This document discusses the key characteristics used to classify living organisms, including metabolism, reproduction, cellular organization, and nutrition. It summarizes Robert Whittaker's five kingdom system of classification, which divides organisms into Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia based on these characteristics. The summary provides high-level descriptions of each kingdom and some representative examples.
The document discusses the kingdoms used in biological classification systems. It describes:
1) The five kingdom system proposed by Whittaker which divides organisms into the kingdoms Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia based on characteristics like cell structure, nutrition, and phylogeny.
2) The key characteristics of each kingdom, including that Monera contains prokaryotic bacteria and archaea, Protista contains unicellular eukaryotes, Fungi are heterotrophic and absorb nutrients, Plantae are autotrophic and contain chloroplasts, and Animalia are heterotrophic and motile.
3) Previous classification systems like Aristotle's which
Kingdoms are the second highest rank in biological taxonomy. There are traditionally six kingdoms - Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Archaea/Archaebacteria, and Bacteria/Eubacteria. However, some systems use five kingdoms excluding Archaea/Archaebacteria. The document then discusses Aristotle's early two-kingdom system and Linnaeus' two-kingdom system. It introduces Whittaker's influential five kingdom system of Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia based on cell structure, nutrition, and other characteristics. Each kingdom is then described in more detail covering key defining features.
This document discusses the classification of different types of living organisms. It covers the six kingdoms of life - Archaea, Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. It describes key characteristics of bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi, plants, animals, and viruses. The classification systems are meant to group organisms based on similarities to better understand and study life forms.
The document summarizes R.H. Whittaker's five kingdom classification system from 1969. It describes the key characteristics of each kingdom - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Monera contains prokaryotic organisms like bacteria and archaea. Protista contains unicellular eukaryotes. Fungi are heterotrophic organisms that absorb nutrients. Plantae contains photosynthetic eukaryotes. Animalia are multicellular heterotrophs that ingest food. The classification system aimed to group organisms based on cell structure, nutrition, and evolutionary relationships.
Microbiology - Algae
Algae is an informal term for a large and diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. It is a polyphyletic grouping that includes species from multiple distinct clades.
Algae are sometimes considered plants and sometimes considered "protists" (a grab-bag category of generally distantly related organisms that are grouped on the basis of not being animals, plants, fungi, bacteria, or archaeans).
The document discusses different classification systems for living organisms, including:
- Carolus Linnaeus' system which uses binomial nomenclature and a hierarchical classification of kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders, families, genera and species.
- The six kingdoms of life - Archaea, Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
- Characteristics used to classify organisms within these kingdoms such as cell structure, nutrition, and life cycles.
- Viruses are not considered living organisms as they lack characteristics like cells and can only replicate within host cells. They are classified based on shape, disease caused, and genetic material.
This document provides information about bacteria, protozoa, and viruses. It defines bacteria as microscopic single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus. Examples provided are Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Pneumococcus. Protozoa are also microscopic single-celled organisms, with examples being Amoeba, Chlorella, and Plasmodium. Viruses are the smallest and can only reproduce inside living cells, with examples of tobacco mosaic virus, influenza virus, and HIV virus mentioned. The document discusses the structures and characteristics of these organisms.
This document discusses the major systems of biological classification that have been proposed over time. It begins by outlining Linnaeus' original two kingdom system (plants and animals), followed by Haeckel's three kingdom system (adding protists), Copeland's four kingdom system (splitting protists and adding monera), and Whittaker's influential five kingdom system (monera, protista, fungi, plants, animals). It then provides characteristics of each kingdom in Whittaker's five kingdom system and compares their key attributes.
The document discusses the kingdoms used in biological classification systems. It describes:
1) The five kingdom system proposed by Whittaker which divides organisms into the kingdoms Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia based on characteristics like cell structure, nutrition, and phylogeny.
2) The key characteristics of each kingdom, including that Monera contains prokaryotic bacteria and archaea, Protista contains unicellular eukaryotes, Fungi are heterotrophic and absorb nutrients, Plantae are autotrophic and contain chloroplasts, and Animalia are heterotrophic and motile.
