Products from rocks (summary of the AQA module)
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The document summarizes information about products made from rocks and extracting metals and fuels from raw materials. It discusses how limestone decomposes into quicklime and carbon dioxide when heated, and how quicklime forms calcium hydroxide when mixed with water. It also explains how crude oil is separated into fractions by fractional distillation, and how burning fuels produces gases like carbon dioxide, water vapor, carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide.
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Iron is extracted from its main ore, haematite, in a blast furnace. Haematite, coke, and limestone are fed into the top of the blast furnace where temperatures reach 1500°C. The main reducing agent, carbon monoxide, reduces the iron(III) oxide to iron. The molten iron collects at the bottom and is tapped off, while the limestone removes sandy impurities to form a slag.
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Metal extraction slides
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- Iron rusts in the presence of oxygen and water to form iron(III) oxide. Rusting can be prevented by barriers like paint, grease, or sacrificial protection using more reactive metals like zinc.
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General principles and process of isolation 2017
this is based on MHCET, JEE, NEET, CBSE, ICSE, HSC board.
subject- chemistry.
it is based on CBSE, ICSE, HSC ,JEE, NEET, AIPMT, MTCET.
class 12 chemistry.
for buy ppt pay by paytm acount- 8879919898. price-Rs99 only/-
for more detail go my site
www.akchem.blogspot.com
akchem.tk
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Iron is extracted from its main ore, haematite, in a blast furnace. Haematite, coke, and limestone are fed into the top of the blast furnace where temperatures reach 1500°C. The main reducing agent, carbon monoxide, reduces the iron(III) oxide to iron. The molten iron collects at the bottom and is tapped off, while the limestone removes sandy impurities to form a slag.
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this is based on MHCET, JEE, NEET, CBSE, ICSE, HSC board.
subject- chemistry.
it is based on CBSE, ICSE, HSC ,JEE, NEET, AIPMT, MTCET.
class 12 chemistry.
for buy ppt pay by paytm acount- 8879919898. price-Rs99 only/-
for more detail go my site
www.akchem.blogspot.com
akchem.tk
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Occurance n extraction of Al n Fe V1.ppt
The document discusses the properties, extraction, and uses of metals such as iron and aluminum. It describes how iron is extracted through blast furnaces and converted to steel. Key steps include concentrating the ore, reducing iron oxides with carbon, and removing impurities. Aluminum extraction involves concentrating bauxite through the Bayer process, then electrolysis of aluminum oxide in cryolite. The environmental impacts of mining, processing, and transporting metals are also covered.
Metals
This is a summary of the topic "metals" in the GCE O levels subject: Chemistry. Students taking either the combined science (chemistry/physics) or pure chemistry will find this useful. These slides are prepared according to the learning outcomes required by the examinations board.
Extraction Of Metals
The document discusses the extraction and processing of various metals. It describes how most metals are found in ores and require concentration and extraction of the pure metal. The extraction method depends on the metal's reactivity. Less reactive metals can be directly extracted from ores, while more reactive metals require electrolysis or reduction using carbon or other reagents. Common extraction techniques are also outlined for a number of metals including iron, aluminum, and zinc.
Polymer ok1294992673
1. Limestone is a sedimentary rock formed from sea creatures that can be used as a building material or to make other materials like cement and glass through thermal decomposition.
2. Crude oil is formed from ancient organisms and plants that were buried over millions of years, producing hydrocarbons through heat and pressure. It is separated into fractions with different boiling points through fractional distillation to produce useful products like gasoline and diesel.
3. These fractions can also undergo catalytic cracking to break larger hydrocarbons into smaller, more useful ones for fuels and plastics.
Steel manufacturing process
The document summarizes the process of converting iron ore into steel. It involves two main steps:
1. Production of molten iron from iron oxides through reduction in rotary kilns using carbon monoxide produced from coal and limestone. This yields a product called RPCC that is around 70% metallic iron.
2. Steel making which involves removing impurities from the molten iron through oxidation and producing molten steel. Key processes include vanadium recovery, using oxygen to create slag and stirring the metal, and the KOBM process to blow oxygen and further purify the molten iron into steel.
All of C1 Revision - AQA
The document outlines topics that will be covered on the Y10 End of Year Exam for different chapters.
For C1 Topics, Chapter 1 will cover fundamental ideas about atoms, elements, compounds and chemical bonding. Chapter 2 will discuss rocks and building materials like limestone and its uses. Chapter 3 will cover metals and their uses, including extracting metals like iron, aluminum and copper from ores.
For C2 Topics, Chapter 4 will focus on rates and energy.
For C3 Topics, Chapter 3 will cover energy calculations. Students can view a slideshow and click on topics to be directed to relevant sections of a PowerPoint presentation.
overview of metallurgy
The document provides an overview of metallurgy and metal extraction processes. It discusses:
1) Different methods of metal extraction including pyrometallurgy (using heat), hydrometallurgy (using water), and electrometallurgy (using electricity).
2) Properties and applications of cast iron, which has 2-4.5% carbon content and is strong in compression.
