A catalytic converter is an emissions control device that converts toxic gases and pollutants in exhaust gas to less toxic pollutants. The catalytic converter was invented by Eugene Houdry, a French mechanical engineer and expert in catalytic oil refining. In the catalytic converter, there are two different types of catalyst at work, a reduction catalyst and an oxidation catalyst.
Combustible engines releases so many harmful pollutants and with the use of catalytic converters this harmful pollutants are reduced to less harmful ones.
As we know air pollution is big challenge for the world
The air pollution due to automobile is 70% of total pollution of air pollution.
We have several way for controlling automobile pollution.
The most effective way is by using catalytic converter in automobile
In short catalytic converter are used to convert the harmful gas to harmless gas
Combustible engines releases so many harmful pollutants and with the use of catalytic converters this harmful pollutants are reduced to less harmful ones.
As we know air pollution is big challenge for the world
The air pollution due to automobile is 70% of total pollution of air pollution.
We have several way for controlling automobile pollution.
The most effective way is by using catalytic converter in automobile
In short catalytic converter are used to convert the harmful gas to harmless gas
This is a presentation on the emission norms present in India i.e Bharat Stage and in Europe i.e Euro. it also has a comparison between the two as well as a timeline of the two.
ALCOHOL AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL IN IC ENGINEraj kumar
As vehicles are increase their is demand of fuel and using of fossil fuels,which emits CFS gases which damages ozone layer and harmful for human. I'm going to explain how we can Use of alternative fuel to reduce pollution and also to save the fossil fuels.Alcohol on combustion emits carbondoixiode and water which is again absorbed by the plants.
In response to an increasing push for clean diesel emissions, medium and heavy duty diesel-powered trucks have adopted complex exhaust or emission aftertreatment systems.
These systems treat post-combustion gases after they leave the engine, reducing environmental impact without sacrificing power or performance.
Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) is an advanced active emissions control technology system that injects a liquid-reductant agent through a special catalyst into the exhaust stream of a diesel engine. The reductant source is usually automotive-grade urea, otherwise known as Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF). The DEF sets off a chemical reaction that converts nitrogen oxides into nitrogen, water and tiny amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2), natural components of the air we breathe, which is then expelled through the vehicle tailpipe.
SCR technology is designed to permit nitrogen oxide (NOx) reduction reactions to take place in an oxidizing atmosphere. It is called "selective" because it reduces levels of NOx using ammonia as a reductant within a catalyst system. The chemical reaction is known as "reduction" where the DEF is the reducing agent that reacts with NOx to convert the pollutants into nitrogen, water and tiny amounts of CO2. The DEF can be rapidly broken down to produce the oxidizing ammonia in the exhaust stream. SCR technology alone can achieve NOx reductions up to 90 percent
1)M.Amulya, AITS ,Rajampet.
2)contents:
Effects of NOX
Introduction to SCR
SCR chemistry
SCR catalysts
Working
Advantages
Limitations
Conclusion
3)Effects of NOX:
Inhalation of NOX causes respiratory diseases such as Bronchitis and Emphysema
Causes depletion of ozone layer
main reason for occurence of acid rains
reacts of organic chemicals to form harmful components that causes biological mutations.
4)Introduction to SCR:
SCR means Selective Catalytic Reduction
It is the means of converting oxides of Nitrogen to atomic Nitrogen and water.
It meets the standards of US 2010 and EURO VI
leading technology for reducing NOX.
5) SCR chemistry:
6)SCR reductants:
Anhydrous ammonia
Aqueous ammonia
urea
SCR catalysts:
Vanadium-based SCR catalyst
Zeolite SCR catalyst
Copper Zeolite(CuZ)
Fe-Zeolite(FeZ)
7)Vanadium based SCR catalyst:
consists of vanadium pentoxide and tungsten trioxide.At higher temp.toxic compounds may release from this and also performance is poor.
Zeolite catalysts:
CuZ and FeZ are preferred due to their outstanding deNOX activity,temperature durability.