3) Previous classification systems like Aristotle's which
Kingdoms are the second highest rank in biological taxonomy. There are traditionally six kingdoms - Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Archaea/Archaebacteria, and Bacteria/Eubacteria. However, some systems use five kingdoms excluding Archaea/Archaebacteria. The document then discusses Aristotle's early two-kingdom system and Linnaeus' two-kingdom system. It introduces Whittaker's influential five kingdom system of Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia based on cell structure, nutrition, and other characteristics. Each kingdom is then described in more detail covering key defining features.
This document discusses the classification of different types of living organisms. It covers the six kingdoms of life - Archaea, Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. It describes key characteristics of bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi, plants, animals, and viruses. The classification systems are meant to group organisms based on similarities to better understand and study life forms.
The document summarizes R.H. Whittaker's five kingdom classification system from 1969. It describes the key characteristics of each kingdom - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Monera contains prokaryotic organisms like bacteria and archaea. Protista contains unicellular eukaryotes. Fungi are heterotrophic organisms that absorb nutrients. Plantae contains photosynthetic eukaryotes. Animalia are multicellular heterotrophs that ingest food. The classification system aimed to group organisms based on cell structure, nutrition, and evolutionary relationships.
Microbiology - Algae
Algae is an informal term for a large and diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. It is a polyphyletic grouping that includes species from multiple distinct clades.
Algae are sometimes considered plants and sometimes considered "protists" (a grab-bag category of generally distantly related organisms that are grouped on the basis of not being animals, plants, fungi, bacteria, or archaeans).
The document discusses different classification systems for living organisms, including:
- Carolus Linnaeus' system which uses binomial nomenclature and a hierarchical classification of kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders, families, genera and species.
- The six kingdoms of life - Archaea, Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
- Characteristics used to classify organisms within these kingdoms such as cell structure, nutrition, and life cycles.
- Viruses are not considered living organisms as they lack characteristics like cells and can only replicate within host cells. They are classified based on shape, disease caused, and genetic material.
This document provides information about bacteria, protozoa, and viruses. It defines bacteria as microscopic single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus. Examples provided are Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Pneumococcus. Protozoa are also microscopic single-celled organisms, with examples being Amoeba, Chlorella, and Plasmodium. Viruses are the smallest and can only reproduce inside living cells, with examples of tobacco mosaic virus, influenza virus, and HIV virus mentioned. The document discusses the structures and characteristics of these organisms.
This document discusses the major systems of biological classification that have been proposed over time. It begins by outlining Linnaeus' original two kingdom system (plants and animals), followed by Haeckel's three kingdom system (adding protists), Copeland's four kingdom system (splitting protists and adding monera), and Whittaker's influential five kingdom system (monera, protista, fungi, plants, animals). It then provides characteristics of each kingdom in Whittaker's five kingdom system and compares their key attributes.
The document discusses the kingdoms Monera and viruses. It covers the characteristics of bacteria, including that they are prokaryotes, single-celled, and the oldest and most abundant organisms. It describes the two kingdoms of archaea and eubacteria. Archaea include extremophiles like thermophiles and methanogens. Eubacteria are more diverse and make up most bacteria. Key bacterial structures and processes like shape, nutrition, respiration, and reproduction are summarized.
This document provides information about viruses and bacteria. It discusses the structure and reproduction cycles of viruses, including how they infect host cells and use the host's machinery to replicate. It also describes bacteriophages and the lytic and lysogenic cycles they undergo when infecting bacteria. The document compares prokaryotes and eukaryotes and examines different bacterial characteristics such as shape, nutrition, and respiration. It provides examples of how bacteria are classified and discusses their importance in areas like nitrogen fixation and disease.
This is a very old school report that I did back when I was in the 8th grade . It's basically information concerning the Six Kingdoms. I hope you can make use of it. So buckle up!
Robert Harding Whittaker was an American plant ecologist active from the 1950s to the 1970s. He obtained his B.A. from Washburn University and Ph.D. from the University of Illinois. Whittaker held teaching and research positions at several universities, including Washington State College, Hanford National Laboratories, Brooklyn College, University of California Irvine, and Cornell University. He is known for proposing the five kingdom classification system in 1969 that divided organisms into the kingdoms of Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
The document summarizes the five kingdoms of life used in classifying living things: Monera (bacteria), Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. It provides examples of organisms from each kingdom and their key characteristics, such as bacteria being microscopic and single-celled, protists having eukaryotic cells, fungi being heterotrophic, plants being autotrophic, and animals being heterotrophic and multicellular. It notes that while the five kingdom system is commonly used, newer DNA evidence supports alternative classification systems.