3) The process of extracting iron from iron ore in a blast furnace, producing pig iron which can then be further processed to make wrought iron or steel.
Chemistry review c10 c14
1. The document discusses various properties and reactions involving metals and non-metals. It describes the structure of alloys and how they are stronger than pure metals.
2. Key extraction methods are related to a metal's position in the reactivity series, such as electrolysis of reactive metals and blast furnaces for less reactive metals.
3. Common uses of metals such as aluminum, zinc, and iron alloys are explained in terms of the metals' properties including strength, corrosion resistance, and galvanization.
Iron
There are three main varieties of iron based on carbon content: cast iron contains 2-5% carbon and is the impure form used to make steel and wrought iron; wrought iron contains 0.12-0.25% carbon and is the purest form used for chains and magnet cores; steel contains 0.1-1.5% carbon and has properties dependent on carbon content, used for many applications. Rusting of iron occurs via an electrochemical process where iron acts as the anode, releasing electrons and ferrous ions while hydrogen ions are reduced to hydrogen gas at cathode sites on the metal surface. The ferrous ions further oxidize to ferric oxide which absorbs moisture from the
Industrial chemistry
The document summarizes several important industrial chemical processes:
1) The Haber process produces ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen gases using high temperature, pressure, and an iron oxide catalyst.
2) The contact process produces sulfuric acid via three reactions, using catalysts and optimized conditions to maximize sulfur trioxide production.
3) Lime is produced by heating limestone to decompose it into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide, and calcium hydroxide is made by adding water to calcium oxide.
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Rate equations
1) A rate equation summarizes the rate of reaction based on changes in reactant concentrations and can take the form of Rate = k[A]n[B]m, where k is the rate constant, n and m are orders of the reaction with respect to reactants A and B, and the overall order is n+m.
2) The rate equations and their graphical representations are different for zero order (rate is independent of concentration), first order (rate is proportional to concentration), and second order (rate is proportional to concentration squared) reactions.
3) The order of reactants in a rate equation can be determined experimentally by measuring rates at different initial concentrations.
Mass spectrometry
This document discusses key aspects of mass spectrometry. It explains that a mass spectrometer breaks up molecules into ionized fragments and analyzes their mass-to-charge ratios. The molecular ion peak has the highest m/z value and corresponds to the loss of a single electron, while the base peak is the most abundant fragment and usually results from losing a methyl group. Additional information provided includes that molecules tend to break at weak bonds, carbon-containing fragments are more stable with additional carbon groups or carbonyl bonds, and M+1 peaks indicate the presence of carbon-13. Mass spectra examples are given for ethanol, propanal, and propanone.
Factors affecting reaction rates
The document discusses several factors that affect the rate of chemical reactions:
1) Concentration and surface area - Increasing concentration and surface area increases the number and frequency of collisions between reacting particles, speeding up reactions.
2) Temperature - Higher temperatures cause particles to collide more energetically, increasing reaction rates. A 10 degree rise often doubles the rate. More particles have energy exceeding the activation energy at higher temperatures.
3) Catalysts - Catalysts increase reaction rates by lowering the activation energy needed, allowing reactions to proceed more quickly without being consumed in the process.
Chemical kinetics
This document describes an experiment to measure the rate of reaction between magnesium and sulfuric acid. The rate is measured by collecting hydrogen gas produced over time. The results show the volume of hydrogen increases rapidly at first as the reaction proceeds, then slows down as the magnesium is used up. The document also discusses factors that generally affect chemical reaction rates, such as concentration, surface area, temperature, and catalysts.
Infrared spectoscopy
Infrared spectroscopy involves irradiating molecules with infrared radiation, causing their bonds to stretch and bend. The frequencies at which bonds absorb infrared radiation depend on bond strength, length, and atom mass, appearing as peaks on a spectral printout. Only polar molecules that change polarity during vibration absorb infrared light. Stronger bonds absorb at higher wavenumber values, and hydrogen bonding widens the O-H peak. More complex molecules produce varied peaks from different vibration modes. Infrared spectra provide information on functional groups and molecular structure through characteristic absorption peaks in defined regions.
Human reproduction lesson 8
1. Sex cells called sperm and eggs have half the number of chromosomes of normal body cells and are specialized for fertilization.
2. Sperm are produced in the testes and have a head containing DNA, mitochondria for energy, and a tail for movement. Eggs are produced in the ovaries and contain DNA inside the nucleus.
3. During fertilization, a sperm enters an egg and their chromosomes fuse, combining the genetic material from each parent to form a new embryo with a full set of chromosomes.
Human reproduction lesson 9
The menstrual cycle occurs monthly and is controlled by hormones from the pituitary gland that signal the ovaries to release an egg (ova) through the fallopian tubes to the uterus. If the egg is not fertilized by a sperm, it disintegrates and the uterine lining breaks down and is passed, along with blood and tissue, through menstruation or a period. The four stages of the menstrual cycle are: bleeding starts on day 1 when the uterine lining breaks down; rebuilding of the lining starts on day 4; an egg is released around day 14 and can be fertilized for 3 days; and the thickened lining remains on day 28 awaiting a fertilized egg before breaking down again if none arrives.