8)Catalytic converter:
Reactions in catalytic converter
9)Installation of catalytic converter in vehicles
10)Working of SCR system
11)working
12)comparison of SCR with other technologies in the reduction of NOX
13)Difference in NOX levels before and after NOX
14)Advantages
Does not require any modification in the combustion unit.
Higher NOX reduction is possible.
15)Disadvantages:
Ammonia slip may occur.
Large amounts of reductant and catalyst are required.
16)Conclusion:
The SCR technology is the dominant technology to meet the current and future emission regulations. To meet the current US 2010 and EURO VI Zeolite catalysts are required.
With the increasing emission regulations, it is important to improve and implement SCR technologies
17).Any auestions
18)Thank you
A major part of the air pollution caused is due to the vehicular emission which is increasing at an alarming rate. The different types of vehicles like car, bus, truck etc. contribute a way as well as play a dominant duty in increasing air pollution. These vehicles find its running source mainly form the extracts of fossil fuels like petrol, diesel. The fuels undergo combustion to generate energy so as to support the vehicle for duty. The incomplete combustion of the fuels in the engine paves a way for production of products like the carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and particulate matters. A high emission level is therefore a proved result. For the purpose of forcing the fuel to have efficient combustion and for reduction of the emission levels for reducing air pollution a wide range of processes are applicable. These include improvising engine design, fuel pre-treatment etc. Among these wide ranges of options available catalytic converter is found to be a better way for establishing an efficient combustion in the controller engine of the vehicle. Usage of noble group metal is an effective way for effective combustion like the platinum group metal serves way good for reducing the exhausts. With the help of secondary measures efficiency of the engine is improved as well. The techniques are still under development as because there are some limitations of the catalytic converters which are needed to be dealt with but the application of this technique has better achievement points as well.
What is Bharat Stage 6? Bharat Stage 6 Emission Standards | BS6 ppt file | Pr...Sandeep Kumar
This is the detailed presentation file about Bharat Stage 6 Emission Standards. It include all the information about What is Bharat Stage 6, BS6, BS VI & why it implemented & what was the process behind it. This ppt include all the details about the Standards & limits about Emission of Chemicals & exhaust gases from smoke of vehicles. Hope this will be helpful for you.
Made by- Er. SANDEEP KUMAR
This is a presentation on the emission norms present in India i.e Bharat Stage and in Europe i.e Euro. it also has a comparison between the two as well as a timeline of the two.
ALCOHOL AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL IN IC ENGINEraj kumar
As vehicles are increase their is demand of fuel and using of fossil fuels,which emits CFS gases which damages ozone layer and harmful for human. I'm going to explain how we can Use of alternative fuel to reduce pollution and also to save the fossil fuels.Alcohol on combustion emits carbondoixiode and water which is again absorbed by the plants.
In response to an increasing push for clean diesel emissions, medium and heavy duty diesel-powered trucks have adopted complex exhaust or emission aftertreatment systems.
These systems treat post-combustion gases after they leave the engine, reducing environmental impact without sacrificing power or performance.
Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) is an advanced active emissions control technology system that injects a liquid-reductant agent through a special catalyst into the exhaust stream of a diesel engine. The reductant source is usually automotive-grade urea, otherwise known as Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF). The DEF sets off a chemical reaction that converts nitrogen oxides into nitrogen, water and tiny amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2), natural components of the air we breathe, which is then expelled through the vehicle tailpipe.
SCR technology is designed to permit nitrogen oxide (NOx) reduction reactions to take place in an oxidizing atmosphere. It is called "selective" because it reduces levels of NOx using ammonia as a reductant within a catalyst system. The chemical reaction is known as "reduction" where the DEF is the reducing agent that reacts with NOx to convert the pollutants into nitrogen, water and tiny amounts of CO2. The DEF can be rapidly broken down to produce the oxidizing ammonia in the exhaust stream. SCR technology alone can achieve NOx reductions up to 90 percent
1)M.Amulya, AITS ,Rajampet.
