aviation assignment

NAME: TAHAMEEN.
BATCH: D-2.
ACESSOR‘S NAME: KAVERI PRATAP.
CENTRE NAME: FIAT MANGALORE.
ASSIGNMENT ON: AVIATION INDUSTRY.
SUBMISSION DATE: 24-01-2012

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I take this opportunity to thank all my teachers and colleagues for
helping me out to complete this presentation. I specially thank our
Aviation faculty Miss. Kaveri Pratap for giving all assistance in my work.
I also thank all the faculty and my colleagues at FrankFinn for their
Help and support. Last but not the least I thank God Almighty for His
love and care.

INTRODUCTION
A general term including the science and technology of flight through the air. Aviation
also applies to the mode of travel provided by aircraft as carriers of passengers and
cargo, and as such is part of the total transportation system. Aviation also describes
the employment of aircraft in such fields as military aviation. The world of the
airplane, including the people who manufacture, market, and repair aircraft or who
work in allied industries, is frequently spoken of as aviation.

Aviation is broadly grouped into three classes:
General aviation,
Air transport aviation, and
Military aviation.
General aviation comprises all aviation not included in military or air-transport
aviation.
Military aviation includes all forms of aviation in military activities.
Air-transport aviation is primarily the operation of commercial airlines
essentially as a public utility for the movement of persons and commodities.

HISTORY
The first commercial flight in India was made on February 18, 1911, when a French pilot Monseigneur
Piguet flew airmails from Allahabad to Naini, covering a distance of about 10 km in as many minutes.

Tata Services became Tata Airlines and then Air-India and spread its wings as Air-India International.
The domestic aviation scene, however, was chaotic. When the American Tenth Air Force in India
disposed of its planes at throwaway prices, 11 domestic airlines sprang up, scrambling for traffic that
could sustain only two or three. In 1953, the government nationalized the airlines, merged them, and
created Indian Airlines. For the next 25 years JRD Tata remained the chairman of Air-India and a
director on the board of Indian Airlines

After JRD left, voracious unions mushroomed, spawned on the pork barrel jobs created by politicians.
In 1999, A-I had 700 employees per plane; today it has 474 whereas other airlines have 350.

In recent years, however, this image of Civil Aviation has undergone a change and aviation is now
viewed in a different light - as an essential link not only for international travel and trade but also for
providing connectivity to different parts of the country. Aviation is, by its very nature, a critical part
of the infrastructure of the country and has important ramifications for the development of tourism
and trade, the opening up of inaccessible areas of the country and for providing stimulus to business
activity and economic growth.

Contents:
1) P1a (LO1 of unit 4)
2) P1b P3a,b,c (LO2/LO1,LO2 &3 unit 4 & 9)
3) P1a & b (LO1 & LO2 of unit 4)
5) P2a & b (LO1,LO2 of unit 9)
6) P2a & b (LO1,LO2 of unit 4)
7) P2d (LO4 of unit 9)
9) P3b (LO3 of unit 4)
10) P2c (LO2 of unit 9)
12) P4b (LO4 of unit 4)
13) M (unit 4 & 9)
14) D (unit 4 & 9)

P1a
(LO1 of unit 4)

Briefly describe the current scenario
with updates of current affairs in
aviation industry. Justify with articles
from news paper & magazines.

• The Indian Aviation Industry is one of the fastest growing
aviation industries in the world.
• India has 454 airports and airstrips; of these 16 are
designated International airports.
• With Brent crude oil prices crossing $100 barrel mark air
fares are hiked by the airlines to meet their costs.
• SWISS is standardizing the baggage regulation for its
flights all over the world. For passengers from India this
means a significant increase of free baggage allowance
along with attractive excess baggage rates.

• The financial mess that our national carriers is in has been admitted by the
government. It is said that the airline income is 36 crore a day against an
expenditure of 57 crore, incurring a daily loss of 21 crore.
• DGCA of Civil Aviation has decided upon a new rule to bolster air safety that
pilots above 65 year of age would be barred from taking up jobs with charter
operators or even flying planes of corporate biggies.
• From being primarily a government-owned industry, the Indian aviation
industry is now dominated by privately owned full-service airlines and low-cost
carriers. Private airlines account for around 75 per cent share of the domestic
aviation market.

Air Traffic: The Airport Authority of India (AAI) manages total 122 Airports in the
country, which include 11 International Airports, 94 domestic airports and 28 civil
enclaves. Top 5 airports in the country handle 70% of the passenger traffic of
which Delhi and Mumbai together alone account for 50%. Passenger and cargo
traffic has growth at an average of about 9% over the last 10 years.

Air movements: The total aircraft movements handled in October 2003 has
shown an increase of 15.4 percent as compared to the aircraft movement handled
in October 2002. The international and domestic aircraft movements increased by
15.4 percent each during the period under review. The reason for increase in
aircraft movements is due to increase of operation of smaller aircraft by airlines
and the introduction of new airlines viz., Air Deccan in southern region and
international airlines (Air Canada, Polar Air Cargo, Qatar Airways (Freighter),
Turkish Airways, Air Slovakia at IGI Airport with effect from October 2003.