Human reproduction lesson 7
During childhood from ages 0-10, a person's body grows rapidly but boys and girls develop similarly. Adolescence from ages 10-16 is when puberty occurs, bringing major physical changes like growth of hair and sexual maturation as reproductive organs become functional. Boys experience voice deepening and sperm production while girls undergo breast development and their first menstrual periods.
Human reproduction lesson 6
The placenta provides food and oxygen to the developing fetus through the umbilical cord attached to the mother's uterus. The amniotic fluid surrounds the fetus inside the amniotic sac and protects it from shocks. As the embryo develops over weeks, it grows into a fetus with visible features by 4 weeks. When birth is imminent, the amniotic sac bursts and the uterus and cervix muscles contract to push the baby out through the birth canal.
Human reproduction lesson 5
The document discusses the physical changes that occur as a person grows up from childhood through adolescence. During childhood from ages 0-10, the body grows rapidly but boys and girls develop similarly. In adolescence from ages 10-16, puberty causes major physical changes with boys developing facial and body hair and a deeper voice while girls develop breasts and begin menstruation as their bodies become capable of reproduction.
Human reproduction lesson 4
The document discusses the uterus, which houses the developing baby, and the process of childbirth. It describes how the baby is attached to the mother via the umbilical cord, which provides oxygen and food to the baby while removing waste. The baby floats in amniotic fluid inside the uterus, which supports and protects the baby from shocks.
Human reproduction lesson 3
Fertilisation occurs when a sperm enters an egg in the fallopian tubes. Millions of sperm are released and swim through the uterus and fallopian tubes to meet a single egg, with only one sperm penetrating the egg's membrane to fuse with the egg nucleus. The nuclei of the sperm and egg then fuse, initiating rapid cell division and replication to form a zygote, which is the fertilized egg.
Reproduction lesson 2
This document provides information about the male and female reproductive systems. It identifies and labels the main parts of each system, including the penis, testes, sperm ducts, ovaries, uterus, cervix, and vagina in the male system and ovaries, oviducts, uterus, cervix, and vagina in the female system. It also summarizes the process of fertilization, including the release of sperm and eggs, fertilization occurring when a single sperm fuses with an egg, and the formation of a zygote through rapid cell division.
Reproduction lessson 1
This document discusses human reproduction. It describes that males produce millions of sperm cells that contain the father's genetic information and have a tail to help swim. Females produce a few hundred egg cells over their lifetime that contain the mother's genetic information. Fertilization occurs when a sperm cell meets an egg cell, and the joined cell begins dividing and growing into new cells to form an embryo.
Lesson 10 choice chambers
Woodlice were placed in a choice chamber with four sections: wet and dark, wet and light, dry and dark, and dry and light. The student predicted the woodlice would prefer the wet and dark section and this was because woodlice typically live in dark, moist places. The student observed the woodlice over 10 minutes and recorded which section they were in. They found the woodlice preferred the wet and dark section and this was likely because woodlice grow faster in moist, dark conditions.
Lesson 11 afl
Rabbit and sparrow bones were found at the bottom of a cliff, with sparrow feathers in hawk droppings, indicating that hawks prey on sparrows and rabbits. Worms, caterpillars, and snails were found amongst leaves under trees, with smashed snail shells on rocks and chewed leaves on the ground, showing that snails, caterpillars, and other insects are eaten by birds and small mammals. Eagles nest at the top of the cliff, placing them at the top of the food chain as apex predators at Grassy Hills.
Lesson 9 animal survival
This document discusses how different animals survive in different habitats and seasons. It explains that owls hunt at night because they can do so silently with good night vision, while lions hunt during the day when they can see prey well at watering holes. Some animals like frogs hibernate in winter when it is cold and food is scarce, while others like robins survive the winter. Similarly, pine trees survive year-round whereas apple trees die off in winter and regrow in spring.
Lesson 8 food webs
Plants are the producers in the food web. Blue tits, chiffchaffs, aphids, and moths are herbivores that eat plants. Ladybirds are primary consumers that eat aphids. Owls are secondary consumers that eat blue tits, moths, and voles. Stoats are tertiary consumers that prey on voles. The document discusses a food web and includes questions to test understanding of producer, consumer, and predator relationships within the web.
Lesson 6 food chains
This document discusses food chains and the relationships between producers and consumers. It defines key terms like producers, consumers, herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores. Producers are organisms that can make their own food, like plants, while consumers eat other organisms for food. Herbivores eat producers or plants, carnivores eat other consumers or animals, and omnivores eat both producers and consumers. Food chains show the transfer of energy from one organism to another, with producers at the start of the chain and top predators at the end.
Lesson 5 predator and prey
This document defines and provides examples of predators and prey. It explains that predators are animals that hunt and eat other animals, and have adaptations like sharp teeth and claws to help them catch prey. Prey are the animals that are hunted and eaten, and have adaptations like camouflage and living in groups for protection. The document discusses how the populations of predators and prey are interconnected, as increases or decreases in one will affect the other. It provides examples of predator and prey adaptations, and has students draw their own designs of a super predator and prey.
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