2)contents:
Effects of NOX
Introduction to SCR
SCR chemistry
SCR catalysts
Working
Advantages
Limitations
Conclusion
3)Effects of NOX:
Inhalation of NOX causes respiratory diseases such as Bronchitis and Emphysema
Causes depletion of ozone layer
main reason for occurence of acid rains
reacts of organic chemicals to form harmful components that causes biological mutations.
4)Introduction to SCR:
SCR means Selective Catalytic Reduction
It is the means of converting oxides of Nitrogen to atomic Nitrogen and water.
It meets the standards of US 2010 and EURO VI
leading technology for reducing NOX.
5) SCR chemistry:
6)SCR reductants:
Anhydrous ammonia
Aqueous ammonia
urea
SCR catalysts:
Vanadium-based SCR catalyst
Zeolite SCR catalyst
Copper Zeolite(CuZ)
Fe-Zeolite(FeZ)
7)Vanadium based SCR catalyst:
consists of vanadium pentoxide and tungsten trioxide.At higher temp.toxic compounds may release from this and also performance is poor.
Zeolite catalysts:
CuZ and FeZ are preferred due to their outstanding deNOX activity,temperature durability.
8)Catalytic converter:
Reactions in catalytic converter
9)Installation of catalytic converter in vehicles
10)Working of SCR system
11)working
12)comparison of SCR with other technologies in the reduction of NOX
13)Difference in NOX levels before and after NOX
14)Advantages
Does not require any modification in the combustion unit.
Higher NOX reduction is possible.
15)Disadvantages:
Ammonia slip may occur.
Large amounts of reductant and catalyst are required.
16)Conclusion:
The SCR technology is the dominant technology to meet the current and future emission regulations. To meet the current US 2010 and EURO VI Zeolite catalysts are required.
With the increasing emission regulations, it is important to improve and implement SCR technologies
17).Any auestions
18)Thank you
A major part of the air pollution caused is due to the vehicular emission which is increasing at an alarming rate. The different types of vehicles like car, bus, truck etc. contribute a way as well as play a dominant duty in increasing air pollution. These vehicles find its running source mainly form the extracts of fossil fuels like petrol, diesel. The fuels undergo combustion to generate energy so as to support the vehicle for duty. The incomplete combustion of the fuels in the engine paves a way for production of products like the carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and particulate matters. A high emission level is therefore a proved result. For the purpose of forcing the fuel to have efficient combustion and for reduction of the emission levels for reducing air pollution a wide range of processes are applicable. These include improvising engine design, fuel pre-treatment etc. Among these wide ranges of options available catalytic converter is found to be a better way for establishing an efficient combustion in the controller engine of the vehicle. Usage of noble group metal is an effective way for effective combustion like the platinum group metal serves way good for reducing the exhausts. With the help of secondary measures efficiency of the engine is improved as well. The techniques are still under development as because there are some limitations of the catalytic converters which are needed to be dealt with but the application of this technique has better achievement points as well.
What is Bharat Stage 6? Bharat Stage 6 Emission Standards | BS6 ppt file | Pr...Sandeep Kumar
This is the detailed presentation file about Bharat Stage 6 Emission Standards. It include all the information about What is Bharat Stage 6, BS6, BS VI & why it implemented & what was the process behind it. This ppt include all the details about the Standards & limits about Emission of Chemicals & exhaust gases from smoke of vehicles. Hope this will be helpful for you.
Made by- Er. SANDEEP KUMAR
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A catalytic converter is a device fitted inside the exhaust pipe used to control the emission of the vehicle. By catalyzing a redox reaction, it converts toxic gases into less toxic pollutants. The conversion occurs upto 98%. It reduces the emission level of harmful gases by doing the reduction of nitrogen oxide into nitrogen and oxygen, oxidation of hydrocarbons into carbon dioxide and water, and carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide. To prevent environmental pollution, and prevent emission related issues of the vehicle, the catalytic converter must be kept in good order.