Passenger Traffic: International and Domestic passenger traffic handled in
October 2003 has increased by 15.4 percent and 6.7 percent over the period of
October 2002 leading to an overall increase of 9.4 percent. The total passenger
increased by 9.2 percent, 7.6 percent, 8.9 percent and 17.0 percent respectively at
five international airports six developing international airports, eight custom
airports and 26 Domestic airports.

Cargo Traffic: The total cargo traffic handled in October 2003 has shown an
increase of 3.5 percent as compared to the cargo handled in October 202. The
international and domestic cargo traffic increased by 4.3 percent and 2.1 percent
respectively during the period.

Monday, January 16, 2012
Chopper grounded, but MP eyes twin engine Jet

Bhopal: Despite a Lokayuta inquiry into recently procured helicopter and shortage of pilots to comply with
Director General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) norms, Madhya Pradesh government has decided to add a new aircraft
to its fleet.
The state aviation department has floated expression of interest (EOI) to buy a new mid-size Twin Engined Pure
Turbine Jet for the state fleet.
Interested manufacturers/ authorised representatives have been asked to submit the details of the aero plane
to the Director Aviation, Raja Bhoj International Airport, by January 20. Officials said that the manufacturers or
authorised representatives whose product is shortlisted shall be eligible to participate in the bidding process
as prescribed by the state government.
At present, state government has four pilots for its choppers and three for the aircraft — B 200, contrary to
DGCI norms which mandates minimum of four pilots on each chopper/aircraft.
The flying operations are being carried out in MP notwithstanding new safety rules put in place for VIP
operation of planes and helicopters by DCGA to avoid mishaps like the one which killed former Andhra Pradesh
chief minister YSR Reddy.
16/01/12 P Naveen/Daily News & Analysis/daily bhaskar.com

Sunday January 15 2012
Kingfisher Airline importing ATF is bad economics: Oil companies

New Delhi: As the government mulls allowing Kingfisher Airlines to import ATF directly, oil
companies have opposed the move saying the proposal was "bad economics" for the
beleaguered airline in view of high taxes and handling cost.
In a detailed response to the application made by Kingfisher to import aviation turbine fuel
(ATF) directly, oil firms stated that India is surplus in jet fuel and exports half of its
production annually, official sources said.
Allowing direct import of ATF may lead to avoidable simultaneous import/export of ATF and
undue burden on port infrastructure in the country, the oil firms said.
Kingfisher believes that by importing ATF directly, it can make substantial savings by not
having to pay sales tax (which varies between 4 to 30 per cent from state to state).
Oil firms however say the airline would have to pay 12.83 per cent duty on the imported ATF
(additional customs duty or CVD of 8.24 per cent plus a 3 per cent education cess on top of
it and an additional 4 per cent special CVD or SAD).
Against this, Kingfisher presently.

Air India debt row: Bankers outweigh credit rating over provisioning
Mumbai: The consortium of lenders that has rejected the RBI-approved
debt recast for Air India (AI) is more worried about their credit ratings
and image in global markets than the nearly Rs 10,000-crore provisioning
they will have to set aside under the plan, say leading bankers.
And going by this, even if the debt-laden national carrier manages to get
a fresh debt recast plan done, it is unlikely to go through with the
lenders, unless some basic CDR provisions are given a go by, such as
scrapping the provision of tying dividend payment to profitability,
whether AI makes money or not, pointed out these bankers.
The lenders are also not happy with the "special treatment" that State
Bank got in the CDR proposal, prepared by its own i-bank arm SBI Caps,
as despite the fact that most of them do not have as much exposure as
SBI, they are forced to shell out much higher than the Government-run
lender.
The lenders, barring SBI, which has given a Rs 1,100- crore cash-to-credit
loan to AI, and therefore a low provisioning of only about Rs 37 crore, are
also peeved at the way SBI Caps "short-changed" them in the CDR plan,
as those with similar exposure will see a hole as much as Rs 500 to 700
crore in their balance sheets if it goes through, a senior public sector
banker, who sought not to be named, told PTI.
15/01/12 PTI/Economic Times

CCS to discuss Rs 1850 cr proposal for 75 trainer aircraft
New Delhi: The Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) will consider a proposal worth over Rs 1,850 crore for procuring 75
Pilatus trainer aircraft from Switzerland in its meeting scheduled on Thursday.
The aircraft are being procured by the Indian Air Force (IAF) to provide training to IAF's rookie pilots and replace the HPT-
32 trainer aircraft which have been grounded for over two years after a fatal accident during training in 2009.
The CCS will take up the proposal for procuring 75 Pilatus-7 basic trainer aircraft from Switzerland in its next meeting
scheduled on Thursday, top IAF sources said here.
They said the deal was critical for IAF's training requirements as in the next two years, there will be a shortage of Kiran Mk
II trainer aircraft, which are being used to impart flying lessons to the rookie cadets.
If the contract is approved by the CCS, the Swiss firm will start supplying the aircraft to India by the middle of 2013, the
sources said.
15/01/12 PTI/Economic Times

P1b
p3a,b,c
(LO2/LO1,LO2 &3 unit 4&9)

Identify (from the slide) and describe
the function of the parts shown to you.

Handed over the hard copy to the trainer.