The document summarizes key information about animal-like protists (protists without chloroplasts). It discusses their modes of locomotion/movement including cilia, flagella, and pseudopodia. It also describes their various modes of reproduction like binary fission, conjugation, and fragmentation. The major groups of protists are identified including ciliates, dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, amebas, and others.
The document discusses the kingdom Protista, which includes mostly unicellular eukaryotic organisms that can reproduce sexually or asexually and exhibit various modes of nutrition including photosynthesis, ingestion, and absorption. Protists display diverse and complex life cycles and forms, and include photosynthetic algae, protozoa, and many parasites of plants and animals. They are classified into major groups based on their structures and genetic relationships.
Protists are unicellular eukaryotic organisms that can be animal-like, plant-like, or fungus-like. They are classified into kingdoms based on these characteristics. Protists include protozoa such as amoebas and paramecium, algae, water molds, and other microorganisms. They serve important ecological functions and some can cause disease.
The document discusses the history and systems of biological classification. It begins with Linnaeus' two kingdom system distinguishing animals and plants. It then describes Whittaker's five kingdom system comprising Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Each kingdom is defined by characteristics like cellular organization, nutrition, and whether organisms are prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Key details about the kingdoms of plants, fungi, protists, and bacteria/monera are provided.
The document discusses the history and systems of biological classification. It begins with Linnaeus' two kingdom system distinguishing animals and plants. It then describes Whittaker's five kingdom system comprising Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Each kingdom is characterized by cell structure, nutrition, and cellular organization. The document also provides details on the characteristics and life cycles of plants, algae, and their classification within the kingdoms.
Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms that are the oldest and most abundant organisms on Earth. They are smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells as they lack membrane-bound organelles and nuclei. Prokaryotes include bacteria and archaea, and can live in nearly every habitat on Earth including some of the most extreme environments. They play important roles in ecosystems as producers, consumers, and decomposers.
Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms that are the oldest and most abundant organisms on Earth. They are smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells as they lack membrane-bound organelles and nuclei. Prokaryotes can be classified as either archaebacteria or eubacteria and they inhabit nearly every environment on Earth, including some extreme environments inhospitable to other lifeforms. They play important roles in ecosystems as producers, consumers, decomposers, and some are parasites.
The document discusses the classification of fungi according to Ainsworth (1973). It begins by outlining the key characteristics of fungi and discussing their evolutionary success. It then provides a schematic outline of Ainsworth's classification system, which places fungi in the kingdom Mycota. The major divisions are Myxomycota (slime molds) and Eumycota (true fungi). Key characteristics and classes are described for each subdivision, including Mastigomycotina, Zygomycotina, Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina, and Deuteromycotina. The document also discusses early fungal evolution and the terrestrialization of fungi.
Here are the answers to your questions:
1. Light is important to algae because most algae use photosynthesis to produce their own food, requiring light as an energy source.
2. When red tide occurs, it is dangerous to eat clams because red tide is caused by an algal bloom of certain dinoflagellates that produce toxins which can accumulate in shellfish and cause Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning if the shellfish are eaten.
3. Five uses of protists include: as food sources for other organisms in aquatic ecosystems, as decomposers to break down organic matter, as pathogens that cause diseases in humans and other organisms, as sources of antibiotics and medicines, and some prot
The document defines and describes living beings. It discusses their common characteristics including nutrition, interactions, reproduction, chemical composition at the cellular and organic level, unicellular and pluricellular organisms, levels of organization, tissues, organs and systems. It also describes the classification of living beings into the five kingdoms of Monera, Protoctista, Fungi, Plants and Animals.
This document discusses the structure and classification of microbes. It begins by defining microorganisms and explaining that they can only be seen under an electron microscope due to their small size. It then outlines the five kingdoms of life - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Most of the document focuses on characteristics of the Monera kingdom, which includes bacteria. It describes bacterial cell structures like the cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, flagella, and endospores. It also discusses different bacterial shapes, arrangements, staining properties and includes examples of some pathogenic bacteria.