Description of the Exhaust system along with its components such as Exhaust manifold,catalytic converter ,muffler ,exhaust tubing and oxygen sensor.The working of some of these components is also explained.
Emission Characteristics and Performance of Catalytic Converter A Reviewijtsrd
In recent years, several strategies such as fuel treatment, engine modification, EGR and catalytic converter have been introduced to control emissions from vehicles. Catalytic converter equipment is efficient and commonly used. Catalytic converters reduce emissions of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides and particulate matter from internal combustion engines and allow more strict pollution standards to be met. In this study paper different methods and strategies to increase efficiency of catalytic converter is discussed. The efficiency of the catalytic converter is updated according to literature survey improvements in design, shape and content. The hexagonal monolith shape was found to have better mechanical efficiency than the square shape. Catalytic converters based on nickel have cut HC by 40 percent and CO by 35 percent. Nobel metals are toxic and costly, so we can use non noble metals such as Cu, Ag, Au, Fe, etc. Ashish Kumar Soni "Emission Characteristics and Performance of Catalytic Converter: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38176.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/38176/emission-characteristics-and-performance-of-catalytic-converter-a-review/ashish-kumar-soni
Catalytic Converter Made of Non-noble Material for an Automobileijsrd.com
This paper is reports on the review of catalytic converter made of non - noble material for an automobile. The converter made of the noble material is highly efficient but there is some major problem associated with these converters. First problem is the cost of the catalytic converter increased due to high cost of the noble material. Second problem is that they are operated at the higher temperature. Third problem is that the noble material is rarely available in earth crust and hence they are exhausted one day. Due to above problem associated with the noble material there is some option required for the noble material which is easily available at the lower cost. The non - noble material (Copper, Nickel, Zinc etc.) is perfect for the use into the catalytic converter instead of the noble material as they are easily available at low cost and operated at lower temperature than the noble material.
The concept of Photo catalysis is being incorporated into catalytic converter to increase the efficiency as well
as to reduce the production cost. Conventional converters make use of surface catalyst process using noble
metals like palladium and rhodium. Our concept works based on photo catalytic reactions by Titanium dioxide
and Zinc oxide thereby reducing the NOx emissions and CO emissions. Development of this proposal will reduce
the fabrication cost of catalytic converter as well as lay seeds of foundation for the future of photocatalytic
converters.
Exhaust analysis of four stroke single cylinder diesel engine using copper ba...ijsrd.com
Exhaust emissions of much concern are Hydrocarbon (HC), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) from the automotive vehicles. Catalytic converter oxidizes harmful CO and HC emission to CO2 and H2O in the exhaust system and thus the emission is controlled. There are several types of problems associated with noble metal based catalytic converter. These factors encourage for the possible application of non-noble metal based material such as copper as a catalyst, which may by proper improvements be able to show the desired activity and can also offer better durability characteristics due to its poison resistant nature. The present work is aimed at using copper as a catalyst for catalytic converter. Wire mesh copper catalytic converter is developed for a volume of 1.54 m3. The experiment is carried out on four stroke single cylinder CI engine. The optimum values of exhaust emissions found at full load are HC (126 ppm), CO (0.03 %). By using copper based catalytic converter it is found that HC is reduced by 33 % and CO by 66 % at full load.
Design and Development of Catalytic Converter for Reduction of Pollution by U...YogeshIJTSRD
The use of fossil fuels in automobiles mainly HC, CO and NOX which produce harmful green house gases. The main objective of catalytic converter is to reduce and control effect of harmful pollutants by converting toxic CO and NOX to non toxic CO2and H2O. CFD analysis is done in the present study of catalytic converter by taking three different materials for the make of catalytic converter such as stainless steel, Grey cast iron and aluminum at the time by varying different fluids such as methane, ethane and nitrogen at varying speeds of 2000 and2500R.P.M. V. Saran Tej | M. Rakesh Kumar | N. Satya Sandeep | N. Sai "Design and Development of Catalytic Converter for Reduction of Pollution by Using Transient and CFD Analysis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43784.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/43784/design-and-development-of-catalytic-converter-for-reduction-of-pollution-by-using-transient-and-cfd-analysis/v-saran-tej
Three basic methods used to control engine emissions:
1)Engineering of combustion process -advances in fuel injectors, oxygen sensors, and on-board computers.