In a medical emergency on flight justify
how would you communicate on board
asking for help? (to be assessed through
role play & announcement)

This comes under role play

 First of all I would inform the captain about the emergency.
 After that through the PA system (passenger addressing system) will make an
announcement for a nurse or a doctor for help.
 If there are no doctor‘s or nurse‘s in the flight then I would give him/her the
first aid.
 Then captain will land the flight to the nearest airport and then the casualty will
be taken to the nearest hospital.

P1a &b
(LO1 & LO2 of unit 4)

Demonstrate (written subjective test)
the first aid procedures for the
following.

Asthma Attack:
Step 1 Sit the person upright, be calm and reassuring. Do not leave the person alone.
Step 2 Give four separate puffs of a blue reliever (Airomir, Asmol, Epaq or Ventolin), i.e. one puff, then 4
breaths; another puff, then 4 breaths; another puff, then 4 breaths; another puff, then 4 breaths.
Note: The medication is best given one puff at a time via a spacer device. Ask the person to take four breaths
from the spacer after each puff of medication. If a spacer is not available use the blue reliever puffer on its
own, as described in Step 2 above.
Step 3 Wait four minutes, to see the effect of the reliever treatment.
Step 4 If there is little or no improvement repeat steps 2 and 3.
If there is still no improvement call an ambulance immediately (Dial 101). Continue to repeat steps 2 and 3 while
waiting for the ambulance.
A Bricanyl Turbuhaler may be used in first aid treatment if a puffer and spacer is not available.
If you are using Symbicort SMART treatment (Symbicort as both reliever and preventer), you can use the
SMART first aid plan. However it is still safe and effective to use the general asthma first aid plan above

Fracture:
Fracture Neck Of The Thigh Bone
If expert assistance is likely to be delayed:
1 . DRABC
2 . cover open wounds
3 . gently bring uninjured limb to the normal position
4 . place a well padded splint between the legs
5 . place one hand under the heel and the other around the toes of the injured limb
6 . gently draw down to apply traction to the foot, while rotating the leg to a position as nearly
normal as possible against the splint
7 . apply a narrow figure-of-eight bandage around the ankles and feet
8 . pass bandages under:
- the thighs above the fracture
- the thighs below the fracture
- both knees
- between the knee and the ankles
9 . tie on the uninjured side
10 . check the circulation of both limbs ( note the colour and temperature of the skin and feet ).

P3a
(LO3 of unit 4)

Justify your knowledge of aviation terms
and definition by explaining the relevant
terms asked by your trainer.(based on
the test conducted during the class use)

Handed over to the trainer in a hard copy

P2a &b
(LO1,LO2 of unit 9)

Perform a role play of different types of
emergencies on board.

 P2 a & b
(LO1, LO2 of unit 4)

Demonstrate various duties and
responsibilities of cabin crew on
board (through role play)

Demonstration of role play:
 Batch D-2 and D-4
 Group no 2
 Group name: Airbus A380
 Flight name: QATAR Airways
 Destination: BOM-QTR
 Crew member‘s: Front galley
1) Sumaiyya Ghouse.
2) Thameen.
Aisle
3) Dezma Neslin furtado.
4) Blessy James.
Aft galley
5) Dona blessy.
6) Rihan Khan.

Preflight check:
First of all we started with the checking of the oxygen
Mask in every seat, then followed by the life jackets,
air sickness bags and flight safety cards in every seat
Pockets. Then we checked the emergency doors for
the green band, then we also checked the asbestos
gloves, fire extinguisher, smoke hood and lavatories.
From this we completed our pre-flight check and
reported to the senior crew member.

Welcoming the pax.
Our flight steward Rihan Khan and flight stewardess Dona welcomed the pax
to the Aircraft, Dezma and Blessy helped the pax to be seated in their
allotted seats. Flight steward Tahameen did the announcement for the
departure of the flight and flight stewardess Sumaiyya Ghouse did the
safety drill and also did the final check of pax seated with seat belts and
the seats were in the upward position and all blinds were open and the
luggage's were kept in the over head bin‘s. finally there was an
announcement for all the crew member‘s to be seated in their jump seat‘s
for the take off.

Welcome drinks and meals
as the flight was cruising the signs of seat belts were put off and the
welcome drinks was served by Dezma and Blessy with some chocolates,
sweets and cottons. Then it was cleared by Rihan and Dona. Then
Sumaiyya and Tahameen checked for if there was any pax requirments or
any kind of emergencies or misbehavior of any pax. After few mins the
meals was served with veg and non-veg as an option. Then it was cleared.
After few mins the tea and coffee was served with some biscuits and then
cleared. Finally few mins before the landing we distributed the emigration
form to the passengers to be filled.

Emergency
 Few mins before the landing there was an emergency where the pax
suffered from the asthma attack.
 One of the crew member announced for a doctor or nurse among the pax
through the PA system (Passenger addressing system).
 As there were no nurse or doctor in the flight our crew member Sumaiyya
Ghouse gave the first aid for the pax and informed the captain about the
emergency.
 Finally the victim was normal after the first aid.

Landing
 Finally there was an announcement for landing seat belt signs were on.
 The crew members checked that all the seats were in upward position, all
the blinds were open, all the pax wore the seat belts and the tray‘s were
closed.
 Then there was an announcement to all the crew member‘s to sit in their
jump seat for the landing.
 There was an safe landing to QATAR (destination)
 The pax were disembarked by a warm smile and thank you from the crew.

