This document outlines the key parts of chapter 3 in a research paper, which focuses on the research methodology. It discusses the importance of research design, identifying the qualitative designs of historical study, ethnography, phenomenology, case study and grounded theory. It also covers selecting a research locale, population and sampling techniques, methods of data gathering such as questionnaires, interviews and observations. The document concludes with discussing statistical treatment of data and approaches to qualitative data analysis.
Filipino 11
Akademikong Pagsulat Abstrak
Ang Filipino , ay ang pambansang wika ng Pilipinas. Itinalaga ang Filipino kasama ang Ingles, bilang isang opisyal na wika ng bansa. Isa itong pamantayang uri ng wikang Tagalog, isang pang-rehiyong wikang Austronesyo na malawak na sinasalita sa Pilipinas.
Filipino 11
Akademikong Pagsulat Abstrak
Ang Filipino , ay ang pambansang wika ng Pilipinas. Itinalaga ang Filipino kasama ang Ingles, bilang isang opisyal na wika ng bansa. Isa itong pamantayang uri ng wikang Tagalog, isang pang-rehiyong wikang Austronesyo na malawak na sinasalita sa Pilipinas.
Ang katitikan ng pulong ay isang akademikong sulatin na naglalaman ng mga tala, rekord o pagdodokumento ng mga mahahalagang puntong nailahad sa isang pagpupulong. So, para mas ma-gets mo, sa wikang Ingles, tinatawag itong “minutes of meeting”. Hindi kasi kilala sa mga Pilipino ang tawag na “katitikan ng pulong” dahil nasanay tayong gamitin ang wikang dala ng dayuhan sa mga ganitong mga bagay-bagay.
MGA INEREREKORD SA KATITIKAN NG PULONG
Napagpasiyahang aksiyon
Rekomendasyon
Mahahalagang isyung lumutang sa pulong
Pagababago sa polisiya
Pagbibigay ng mga magandang balita
Kahalagahan ng katitikan
1. Ginagamit ang katitikan ng pulong upang ipaalam sa mga sangkot sa pulong, nakadalo o di nakadalo ang mga nangyari dito.
- Kailan at saan ito nangyari- sinu-sino ang mga dumalo-sinu-sino ang mga lumiban at kung ano ang kanilang mga dahilan- ano ang pinag-usapan- ano ang mga desisyon
2. Nagsisilbing permanenteng rekord
3. Sa pamamagitan ng katitikan, maaaring magkaroon ng nahahawakang kopya ng mga nangyaring komunikasyon.
4. Pagiging hanguan nito ng mga impormasyonpara sa mga susunod na pulong.
5. Magagamit bilang ebidensiya sakaling magkaroon ng pagtatalo sa dalawa o higit pang indibidwal o grupo.
6. Ginagamit din upang ipaalaala sa mga indibidwal ang kanilang mga papel o responsibilidad sa isang partikular na proyekto o gawain.
NAKATALA SA KATITIKAN ANG MGA SUMUSUNOD-paksa-petsa-oras-pook na pagdarausan ng pulong-mga taong dumalo at di dumalo-oras ng pagsisimula-oras ng pagtatapos
Gabay sa pagsulat ng katitikan ng pulong
BAGO ANG PULONG1. Ihanda ang sarili bilang tagatala2. Lumikha ng isang template upang mapadali ang pagsulat3. Basahin na ang inihandang agenda upang mapadali na lamang sundan ang magiging daloy ng mismong pulong4. Maaaring gumamit ng lapis o bolpen at papel, laptop o tape recorder
HABANG NAGPULONG1. Magpokus sa pang-unawa sa pinag-uusapan at sa pagtala ng mga desisyon o rekomendasyon.2. Itala ang mga aksiyon habang nangyayari ang mga ito, hindi pagkatapos.
PAGKATAPOS NG NAGPULONG1. Repasuhin ang isinulat.2. Kung may mga bagay na di maintindihan, lapitan at tanungin agad pagkatapos ng pulong ang namamahala rito o ang iba pang mga dumalo.3. Kapag tapos ng isulat, ipabasa ito sa namuno sa pulong para sa mga hindi wastong impormasyon.4. Mas mainan na may numero ang bawat linya at pahina ng katitikan upang madali itong matukoy sa pagrerepaso o pagsusuri sa susunod na pulong.
Ang katitikan ng pulong ay isang akademikong sulatin na naglalaman ng mga tala, rekord o pagdodokumento ng mga mahahalagang puntong nailahad sa isang pagpupulong. So, para mas ma-gets mo, sa wikang Ingles, tinatawag itong “minutes of meeting”. Hindi kasi kilala sa mga Pilipino ang tawag na “katitikan ng pulong” dahil nasanay tayong gamitin ang wikang dala ng dayuhan sa mga ganitong mga bagay-bagay.