2) Optimizing the choice of operating parameters -two Nox control measures that have been used in automobile engines are spark retard and EGR.
3) After treatment devices in the exhaust system -catalytic converter.
Is It Safe to Drive your Porsche with a Damaged Catalytic ConverterNikolas Motorsport
A sudden rise in the backpressure due to a clogged catalytic converter can make it difficult for the engine to breathe. It not only adversely affects the engine operation but also can cause engine seizure. So, replace the defective catalytic converter.
Similar to Emission Control by Catalytic Converter, Jeevan B M (20)
Differential and Rear Axle Drives, by Jeevan B MJeevan B M
A differential is a device capable of transmitting torque and rotation through three shafts, almost always used in one of two ways.
Rear axle drives are the drives which employed for the rear axle the spring take the weight of the body.
AIRBUS-CONCURRENT ENGINEERING, by Jeevan B M Jeevan B M
Airbus is a world leading commercial aircraft manufactures in this i represented the how Airbus using the concurrent engineering and the uses of the concurrent engineering and new technology adapted to increase the product rate that is Collaborative engineering.
Hardening is a process of heating a metal above its upper critical temperature and quenched in water,oil,and salt solutions. In this material is heated because the heated materials are some of the precipitants to inside them
Induction hardening is a process of hardening which is used to harden the particular or part to be required to be hardened. In this they used the faraday lows of induction.
Defect detecting of PCB using Image processing in this it included the basic principal that enhancing the image quality through the image processing technique and this compare with the original image and ideal image and defect detect through the subtraction method
5 Warning Signs Your BMW's Intelligent Battery Sensor Needs AttentionBertini's German Motors
IBS monitors and manages your BMW’s battery performance. If it malfunctions, you will have to deal with an array of electrical issues in your vehicle. Recognize warning signs like dimming headlights, frequent battery replacements, and electrical malfunctions to address potential IBS issues promptly.
Symptoms like intermittent starting and key recognition errors signal potential problems with your Mercedes’ EIS. Use diagnostic steps like error code checks and spare key tests. Professional diagnosis and solutions like EIS replacement ensure safe driving. Consult a qualified technician for accurate diagnosis and repair.
What Exactly Is The Common Rail Direct Injection System & How Does It WorkMotor Cars International
Learn about Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDi) - the revolutionary technology that has made diesel engines more efficient. Explore its workings, advantages like enhanced fuel efficiency and increased power output, along with drawbacks such as complexity and higher initial cost. Compare CRDi with traditional diesel engines and discover why it's the preferred choice for modern engines.
What Does the PARKTRONIC Inoperative, See Owner's Manual Message Mean for You...Autohaus Service and Sales
Learn what "PARKTRONIC Inoperative, See Owner's Manual" means for your Mercedes-Benz. This message indicates a malfunction in the parking assistance system, potentially due to sensor issues or electrical faults. Prompt attention is crucial to ensure safety and functionality. Follow steps outlined for diagnosis and repair in the owner's manual.
Why Is Your BMW X3 Hood Not Responding To Release CommandsDart Auto
Experiencing difficulty opening your BMW X3's hood? This guide explores potential issues like mechanical obstruction, hood release mechanism failure, electrical problems, and emergency release malfunctions. Troubleshooting tips include basic checks, clearing obstructions, applying pressure, and using the emergency release.
Fleet management these days is next to impossible without connected vehicle solutions. Why? Well, fleet trackers and accompanying connected vehicle management solutions tend to offer quite a few hard-to-ignore benefits to fleet managers and businesses alike. Let’s check them out!