P3b
(LO3 of unit 4)

Demonstrate the correct procedure for
embarkation / disembarkation of any
one of the special handling PAX along
with related documents (collect the
info/formats from net).

1) MENTALLY CHALLENGED PAX

2) STRECHER CASE PAX

MENTALLY CHALLENGED PAX
May look physically fit but unable to look after themselves independently.
Acceptance of Mentally challenged Passengers: Mentally challenged passenger are not accepted without a suitable attendant.
The trained attendant must carry the treating physician‘s certificate along with a prescription for an injectable sedative medicine,
which may be required to be administered by the attendant, prior to commencement of travel or as may be required en-route.
The attendant must be briefed that no Cabin Crew will be specially assigned to look after the mentally retarded passenger.

Boarded first
Deplaned last
May be accompanied by their relatives, doctor or nurse
Seated close to the toilet
Diet should be checked
Full/ Extra assistance should be given

STRECHER CASE PAX
All stations must ensure availability of stretcher(s) the number to be decided depending upon
the quantum
of traffic loads. Stretchers and associated equipment like blankets, pillows, sheets, etc. to be
provided to
passengers who can not use the standard cabin seat in a sitting or reclining position on
payment of
applicable tariff. When a passenger on stretcher or otherwise is put on oxygen, smoking will be
prohibited
within 3.1 meters on ground.
A stretcher passenger is an ill/injured passenger who, because of their physical or mental
condition, can
only travel on a stretcher fitted in the aircraft. Medical clearance is required from the Gulf Air
Head of
Medical Services, and can be obtained through Gulf Air office in your city.
Stretchers can only be accommodated in the Economy cabin of the aircraft, and the charged
fare will be
five normal IATA published one-way adult fares inclusive of 100 kgs free baggage allowance.

Stretcher passengers are allowed 100 kg of free baggage allowance. A
qualified medical escort is required
and must be arranged for by the patient.
A qualified medical escort is required and must be arranged by the patient or
their guardian.
Cabin stretchers are installed above passenger seats. Such stretchers are
narrow and hard and are
reserved for passengers that are unable to travel in a seated position. Five
safety belts, including one body
harness, must remain fastened at all times during a flight. Location and
orientation of the cabin stretcher
varies with aircraft. Cannot be used by those whose shoulder width is under
34 cm.
Length approx. 180 cm Width approx. 40 cm Height approx. 96 cm

Boarded first
Deplaned last
May be accompanied by their relatives, doctor or nurse
Diet should be checked
Full/ Extra assistance should be given

P4a
(LO4 of unit 4)

Describe the following emergency
equipments used in emergency.

Smoke hood
 A smoke hood is a protective device similar in concept to a gas mask. A translucent airtight bag seals
around the head of the wearer while an air filter held in the mouth connects to the outside atmosphere and
is used to breathe. Smoke hoods are intended to protect victims of fire from the effects of smoke
inhalation.
 High quality smoke hoods are generally constructed of heat resistant material like Kapton, and can
withstand relatively high temperatures. The most important part of a smoke hood is the filter that provides
protection from the toxic by products of combustion. Virtually all smoke hood designs utilize some form of
activated charcoal filter and particulate filter to screen out corrosive fumes like ammonia and chlorine, as
well as acid gases like hydrogen chloride and hydrogen sulphide. The defining characteristic of an effective
smoke hood is the ability to convert deadly carbon monoxide to relatively harmless carbon dioxide through
a catalytic process.
 Smoke hoods present on aircraft, also called Protective Breathing Equipment (or PBEs), typically generate
oxygen for approximately 30 seconds. The oxygen is kept in a closed circuit, usually thanks to a tight neck
seal. A scrubber system may be present to reduce the levels of carbon dioxide, and is breathable for
around 20 minutes. When the oxygen supply ends, the hood must be removed to avoid suffocation.

Fire axe:
 Fire axe:
 Fire-fighter's axe or fire axe – It has a pick-shaped pointed poll (area of
the head opposite the cutting edge). It is often decorated in vivid colors to
make it easily visible during an emergency. Its primary use is for breaking
down doors and windows.

Asbestos gloves:
 Asbestos is fire-resistant and also provides very effective insulation. It
was often used in the 20th century for many purposes, including a variety
of a construction materials and protective clothing. Asbestos gloves were
often used for industrial purposes to protect the hands of workers from
extremely high temperatures. They were used in steel plants, foundries
and glassworks, and often by fire fighters as well

Fire extinguisher:
 A fire extinguisher or extinguisher, flame extinguisher is an active fire
protection device used to extinguish or control small fires, often in
emergency situations. It is not intended for use on an out-of-control fire,
such as one which has reached the ceiling, endangers the user (i.e., no
escape route, smoke, explosion hazard, etc.), or otherwise requires the
expertise of a fire department. Typically, a fire extinguisher consists of a
hand-held cylindrical pressure vessel containing an agent which can be
discharged to extinguish a fire

