examines different types of catalytic systems, including heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis. Depending on the knowledge they gained during activities, the students are then asked to design their projects.
Our Project:
Converting carbon dioxide into oxygen using calcium oxide and metal catalyst
Factory’s smoke contains many harmful and dangerous materials for both human beings and the environment, this project will not only save our ozone layer but it will save many people in the future generation securing a breath full future for humanity.
Emission Control by Catalytic Converter, Jeevan B MJeevan B M
A catalytic converter is an emissions control device that converts toxic gases and pollutants in exhaust gas to less toxic pollutants. The catalytic converter was invented by Eugene Houdry, a French mechanical engineer and expert in catalytic oil refining. In the catalytic converter, there are two different types of catalyst at work, a reduction catalyst and an oxidation catalyst.
Iron: A strong, hard magnetic silvery-grey metal, the chemical element of atomic number 26, much used as a material for construction and manufacturing, especially in the form of steel.
Steel: A hard, strong grey or bluish-grey alloy of iron with carbon and usually other elements, used as a structural and fabricating material.
Electrochemistry is the study of electricity and how it relates to chemical reactions. In electrochemistry, electricity can be generated by movements of electrons from one element to another in a reaction known as redox or oxidation-reduction reaction.
Metals having chemical and electrochemical reactions with their surroundings can go bad and become unusable. It’s called corrosion. Many metals , especially iron , undergo corrosion when exposed to air and water. 1/10 of all metallic materials produced every year becomes unusable and it’s not possible to recycle them. Loss caused by corrosion costs billion of dollars every year. This study presents the results of corrosion resistance of ground blast furnace slag (GBFC) , chrome slag (CS)and corn stem ash. (CSA) In this study GBFC , CS and CSA , produced as a result of some procedures , are mixed with pitch in different portions. The reason for mixing with pitch is to gain the adherence. Then the iron plates were coated with this mixture. Coated and uncoated plates were undergone corrosion in Na Cl solution (35g/L Na Cl ). Having kept in the solution for one mount , the coated and uncoated plates were taken out and dried. The plates were put into Na Cl solution with the help of electrodes and the potential differences were measured. Our aim to do so was to reduce the potential difference. If the potential difference reduces , the electric currency reduces , so the corrosion is reduced too. The potential difference of the uncoated iron plates was 0.501 volts. Of coated with pitch 0.301 and mixed up with our experiment materials was 0. So the corrosion was reduced totally. This means: Billions of dollars loss is prevented A profitable use of GBFC , which is environmentally harmful , can be made and the nature can be protected. An economical use of CS , which is thrown away can be gained Some profit can be gained from corn stems that are left to be rotten in the fields. If the substance we’ve produced is used all the fields that iron is used , such as buildings , ships , water pipes etc , billions of dollars can be saved.
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey throu...dylandmeas
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey through Full Sail University. Below, you’ll find a collection of my work showcasing my skills and expertise in digital marketing, event planning, and media production.
Company Valuation webinar series - Tuesday, 4 June 2024FelixPerez547899
This session provided an update as to the latest valuation data in the UK and then delved into a discussion on the upcoming election and the impacts on valuation. We finished, as always with a Q&A
Kseniya Leshchenko: Shared development support service model as the way to ma...Lviv Startup Club
Kseniya Leshchenko: Shared development support service model as the way to make small projects with small budgets profitable for the company (UA)
Kyiv PMDay 2024 Summer
Website – www.pmday.org
Youtube – https://www.youtube.com/startuplviv
FB – https://www.facebook.com/pmdayconference
Implicitly or explicitly all competing businesses employ a strategy to select a mix
of marketing resources. Formulating such competitive strategies fundamentally
involves recognizing relationships between elements of the marketing mix (e.g.,
price and product quality), as well as assessing competitive and market conditions
(i.e., industry structure in the language of economics).
In the Adani-Hindenburg case, what is SEBI investigating.pptxAdani case
Adani SEBI investigation revealed that the latter had sought information from five foreign jurisdictions concerning the holdings of the firm’s foreign portfolio investors (FPIs) in relation to the alleged violations of the MPS Regulations. Nevertheless, the economic interest of the twelve FPIs based in tax haven jurisdictions still needs to be determined. The Adani Group firms classed these FPIs as public shareholders. According to Hindenburg, FPIs were used to get around regulatory standards.
3.0 Project 2_ Developing My Brand Identity Kit.pptxtanyjahb
A personal brand exploration presentation summarizes an individual's unique qualities and goals, covering strengths, values, passions, and target audience. It helps individuals understand what makes them stand out, their desired image, and how they aim to achieve it.