Things to remember while upgrading the brakes of your carjennifermiller8137
Upgrading the brakes of your car? Keep these things in mind before doing so. Additionally, start using an OBD 2 GPS tracker so that you never miss a vehicle maintenance appointment. On top of this, a car GPS tracker will also let you master good driving habits that will let you increase the operational life of your car’s brakes.
In this presentation, we have discussed a very important feature of BMW X5 cars… the Comfort Access. Things that can significantly limit its functionality. And things that you can try to restore the functionality of such a convenient feature of your vehicle.
"Trans Failsafe Prog" on your BMW X5 indicates potential transmission issues requiring immediate action. This safety feature activates in response to abnormalities like low fluid levels, leaks, faulty sensors, electrical or mechanical failures, and overheating.
Core technology of Hyundai Motor Group's EV platform 'E-GMP'Hyundai Motor Group
What’s the force behind Hyundai Motor Group's EV performance and quality?
Maximized driving performance and quick charging time through high-density battery pack and fast charging technology and applicable to various vehicle types!
Discover more about Hyundai Motor Group’s EV platform ‘E-GMP’!
Ever been troubled by the blinking sign and didn’t know what to do?
Here’s a handy guide to dashboard symbols so that you’ll never be confused again!
Save them for later and save the trouble!
Comprehensive program for Agricultural Finance, the Automotive Sector, and Empowerment . We will define the full scope and provide a detailed two-week plan for identifying strategic partners in each area within Limpopo, including target areas.:
1. Agricultural : Supporting Primary and Secondary Agriculture
• Scope: Provide support solutions to enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Tzaneen, Thohoyandou, Makhado, and Giyani.
2. Automotive Sector: Partnerships with Mechanics and Panel Beater Shops
• Scope: Develop collaborations with automotive service providers to improve service quality and business operations.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Lephalale, Mokopane, Phalaborwa, and Bela-Bela.
3. Empowerment : Focusing on Women Empowerment
• Scope: Provide business support support and training to women-owned businesses, promoting economic inclusion.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Thohoyandou, Musina, Burgersfort, and Louis Trichardt.
We will also prioritize Industrial Economic Zone areas and their priorities.
Sign up on https://profilesmes.online/welcome/
To be eligible:
1. You must have a registered business and operate in Limpopo
2. Generate revenue
3. Sectors : Agriculture ( primary and secondary) and Automative
Women and Youth are encouraged to apply even if you don't fall in those sectors.
Emission Control by Catalytic Converter, Jeevan B M
1. VEHICLE EMISSION CONTROLE BY CATLYTIC
CONVERTER
Presented by:
Jeevan B M
4JC15MEE11
2nd SEM Automotive electronics
SJCE, Mysore 1
2. CONTENTS
• Introduction
• History
• Construction of catalytic converter
• Working of catalytic converter
• Types of catalytic converter
• Advantages and disadvantages
• Conclusions
• References
2
3. INTRODUCTION
• Electronic emission is a substance discharged into air,
especially by an internal combustion engine.
• Vehicular emissions include a number of biologically active
substances such as CO, HC and NOx.
• These air pollutants are responsible for a number of adverse
environmental effects such as photochemical smog, rising
mercury, acid rain, death of rain forests, health hazards and
reduced atmospheric visibility
• Vehicle emissions control is the study of reducing the motor
vehicle emissions
3
4. •There are mainly three types of vehicle emission
control they are
oAir injection
oExhaust gas recirculation
oCatalytic converter
•A catalytic converter is an emissions control device that
converts toxic gases and pollutants in exhaust gas to less
toxic pollutants.
•A catalytic converter provides an environment for a
chemical reaction wherein toxic combustion by products
are converted to less-toxic substances
4
Continue..
6. 6
HISTORY
• The catalytic converter was invented by Eugene Houdry, a
French mechanical engineer and expert in catalytic oil
refining.
• Houdry first developed catalytic converters for smoke stacks
called “cats” for short,.