 There are two main types of fire extinguishers: stored pressure and cartridge-
operated. In stored pressure units, the expellant is stored in the same chamber
as the fire fighting agent itself. Depending on the agent used, different
propellants are used. With dry chemical extinguishers, nitrogen is typically used;
water and foam extinguishers typically use air. Stored pressure fire
extinguishers are the most common type. Cartridge-operated extinguishers
contain the expellant gas in a separate cartridge that is punctured prior to
discharge, exposing the propellant to the extinguishing agent. This type is not as
common, used primarily in areas such as industrial facilities, where they
receive higher-than-average use. They have the advantage of simple and prompt
recharge, allowing an operator to discharge the extinguisher, recharge it, and
return to the fire in a reasonable amount of time. Unlike stored pressure types,
these extinguishers use compressed carbon dioxide instead of nitrogen,
although nitrogen cartridges are used on low temperature (-60 rated) models.
Cartridge operated extinguishers are available in dry chemical and dry powder
types in the US and in water, wetting agent, foam, dry chemical (classes ABC and
BC), and dry powder (class D) types in the rest of the world.

Oxygen mask
An oxygen mask provides a method to transfer
breathing oxygen gas from a storage tank to the lungs.
Oxygen masks may cover the nose and mouth (oral nasal
mask) or the entire face (full-face mask). They may be
made of plastic, silicone, or rubber.

Mega phone:
 A megaphone is a portable, usually hand-held, cone-shaped horn used to
amplify a person‘s voice or other sounds towards a targeted direction.
This is accomplished by channelling the sound through the megaphone,
which also serves to match the acoustic impedance of the voice cords to
the air. The natural human voice tends to spread evenly in all directions,
whereas when it is sent through a megaphone, the sound is concentrated
in a given direction and the coupling of its energy to the air optimised,
while if a listener is to the side, it is more difficult to hear what is being
said

ELT (Emergency location transmitter )
 Distress radio beacons, also known as emergency beacons, ELT or EPIRB, are
tracking transmitters which aid in the detection and location of boats, aircraft, and
people in distress. Strictly, they are radio beacons that interface with worldwide
offered service of Cospas-Sarsat, the international satellite system for search and
rescue (SAR). When manually activated, or automatically activated upon immersion,
such beacons send out a distress signal. The signals are monitored worldwide and the
location of the distress is detected by non-geostationary satellites, and can be located
by trilateration in combination with triangulation, respecting the varying quality of the
signal received.
 In the case of 406 MHz beacons which transmit digital signals, the beacons can be
uniquely identified almost instantly (via GEOSAR), and furthermore a GPS or GLONASS
position can be encoded into the signal, which provides instantaneous identification of
the registered user and its location. Frequently, by using the initial position provided via
the satellite system, SAR aircraft and ground search parties can home in on the
distress signals from the beacons and come to the aid of the concerned boat, aircraft,
or people

Life jacket
 A lifejacket is a type of personal flotation device designed to keep a
person's airway clear of the water whether the wearer is conscious or
unconscious. They are either made from two layers of bonded
polyurethane to be inflated or from foam.
 The inflatable lifejacket is probably the most widely used for both leisure
and commercial activities, while the foam lifejacket is predominantly
designed either for children, or for emergency use

P4b
(LO4 of unit 4)

Analyze the above emergency equipment
under the following headings.

Name of the Parts of the Preflight checks of Usage of the
emergency emergency the emergency emergency
equipment equipment equipment equipment

Smoke hood Mask Check the right to protect the victim
location in the cockpit from fire in the effects
of smoke
Oxygen bottle

Fire axe Handle, hook, blade. Check the right Incase of fir or during
location and secured survival incase of crash.
with straps.
Asbestos gloves gloves Correct location in the To touch the hot metals
cockpit while anything is in fire

Fire extinguisher It’s a red coloured bottle In correct location, To extinguish the fire.
strapped to secure, secured with straps,
safety pin, handle, needle on the pressure
trigger, nozzle gauge should be
between 1500-2000tsi
and on the green band.

Oxygen mask Gas pipe, mask, elastic Check the right During decompression
band location in the over
head bin in the cabin

Mega phone Push to talk Check the correct It is used for crowd
button, sling, location, secured control
speaker, handle. with straps, check
the push to talk
button.
ELT(emergency Antenna, lan yard, Check if it is in To send rescue and
locator transmitter a plastic cover and right location and search signals used
a battery. secured with straps in ditching and
crash landing
Life jacket Upper and lower It should be under Used in ditching
chamber, 2 red each passenger
toggle, inflation seats & the spare
tubes, straps ones in the over
around the waist. head bin

M
(units 4 & 9)

Describe a cabin crew routine for an
international flight from sign in time until
sign out. Present your findings in a PPT/
slides presentation not exceeding 10
minutes backed by a bibliography.

Pick up from accommodation

 Pick up from accommodation is 2 hrs20 mins before ETD arriving at the
"office" about 1.45 hrs before ETD
Flight deck have different briefing room and rarely show their faces until
all are through immigration and on the bus to the aircraft.
Briefings are about safety, security and first aid, can often be
monopolized by talk about the service, type of pax expected.
Down route... just a quick discussion on the previous flight, new flight
details and change of positions

Job Duties Of Cabin Crews
 The job of a flight attendant begins even before a flight. It includes preparation
the day before the flight, the day of the flight, during and after the flight.
 First of all, the crew must attend a pre-flight briefing on the day before each
scheduled flight, to gather relevant data on the upcoming flight, such as its
departure time, flight number and route, model of the aircraft and every piece
of equipment on it; go through the roles each crew play in emergency situations,
draw up a plan of action for the entire crew in handling incidents such as a
hijack, etc.
 On the day of the flight, the crew must board the aircraft 80 minutes in advance
to carry out pre-flight duties, namely to conduct safety checks, prepare the
cabin for the passengers and ensure all meals and supplies are on board.