Microorganisms are divided into seven main types - bacteria, archaea, protozoa, algae, fungi, viruses, and helminths. Each type has distinct cellular structures, means of locomotion, reproduction methods, and roles in ecosystems. Microorganisms can be beneficial by producing oxygen, decomposing organic matter, and providing nutrients for plants, but some types can also cause diseases.
Diversity of protists by resty samosa ma ed biology Resty Samosa
This document summarizes the diversity of protists. It discusses their general characteristics, including being unicellular, colonial, or multicellular eukaryotes that can reproduce sexually or asexually. It then describes different groups of protists based on their nutrition and habitat, including photosynthetic algae, protozoans, fungus-like protists, and specific phyla within each group. Key details are provided on the structure, reproduction, and ecological roles of major protist taxa.
The document summarizes the key steps and components of human digestion. It begins with ingestion and ends with assimilation of nutrients. The major steps include ingestion, digestion in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine. Key components that aid digestion include saliva, gastric juice, bile, pancreatic juice, and intestinal enzymes and secretions. Nutrients are broken down into smaller units like monosaccharides, amino acids and fatty acids that can then be absorbed and utilized by the body.
Microbes are useful in many areas of human welfare such as medicine, food production, waste treatment, and industrial production. They are used in household activities like food preparation where various microbes help ferment ingredients for dishes like idli and dosa. Microbes also serve as important sources of nutrients as they can be consumed directly as foods or supplements rich in proteins and vitamins. Industries utilize microbes for producing substances like alcoholic beverages, organic acids, antibiotics, and vitamins through fermentation processes. Microbial applications also include waste treatment, biogas production, and as biofertilizers and biopesticides in agriculture.
The document discusses the kingdoms Monera and viruses. It covers the characteristics of bacteria, including that they are prokaryotes, single-celled, and the oldest and most abundant organisms. It describes the two kingdoms of archaea and eubacteria. Archaea include extremophiles like thermophiles and methanogens. Eubacteria are more diverse and make up most bacteria. Key bacterial structures and processes like shape, nutrition, respiration, and reproduction are summarized.
This document provides information about viruses and bacteria. It discusses the structure and reproduction cycles of viruses, including how they infect host cells and use the host's machinery to replicate. It also describes bacteriophages and the lytic and lysogenic cycles they undergo when infecting bacteria. The document compares prokaryotes and eukaryotes and examines different bacterial characteristics such as shape, nutrition, and respiration. It provides examples of how bacteria are classified and discusses their importance in areas like nitrogen fixation and disease.
This is a very old school report that I did back when I was in the 8th grade . It's basically information concerning the Six Kingdoms. I hope you can make use of it. So buckle up!
Robert Harding Whittaker was an American plant ecologist active from the 1950s to the 1970s. He obtained his B.A. from Washburn University and Ph.D. from the University of Illinois. Whittaker held teaching and research positions at several universities, including Washington State College, Hanford National Laboratories, Brooklyn College, University of California Irvine, and Cornell University. He is known for proposing the five kingdom classification system in 1969 that divided organisms into the kingdoms of Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
The document summarizes the five kingdoms of life used in classifying living things: Monera (bacteria), Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. It provides examples of organisms from each kingdom and their key characteristics, such as bacteria being microscopic and single-celled, protists having eukaryotic cells, fungi being heterotrophic, plants being autotrophic, and animals being heterotrophic and multicellular. It notes that while the five kingdom system is commonly used, newer DNA evidence supports alternative classification systems.
The document summarizes key information about animal-like protists (protists without chloroplasts). It discusses their modes of locomotion/movement including cilia, flagella, and pseudopodia. It also describes their various modes of reproduction like binary fission, conjugation, and fragmentation. The major groups of protists are identified including ciliates, dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, amebas, and others.
The document discusses the kingdom Protista, which includes mostly unicellular eukaryotic organisms that can reproduce sexually or asexually and exhibit various modes of nutrition including photosynthesis, ingestion, and absorption. Protists display diverse and complex life cycles and forms, and include photosynthetic algae, protozoa, and many parasites of plants and animals. They are classified into major groups based on their structures and genetic relationships.