• In the mid-1950s, he began research to develop catalytic
converters for gasoline engines used on cars
• Catalytic converters were further developed by a series of
engineers including John J. Mooney and Carl D. Keith at the
Engelhard Corporation, creating the first production catalytic
converter in 1973
7. 7
• 1975 onwards started use these catalytic converters in fuel
engines vehicles
• Three-way catalyst technology, introduced in the 1980s, made
it also possible to control NOx emissions from SI engines
Continue..
10. •The core is often a ceramic honeycomb in modern catalytic
converters.
•The washcoat, when added to the core, forms a rough, irregular
surface, that surface area is utilized for catalyst reaction.
•The catalyst(Platinum) itself is most often a mix of precious
metals.
•Palladium(oxidation catalyst) and rhodium(reduction catalyst) are
two other precious metals used.
10
11. Working of Catalytic Converter
•In chemistry, a catalyst is a substance that causes or accelerates
a chemical reaction without itself being affected.
•In the catalytic converter, there are two different types of
catalyst at work, a reduction catalyst and an oxidation
catalyst.
•Both types consist of a ceramic structure coated with a metal.
•catalyst, usually platinum, rhodium and/or palladium.
11
13. Types of Catalytic converter
•Catalytic converters are classified into 2 types based on the
capability of eliminating the number of pollutants
oTwo-way catalytic converter
oThree-way catalytic converter.
13
Two-way Catalytic converter
14. 14
• The two-way oxidation catalytic converter performs two
simultaneous tasks of oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon
dioxide and oxidation of hydrocarbons to carbon dioxide and
water
• Oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide:
CO + O2 → 2CO2
(carbon monoxide) (oxygen) (corban-di-oxide)
• Oxidation of hydrocarbons (unburned and partially burned fuel)
to carbon dioxide and water:
CₓH₂ₓ₊₂ +[(3x+1)/2] O2 → xCO2 + (x+1) H2O
Hydrocarbon (oxygen) (carbon-di-oxide) (water)
(alkane)
• Disadvantage: inability to control oxides of nitrogen
15. 15
Three-way Catalytic converter
• It converts harmful gases(Nox, co, HC) in the engine
exhaust to relatively harmless gases(N2, Co2, H2O).
•A three-way catalytic converter makes use of two catalysts to
convert harmful gases to harmless gases. They are
oReduction Catalyst(platinum and rhodium)
oOxidation Catalyst(platinum and palladium)
• Stage 1
2NO → N2 + O2
(oxides of nitrogen) (nitrogen) (oxygen)
16. 16
Stage 2:in this stage oxidation occurs as in two way
catalytic converter
• 3-way catalytic converters are so named because they are
capable of eliminating three pollutants – NOx, CO and HC
18. 1818
Advantages and Disadvantages
• Advantages
o Reduce the amount of harmful pollution produced by the
vehicles
o Faster reactions
o Easy replaceable
• Disadvantages:
o Decreased horsepower-engine uses more energy for the
converter
o Catalyst require some time to start its action
o they are very expensive to get
19. CONCLUSION
•Vehicular emissions produces the CO, HC and NOx these
emission are reduced by using catalytic converters.
•The two-way oxidation catalytic converter that are reduces
the effect produced by CO,HC.
•The three-way oxidation catalytic converter that are reduces
the effect produced by CO,HC and Nox,
•catalytic converters are play a major role in reduction of
emission produced by the vehicles.
19
20. REFERENCES
Air injection and Catalytic converters by Matthew Whitten
Brookhaven College
Catalystor.pdf that gives complete information.
https://www.dieselnet.com/tech/catalysts.php-gives
introduction, baground
http://www.ecmaindia.in/emission-control-technology
http://www.carparts.com/classroom/emission.htm-gives the
emissions control devices.
http://auto.howstuffworks.com/coal-rollers3.htm-gives a
emission by vehicle
Mechteacher.com-gives information about the three way
catalytic converter
20