 The crew check all equipment to make sure that they are in working condition,
including equipment controlled by the passengers' remote controls, such as
reading lights, attendant's call buttons, tray tables, seat reclining levers; and
those on the cabin crew's service panels, e.g., switches for music and different
modes of lighting, head sets, etc. Special attention must be given to the pre-
flight safety checks: ensure that all emergency equipment are fully functional,
volume of oxygen in the oxygen tank is sufficient, fire extinguishers are brand
new, pressure of the aircraft evacuation slide is at the correct level.
 Before the passengers board the plane, the cabin crew also need to prepare the
galley; monitor the quantity and quality of meals, count the stock of cutlery and
supplies; prepare the lavatories, ensure the supplies are fully stocked, e.g., face
towels, toilet rolls, soap, perfume, toilet seat covers, etc.; prepare the
beverages such as coffee, tea, sugar, creamer are made available, cold drinks
are chilled... Finally, after a last check on the cabin's hygiene and a touch up on
the attendants' own appearances, they are all set to await the arrival of the
passengers.

 When the passengers board the plane, the flight attendants must be ready
to greet them at the respective working positions they are assigned. They
must direct the passengers to their seats, help store their hand luggage
in the overhead luggage storage cabins, escort passengers who need
special assistance, such as the elderly, young, invalid, pregnant, persons
with physical disabilities, to their seats.
 After all the passengers are on board, the plane and all the carry-on
luggage are stowed away, the cabin crew would begin to demonstrate the
safety equipment features and procedures. This would be followed by the
cabin safety check routine which includes: ensuring all the passengers'
seat belts are fastened, their seat backs and tray tables are in full upright
positions, window shades are put up, overhead cabins are shut tight,
emergency exits and aisles are devoid of luggage, and of course, the
passengers are reminded to turn off their mobile phones and all portable
electronic devices. All these are duties of the cabin crew.

 The galley crew would have to switch off the power supply in the kitchen galley,
fasten every lock, push in all the beverage and meal carts, close the doors of
the ovens and coat closets. By the time the check is completed, the plane is
about to take off.
 Five minutes after the plane has taken off, the galley crew would begin to make
various announcements over the public address system and the cabin crew
would begin to distribute newspaper, snacks and serviettes to the passengers.
For flights exceeding one and a half hours, pre-meal beverages would be served.
 That begins the meal service, followed by a round of drinks, and another round.
Then, it would almost be time to clear the dining trays.

 For some airlines, there are still other tasks to perform, like distributing
souvenirs, issuing embarkation forms, list of items to declare at customs,
health declaration forms, etc. Sometimes, the cabin crew would even need
to assist some passengers in filling out these forms.
 Finally, when all these are done, it is time again to go round the cabin with
a serving tray to check on any needs the passenger may have, be it a
drink to be served, dining trays to be collected; for passengers who are
asleep, shut the reading lights and ventilation air ducts above them, put on
a blanket for him or give her a pillow and for those who are awake, check
if they would like to have their meals. All the while, looking out for trash to
be picked up, needs to be attended to, and better still, spot the need even
before the passenger asks for it and solve any problem passengers have.

 By the time the plane descends, it is time to make a final compliance check,
remind passengers to fasten their seat belts, return their seat backs and tray
tables to the upright locked position, draw up the window shades. At the same
time, the cabin crew would also have to ensure that the overhead hand-luggage
storage compartments are locked and the emergency exits are cleared of
luggage, so on and so forth. Only then, do the cabin crew get to take a breather
on the cabin jump seats.
 After the plane has completed landed and the cabin crew have sent off every
disembarking passenger at their assigned positions, they would have to check
through the cabin to make sure that no luggage are left behind. Only after that,
is a flight considered as completed.

Prepare the dummy safety equipment
Our group prepared the fire Extinguisher
as the dummy safety equipment and handed
over to the trainer.

D (unit 4 & 9)

(a)

Describe & compare Boeing 747 & Airbus
A380

Measurements Airbus 380 Boeing 747-400

Wingspan 79.8 m (261 ft 10 in) 64.4 m (211 ft 5 in)
Length 73.0 m (239 ft 6 in) 70.7 m (231 ft 10 in)
Height 24.1 m (79 ft) 19.4 m (63 ft 8 in)
610,700 lbs 393,263 lbs
Weight: Empty
(277,000 kg) (178,756 kg)
1,234,600 lbs 875,000 lbs
Weight: Max Takeoff
(560,000 kg) (397,000 kg)
Capacity/Layout
Crew 2 2
Passengers (three-class
555 416
arrangement)
Two decks, Two decks,
Seating configuration
two aisles per deck two aisles main deck