Event Report - SAP Sapphire 2024 Orlando - lots of innovation and old challengesHolger Mueller
Holger Mueller of Constellation Research shares his key takeaways from SAP's Sapphire confernece, held in Orlando, June 3rd till 5th 2024, in the Orange Convention Center.
3. Sources of Iron Iron (Fe)/ Iron Ore is mined from ground deposits that have been down at least 1.5 billion years ago. Iron oxides such as Magnetite, Hematite, and others are what make up Iron. The Iron Oxides are put in a blast furnace to make Iron. Most of the Iron mined come from Australia and Brazil
4. Source of Iron: History The Deposits in the Earth come from blue-green algae releasing oxygen, The iron formed when the algae went through cycles of blooms and busts (cycles of release and decay of the algae’s oxygen). These cycles though the billions of years contributed to the formation of Magnetite(Fe2 O3)or Hematite(Fe3 O4).
6. Blast Furnace A blast furnace is used to purify iron oxides into Iron doing basically what its name implies: The Iron Ore is put in the furnace and heated up where through a series of chemical reactions removes the oxygen from the Iron Ore and transforms it into a pure form of Iron.
7. Reaction Reduction of Iron Ore The reactions where the oxygen is removed goes as followed: 1) 3 Fe2O3 + CO = CO2 + 2 Fe3O4 Begins at 850° F 2) Fe3O4 + CO = CO2 + 3 FeO Begins at 1100° F 3) FeO + CO = CO2 + Fe or FeO + C = CO + Fe Begins at 1300° F
8. From Iron to Steel Even though the Iron has been purified from the iron ore, it can once again be purified. Greater purified Iron is Steel. Steel is made when the Iron has been heated to about 870°C (1700°F) When the Iron is heated to make Steel, the impurities like Silica and Phosphorous will float to the top and is considered the waste product of metal works, Slag. Steel is widely used because it is stronger than Iron. The strength increase is due to the lack of the Impurities.
9. Iron to Steel Steel producing plants use the basic Oxygen Conversion Method over the Open-Heath method due to the increase speed. The Basic Oxygen Conversion Method is used because it is about ten times faster than the Open-Heath Furnace.
10. Uses of Iron and Steel Iron is mostly used as a commercial product in Cruise ship hulls due to its resistance to Temperatures and Pressure. It is also used for cooking utensils like Cast Iron Skillets and outdoor decoration like Wrought Iron Seats since wrought iron is the least like version of iron to rust. Steel is used primarily as an infrastructure material to build bridges and buildings.
11. Basic Oxygen Conversion High-Purity oxygen blows through the impure iron which lowers the levels of Carbon, Silica, Manganese, and Phosphorous. Fluxes, which are cleaning agents are used to aid in reducing the phosphorous and Sulfur levels.
13. Alloys Alloys are mixtures of two or more metals or non-metals are melted together and for the metals known as, alloys. Many of the materials we use today in building and manufacturing are alloys. Much of our Jewelry are alloys, gold that has a karat number ex: 10 karat gold, is not plain gold, it is gold with a mixture of other metals but has the texture and appearance of gold. Another example of an alloy is Aluminum, it is a melting pot of over 270 different minerals that are melted together, the main mineral of Aluminum is Bauxite Ore.
14. Alloying altering properties of Metals When metals and/or non-metals are melted together to form and alloy it changes the properties of the main material. When Iron is alloyed the product, Steel, is much stronger than Iron. Also another example of an Alloy is Staballoy, this mixture of Uranium and Titanium, it also has increased strength and is used for Military kinetic energy armor penetrating munitions, and for mining and drilling.
15. Electrolysis of Alumina The electrolysis of alumina is done within a graphite tank where the graphite lining is the cathode, and the anode are the graphite rods hanging in the molten mass. The electrolyte is alumina dissolved in fused cryolite (Na3AlF6) and fluospar (Na3AlF6) The cryolite lowers the alumina’s melting point to 95°C and the fluospar increases the fluidity of the alumina so that the Aluminum can sink to the bottom. Once the electrical current passes through, the aluminum is collected at the cathode.
16. Reaction of the Alumina IONIZATION OF ALUMINA: 2Al2O3 => 6O-2 + 4Al+3 AT THE CATHODE: 4Al+3 + 12e- => 4Al AT THE ANODE: 6O-2 => 3O2 + 12e- C + O2 =>CO2
17.