MGA INEREREKORD SA KATITIKAN NG PULONG
Napagpasiyahang aksiyon
Rekomendasyon
Mahahalagang isyung lumutang sa pulong
Pagababago sa polisiya
Pagbibigay ng mga magandang balita
Kahalagahan ng katitikan
1. Ginagamit ang katitikan ng pulong upang ipaalam sa mga sangkot sa pulong, nakadalo o di nakadalo ang mga nangyari dito.
- Kailan at saan ito nangyari- sinu-sino ang mga dumalo-sinu-sino ang mga lumiban at kung ano ang kanilang mga dahilan- ano ang pinag-usapan- ano ang mga desisyon
2. Nagsisilbing permanenteng rekord
3. Sa pamamagitan ng katitikan, maaaring magkaroon ng nahahawakang kopya ng mga nangyaring komunikasyon.
4. Pagiging hanguan nito ng mga impormasyonpara sa mga susunod na pulong.
5. Magagamit bilang ebidensiya sakaling magkaroon ng pagtatalo sa dalawa o higit pang indibidwal o grupo.
6. Ginagamit din upang ipaalaala sa mga indibidwal ang kanilang mga papel o responsibilidad sa isang partikular na proyekto o gawain.
NAKATALA SA KATITIKAN ANG MGA SUMUSUNOD-paksa-petsa-oras-pook na pagdarausan ng pulong-mga taong dumalo at di dumalo-oras ng pagsisimula-oras ng pagtatapos
Gabay sa pagsulat ng katitikan ng pulong
BAGO ANG PULONG1. Ihanda ang sarili bilang tagatala2. Lumikha ng isang template upang mapadali ang pagsulat3. Basahin na ang inihandang agenda upang mapadali na lamang sundan ang magiging daloy ng mismong pulong4. Maaaring gumamit ng lapis o bolpen at papel, laptop o tape recorder
HABANG NAGPULONG1. Magpokus sa pang-unawa sa pinag-uusapan at sa pagtala ng mga desisyon o rekomendasyon.2. Itala ang mga aksiyon habang nangyayari ang mga ito, hindi pagkatapos.
PAGKATAPOS NG NAGPULONG1. Repasuhin ang isinulat.2. Kung may mga bagay na di maintindihan, lapitan at tanungin agad pagkatapos ng pulong ang namamahala rito o ang iba pang mga dumalo.3. Kapag tapos ng isulat, ipabasa ito sa namuno sa pulong para sa mga hindi wastong impormasyon.4. Mas mainan na may numero ang bawat linya at pahina ng katitikan upang madali itong matukoy sa pagrerepaso o pagsusuri sa susunod na pulong.
Introduction to Research & Research methodology
2. Selection and formulation of research problem
3. Research design and plan
4. Experimental designs
5. Sampling and sampling strategy or plan
6. Measurement and scaling techniques
7. Data collection methods and techniques
8. Testing of hypotheses
9. Statistical techniques for processing & analysis of data
10. Analysis, interpretation and drawing inferences
11. Report writing
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
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We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
2. Learning
Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the
students should be able to:
1. Identify the different parts of
chapter 3,
2. Determine the importance
of each part in crafting a
research paper, and
3. Evaluate what
methodology is applicable
in their paper.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3. Parts of
chapter 3
1.Research Design
2.Locale of the Study
3.Population and
Sampling Technique
4.Data Gathering
Procedure
5.Research Instrument
6.Statistical Treatment
of Data
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5. Research Design
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•It refers to a scheme or plan of action for
meeting the objectives
•A blueprint for conducting a study that
maximize control over factors that could
interfere with the validity of the findings.
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1. Historical Method – the objective is to
interpret events in the light of the present
situation.
- It tells you the right research method to
determine the reason for change or
permanence of things in the physical world in a
certain period.
- Biographies, autobiography reading,
documentary analysis, and chronicling
reading.
8. Examples:
• A Five Year Study of the Impact of the K-12 Curriculum in
the Philippine Employment System
• Filipino-Student Activism from Spanish Era to the
Contemporary Period
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9. Ethnography
– defined as the environment or setting where the behavior
occurs.
- It involves a study of a certain cultural group or
organization in which you, the researcher, to obtain
knowledge about characteristics, organizational set-up,
and relationships of the group members, must necessarily
involved in their group activities.
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10. Phenomenology
• A phenomenon is something you experience on Earth as a
person.
• It aims to getting a thorough understanding of an
individual’s life experiences for this same person’s realistic
dealings with hard facts of life.
• It makes you follow a research method that will let you
understand the ways of how people go through inevitable
events in their lives.
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11. Case study
• The aim is to determine why such creature (person,
organization, thing, or event) acts, behave, occur, or exist
in particular manner.
• Interview, observation, and questionnaire
03/15/2021 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 11
12. Grounded Theory
• The main idea in this design is to conceptualize and
create a theory grounded or based on the data gathered
on the field.