Miscellaneous

7, 260 nm
Range 8,000 nm (14,800 km)
(13,450 km)
Service ceiling 43,000 ft (13,100 m) 41,000 ft
Top cruising speed Mach 0.88 (299 m/s) Mach 0.92 (313 m/s)
Long-distance cruising
Mach 0.85 (289 m/s) Mach 0.85 (289m/s)
speed
4 Pratt & Whitney PW4062
4 Rolls-Royce Trent 900 turbofans (63,300 lb thrust)
turbofans
(initially 70,000 lb thrust; or
cleared at 80,000 lb thrust)
4 Rolls-Royce RB211-524 H2-T
Powerplant
or (59,500 lb thrust)

4 Engine Alliance GP7200 or
turbofans (approx. 82,000 lb
thrust) General Electric CF6-80C2B5F
(62,000 lb thrust)

D (unit 4 & 9)

(b)

Do a case study of any actual mishap of
an air crash. Your concluding
statements should give your own opinion
as a result of the research conducted by
you.

AIR CRASH
DEFINATION:
 An AIR CRASH is defined in the Convention on International Civil Aviation Annex
13 as an occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft which takes
place between the time any person boards the aircraft with the intention of
flight and all such persons have disembarked, in which a person is fatally or
seriously injured, the aircraft sustains damage or structural failure or the
aircraft is missing or is completely inaccessible. The first fatal AIR CRASH
occurred in a Wright Model A aircraft at Fort Myer, Virginia, USA, on September
17, 1908, resulting in injury to the pilot, Orville Wright and death of the
passenger, Thomas Selfridge.
 An AIR CRASH is also defined there as an occurrence other than an accident,
associated with the operation of an aircraft, which affects or could affect the
safety of operations.
 An accident in which the damage to the aircraft is such that it must be written
off, or in which the plane is destroyed is called a hull loss accident.

 I LIKE A CASE STUDY ON THIS RESEARCH BECAUSE I WANT TO LEARN MORE
ABOUT AIR CRASH AND AM DOING IT. I HAVE DONE A CASE STUDY OF AN
ACTUAL MISHAP OF AN AIR CRASH ON 17 SEPTEMBER 1908 AND IT WAS ALSO
THE FIRST FATAL ACCIDENT ON THE AIR IN THE AIRPLANE. WHICH KILLED 1
MAN AND A PILOT WAS INJURED BADLY.

Fatal plane crash September 17
1908
 One hundred years ago, on Sept. 17, 1908, a plane piloted by Orville Wright
crashed in Fort Myer, Va., badly injuring the aviation pioneer and killing his
passenger, Lt. Thomas Selfridge.
 Today, on the anniversary of the accident, The Associated Press distributed two
photographs (before and after) of the famous flight, along with a story on airline
safety. The AP story states that the 1908 accident was ‖the first fatal airplane
crash in history, according to the Flight Safety Foundation.‖
 Here are the photos showing Selfridge and Wright (with hat) just before the
flight, and the crumpled heap of wreckage after the crash.

 Interestingly, I had recently come across the Sept. 18, 1908,
article the New Era ran on the Wright/Selfridge crash. A
short sidebar noted that in the history of ―aeroplanes‖ there
had only been four deaths. It credited that information to E.
La Rue Jones, the editor of ―Aeronautics.‖ The article
provided no details on those earlier deaths, so I can‘t
explain the discrepancy between that statement and the one
in the AP article.

Century after 1st fatality,
safety is in the air
 PHOENIX — It was called an ―aeroplane,‖ but the contraption Orville Wright piloted on
Sept. 17, 1908, was hardly more than a big box kite with a motor. And unlike his famous
first flight in 1903, this one was doomed.
Less than five minutes after takeoff, Wright‘s plane lay smashed, his passenger mortally
injured, and the world got an early taste of the perils of flying. It was the first fatal
airplane crash in history, according to the Flight Safety Foundation.
―The aeroplane is still far within the experimental stage,‖ a New York Times writer
lamented three days later. ―The perfected machine will doubtless be different from it in
everything from principle to motive power.‖
A hundred years later, modern jets have indeed made air travel the safest way to get
around. Yet, to the consternation of the airline industry, flying still generates for many
the same rush of anxiety that onlookers must have felt when Wright‘s plane dove into
the parade ground at Ft. Myer, Va.
―There‘s still this mystique about flying,‖ said Ron Nielsen, a retired US Airways pilot
who‘s found a second career counselling people who are afraid to fly. ―There‘s a fear of
being closed in, and there‘s a fear of dying.‖