18. Aluminium Uses Aluminium is mainly used in the transportation industry for example cars and aircraft. Aluminium is used because it is light weight, has a great strength to weight ratio. Aluminum is also used in power lines since it has a low density and can transmit energy over long distances, longer than copper.
19. Environmental Impact To produce and purify Iron and Aluminium takes a lot of energy and produces a lot of dangerous materials. Along with increased CO2 and CO materials such as slag are produce and are very dangerous. We get aluminum, Iron, Steel, and other materials for production and construction, we increase the carbon footprint even more.
21. Oil Usage Oil is used everywhere in everyday life. We refine Crude Oil into fuel for vehicles and for power plants, lubricants for vehicles, Rubber for Vehicles, Fuel for heating, plastics for storage, and Asphalt for roads.
22. Chemistry of Oil Oil or Petroleum is a mix of a large amount of hydrocarbons. Here the hydrocarbon is a molecule formation of Hydrogen and Carbon atoms. Hydrogen is white, Carbon is black in this diagram. The basic formula of a hydrocarbon goes as: CnH2n+2
23. Catalytic, Thermal, and Steam Cracking Cracking is breaking Large Hydrocarbons into smaller ones. Catalytic Cracking is when a catalysis is added to speed up the cracking process. Thermal Cracking is when you heat large hydrocarbons at high temperatures until they break apart. Steam Cracking is when high temperature steam is used to break ethane, butane, and naptha into ethylene and benzene.
25. Polymers Polymers are molecule combinations most noted as being a modern word for Plastic but really is the term used for all repeating covalent chemical bonds.
27. Heterogeneous Catalysts One or more of the reactants are adsorbed on to the surface of the catalyst at active sites. “Adsorption” is where something sticks to a surface. It isn't the same as absorption where one substance is taken up within the structure of another. There is a sort of interaction between the surface of the catalyst and the reactant molecules which makes them more reactive. This might involve an actual reaction with the surface, or some weakening of the bonds in the attached molecules. The reaction happens. At this stage, both of the reactant molecules might be attached to the surface, or one might be attached and hit by the other one moving freely in the gas or liquid. The product molecules are “desorbed”. Desorption simply means that the product molecules break away. This leaves the active site available for a new set of molecules to attach to and react.
28. Heterogeneous Catalysts Heterogeneous catalysts involves some solid reacting with a solid or liquid. Examples of heterogeneous catalysis The hydrogenation of a carbon-carbon double bond The simplest example of this is the reaction between ethene and hydrogen in the presence of a nickel catalyst. CH2 = CH2 + H2 Ni CH3CH3
29. Heterogeneous Catalysts A good use of heterogeneous catalysts are present in how it is used in vehicles catalytic converters which reduce dangerous emissions.
30. Homogeneous Catalysts This has the catalyst in the same phase as the reactants. Everything will be present as a gas or contained in a single liquid phase. Persulphate ions (peroxodisulphate ions), S2O8-2, are very powerful oxidizing agents. Iodide ions are very easily oxidised to iodine. And yet the reaction between them in solution in water is very slow. S2O8-2 + 2I-12SO4-2 + I2
31. Homogeneous Catalysts This particular catalyst is bad due to how it can breakdown and reform Ozone (O3) Which causes issues with the atmosphere.
32. Deciding a Catalysts Factors that are important when deciding to choose a catalysts are: The state of the substances; solid, liquid, or gas. The phases of the reactants
34. Hydrogen-Oxygen Fuel Cell A Hydrogen-Oxygen fuel cell works by pumping hydrogen into the cell from the anode and oxygen into the cell from the cathode. A Platinum catalyst affects the hydrogen by splitting it into two parts, a proton and electron. A Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) allows the charged ions to move from the cathode to the anode this creates the electricity. Finally the hydrogen ions and Oxygen for together to get the product of water.
36. Fuel Cells and Rechargeable Batteries The differences is that the hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell battery cannot be recharged, where as a rechargeable battery can be. The similarity is that they both have to use a very efficient way to provide an electrical source.
38. Liquid Crystal Liquid crystals are also not quite liquid and not quite solid. Physically, they are observed to flow like liquids, but they have some properties of crystalline solids. Liquid crystals can be considered to be crystals which have lost some or all of their positional order, while maintaining their full orientation.
40. Nanotechnology Nanotechnology is the engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale. Nanotechnology is useful mainly in the medical field to directly affect a specific cell that may be diseased
41. Nanotubes Nanotubes are tiny tube that consists of thousands of hexagons that are formed together to create a long, needle like tube.