• The creation of theory is derived in the words and actions
of the individuals under study or data, through various
forms of data collection such as survey, case study,
interview, life history, secondary data, quantitative data,
videos, audios, etc.
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14. Locale of the Study
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•The setting of the study.
15. Research Locale example
03/15/2021 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 15
• The study will be conducted in the Philippines. The
respondents will be interviewed in their houses or any
comfortable place that the respondent will choose to. The
researchers also gathered respondents residing in USA.
These respondents will be interviewed via video chat. The
researchers chose the place of implementation because it
will give the researchers the needed information for people
with spina bifida. The study will be conducted in the first
semester of the academic year 2016-2017.
17. Population/Universe:
03/15/2021 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 17
- in statistics denotes the aggregate from
which sample (items) is to be taken.
- A population can be defined as including all
people or items with the characteristic one
wishes to understand.
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-Sampling frame is the list from which
the potential respondents are drawn .
-A sample is “a smaller (but hopefully
representative) collection of units from
a population used to determine truths
about that population” (Field, 2005)
19. Sampling
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- Sampling: the process of learning about population on
the basis of sample drawn from it.
Three elements in process of sampling:
- Selecting the sample
- Collecting the information
- Making inference about population
24. Snowball Sampling
• A special non probability
method used when the desired
sample characteristic is rare.
• It may be extremely difficult or
cost prohibitive to locate
respondents in these situations.
• Snowball sampling relies on
referrals from initial subjects to
generate additional subjects.
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27. Data Gathering Procedure
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- Data collection is defined as the procedure of collecting,
measuring and analyzing accurate insights for research
using standard validated techniques.. In most cases, data
collection is the primary and most important step for
research, irrespective of the field of research. The
approach of data collection is different for different fields
of study, depending on the required information.
29. Research Instrument
03/15/2021 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 29
- A research instrument is a tool used to
obtain, measure, and analyze data from
subjects around the research topic. You
need to decide the instrument to use based
on the type of study you are conducting:
quantitative, qualitative, or mixed-method.
It can be Questionnaire, interview,
observation, or checklist.
30. Questionnaire
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- The most common instrument or tool of research for
obtaining the data.
1. Closed form – it has fixed number of questions and a
limited choice of answer. The respondents should
choose one or more suitable answers.
2. Open form – it consist a number of questions. The
answers are in the form of essay and the content may
vary depending on the respondents.
31. Interview
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- It is a sense of an oral
questionnaire. instead
of writing the response,
the interviewee gives
the need information
orally and face to
face.
32. Checklist
03/15/2021 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 32
- The simplest device, consist
of a prepared list of items.
The presence or absence
of the item may be
indicated by inserting the
appropriate word or
number.
33. Observation
03/15/2021 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 33
- Perceiving data through
the senses: sight, hearing ,
taste, smell, and touch.
- Most direct way used in
studying individual
behavior.
35. Statistical treatment
03/15/2021 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 35
- Is a way of removing researcher bias by interpreting the
data statistically rather than subjectively.
- Statistical treatment of data is essential in order to make
use of the data in the right form. Raw data collection is
only one aspect of any experiment; the organization of
data is equally important so that appropriate conclusions
can be drawn. This is what statistical treatment of data is
all about.
36. Data Analysis
• In Qualitative research, interpretations are made continuously
throughout the course of study.
Most types of qualitative data analysis share the same five steps:
1. Prepare and organize your data. This may mean transcribing
interviews or typing up fieldnotes.
2. Review and explore your data. Examine the data for patterns
or repeated ideas that emerge.
3. Develop a data coding system. Based on your initial ideas,
establish a set of codes that you can apply to categorize
your data.
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37. Data Analysis
4. Assign codes to the data. For example, in qualitative survey
analysis, this may mean going through each participant’s
responses and tagging them with codes in a spreadsheet. As
you go through your data, you can create new codes to
add to your system if necessary.
5. Identify recurring themes. Link codes together into cohesive,
overarching themes.
There are several specific approaches to analyzing qualitative
data. Although these methods share similar processes, they
emphasize different concepts.
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38. 03/15/2021 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 38
Qualitative data analysis
Approach When to use Example
Content
analysis
To describe and categorize
common words, phrases, and
ideas in qualitative data.
A market researcher could perform content
analysis to find out what kind of language is
used in descriptions of therapeutic apps.
Thematic
analysis
To identify and interpret
patterns and themes in
qualitative data.
A psychologist could apply thematic analysis
to travel blogs to explore how tourism
shapes self-identity.
Textual
analysis
To examine the content,
structure, and design of texts.
A media researcher could use textual
analysis to understand how news coverage
of celebrities has changed in the past
decade.
Discourse
analysis
To study communication and
how language is used to
achieve effects in specific
contexts.
A political scientist could use discourse
analysis to study how politicians generate
trust in election campaigns.
39. The way to get started
is to quit talking and
begin doing.
Walt Disney
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