 It doesn‘t help when airlines are caught failing to follow government safety regulations, as was the case with American Airli nes and
Southwest Airlines earlier this year.
Anxiety levels may also rise when members of Congress accuse the Federal Aviation Administration of an inappropriately cozy
relationship with the airlines it regulates. In response to reports of lapses in FAA oversight, the House passed a law in Jul y that would
force federal aviation inspectors to wait two years before taking airline jobs.
But the facts remain: In the U.S., no one has died in a commercial jet crash in two years. Before that, the safety record for airlines has
been close to perfect.
According to a 10-year average of National Safety Council statistics from 1996 to 2005, only two people died in commercial airline
crashes per 10 billion miles traveled.
That compares to a death rate of five people per 10 billion miles on passenger trains. And in cars, 81 people died for every 10 billion
miles traveled.
Accidents in the air have become so rare that investigators no longer find common reasons why commercial airplanes crash, FAA
spokesman Les Dorr said.
―If you try to say, what‘s the next common cause (of airline accidents) that we can address, the answer is there isn‘t one,‖ Dorr said.
It took a lot of work to get to this point.
Aviation has always been an intensively reactive field, with many of its safety enhancements kick-started following major aircraft
accidents.
It was this way even in 1908. A few days after the first fatal crash, Wright woke from his hospital bed and asked to see his mechanic.
―I‘d like to have his view on just what happened to cause our spill,‖ he said.
The plane was circling about 100 feet above the parade grounds during a demonstration flight for the U.S. Army Signal Corps w hen it
suddenly dropped nose first and crashed. Wright‘s passenger for the experimental trip, Lt. Thomas Selfridge, was killed.
From the hospital, Wright picked through the scattered remnants of his plane and eventually decided what caused it to drop.

 ―Mr. Wright finds the accident to the aeroplane was due to the blade of the propeller coming in contact with one of the
wires of the machine,‖ C.S. Taylor, Wright‘s associate, told news reporters. A report by the Signal Corps Aeronautical
Board said the propeller blade looked like it struck a wire supporting the rudder.
Aircraft safety investigations have become formalized in the years that followed. The National Transportation Safety
Board, founded in 1967, deploys teams of investigators to major accidents and spends months examining each crash. It
eventually recommends ways for the airline industry to keep the accident from happening again.
For example, airports were equipped with better weather tracking equipment and wind-shear alert systems following a
number of crashes, including one in 1985 when a Delta Air Lines L-1011 tried to land during a thunderstorm at Dallas/Fort
Worth airport, killing 135 people.
More safety improvements have followed other major accidents.
It can take months or even years before investigators come up with recommendations from a crash. But ―if something
happens during the investigation that really strikes fear in someone‘s heart, we‘ll send out urgent recommendations,‖
said Bridget Ann Serchak, an NTSB spokeswoman.
Airlines also deal with several hundred new FAA air-worthiness directives each year that are recommended by aircraft
manufacturers and other authorities. The FAA occasionally conducts safety audits like one that forced American to
cancel hundreds of MD-80 flights this spring and submit to inspections related to electrical wiring.
Sometimes airlines will install safety features on their own. Alaska Air Group Inc., for example, recently said it will equip
its entire fleet with a runway-awareness system aimed at preventing collisions on the ground.
―We realized we‘re flying out of some of the busiest airports in the U.S. and we saw the value of an additional safety
measure,‖ said Caroline Boren, spokeswoman for Alaska Airlines.
The systems will cost about $20,000 per aircraft to install, and Alaska‘s entire fleet is expected to be fully equipped with
the alert software by the end of the month.
The FAA and airlines have not always worked well together, Dorr said, but increasingly they are sharing information
about safety and maintenance.
That means that in the future, aircraft safety will become more automated with inspectors and airline crews contributing
to the FAA‘s Air Transportation Oversight System, Dorr said. The system brings together maintenance and safety
reports, and looks for any safety issues on the horizon.
The fear of flying may never leave some travellers, but as the industry continues to tweak its safety net, more of them
may realize many fears are only in their heads.
―Everyone that I know that flies, when they get on the airplane, they‘re worrying about ‗Will I get there on time?‘ Not, ‗is
the plane going to crash,‖‗ Dorr said.

Aircraft Crashes Record Office (ACRO)
 The Geneva-based Aircraft Crashes Record Office (ACRO) compiles
statistics on aviation accidents of aircraft capable of carrying more than
six passengers, not including helicopters, balloons, or fighter airplanes. It
should be noted that ACRO is not a government or official organization.
The ACRO announced in 2008 that the year 2007 was the safest year in
aviation since 1963 in terms of number of accidents. There had been 136
accidents registered (compared to 164 in 2006), resulting in a total of
965 deaths (compared to 1,293 in 2006). Since then, both 2009 and 2010
saw fewer registered accidents, 122 and 130, respectively. 2004 was the
year with the lowest number of fatalities since the end of World War II,
with 771 deaths. The year with most fatalities was 2001, with 4,140 deaths.

STATISTICAL RECORD
year deaths # of accidents
2010 1,115 130
2009 1,103 122
2008 884 156
2007 971 147
2006 1,294 166
2005 1,459 185
2004 771 172
2003 1,230 199
2002 1,413 185
2001 4,140 200
2000 1,582 189
1999 1,138 211

Review dates:
 First review: Thursday19/01/2012.
 Second review: Friday 20/01/2012.
 Third review: Saturday 21/01/2012.
 Submission date: Monday 23/01/2012.

Conclusion
After completing my aviation assignment I got to know more about
Aviation industry and the aircrafts exterior, interior parts and the
emergencies on board and how to overcome the emergency situations. I
also got to know more about the crashes occurred due to technical
problems and many things. The meal served and about the galleys in the
aircraft and more details about the cockpit and the pre-flight check. Last
but not the least embarkation and disembarkation of the special pax‘s and
the routine of the cabin crew for an international flight.

bibliography
 www.google.com
 www.wikipedia.com
 www.google/images.com
 www.airindia.in
 www.ibn7.com

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