Protists are unicellular eukaryotic organisms that can be animal-like, plant-like, or fungus-like. They are classified into kingdoms based on these characteristics. Protists include protozoa such as amoebas and paramecium, algae, water molds, and other microorganisms. They serve important ecological functions and some can cause disease.
The document discusses the history and systems of biological classification. It begins with Linnaeus' two kingdom system distinguishing animals and plants. It then describes Whittaker's five kingdom system comprising Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Each kingdom is defined by characteristics like cellular organization, nutrition, and whether organisms are prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Key details about the kingdoms of plants, fungi, protists, and bacteria/monera are provided.
The document discusses the history and systems of biological classification. It begins with Linnaeus' two kingdom system distinguishing animals and plants. It then describes Whittaker's five kingdom system comprising Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Each kingdom is characterized by cell structure, nutrition, and cellular organization. The document also provides details on the characteristics and life cycles of plants, algae, and their classification within the kingdoms.
Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms that are the oldest and most abundant organisms on Earth. They are smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells as they lack membrane-bound organelles and nuclei. Prokaryotes include bacteria and archaea, and can live in nearly every habitat on Earth including some of the most extreme environments. They play important roles in ecosystems as producers, consumers, and decomposers.
Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms that are the oldest and most abundant organisms on Earth. They are smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells as they lack membrane-bound organelles and nuclei. Prokaryotes can be classified as either archaebacteria or eubacteria and they inhabit nearly every environment on Earth, including some extreme environments inhospitable to other lifeforms. They play important roles in ecosystems as producers, consumers, decomposers, and some are parasites.
The document discusses the classification of fungi according to Ainsworth (1973). It begins by outlining the key characteristics of fungi and discussing their evolutionary success. It then provides a schematic outline of Ainsworth's classification system, which places fungi in the kingdom Mycota. The major divisions are Myxomycota (slime molds) and Eumycota (true fungi). Key characteristics and classes are described for each subdivision, including Mastigomycotina, Zygomycotina, Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina, and Deuteromycotina. The document also discusses early fungal evolution and the terrestrialization of fungi.
Here are the answers to your questions:
1. Light is important to algae because most algae use photosynthesis to produce their own food, requiring light as an energy source.
2. When red tide occurs, it is dangerous to eat clams because red tide is caused by an algal bloom of certain dinoflagellates that produce toxins which can accumulate in shellfish and cause Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning if the shellfish are eaten.
3. Five uses of protists include: as food sources for other organisms in aquatic ecosystems, as decomposers to break down organic matter, as pathogens that cause diseases in humans and other organisms, as sources of antibiotics and medicines, and some prot
The document defines and describes living beings. It discusses their common characteristics including nutrition, interactions, reproduction, chemical composition at the cellular and organic level, unicellular and pluricellular organisms, levels of organization, tissues, organs and systems. It also describes the classification of living beings into the five kingdoms of Monera, Protoctista, Fungi, Plants and Animals.
This document discusses the structure and classification of microbes. It begins by defining microorganisms and explaining that they can only be seen under an electron microscope due to their small size. It then outlines the five kingdoms of life - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Most of the document focuses on characteristics of the Monera kingdom, which includes bacteria. It describes bacterial cell structures like the cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, flagella, and endospores. It also discusses different bacterial shapes, arrangements, staining properties and includes examples of some pathogenic bacteria.
Microorganisms are divided into seven main types - bacteria, archaea, protozoa, algae, fungi, viruses, and helminths. Each type has distinct cellular structures, means of locomotion, reproduction methods, and roles in ecosystems. Microorganisms can be beneficial by producing oxygen, decomposing organic matter, and providing nutrients for plants, but some types can also cause diseases.
Diversity of protists by resty samosa ma ed biology Resty Samosa
This document summarizes the diversity of protists. It discusses their general characteristics, including being unicellular, colonial, or multicellular eukaryotes that can reproduce sexually or asexually. It then describes different groups of protists based on their nutrition and habitat, including photosynthetic algae, protozoans, fungus-like protists, and specific phyla within each group. Key details are provided on the structure, reproduction, and ecological roles of major protist taxa.
Similar to Chapter_1_Living_World__Unit_2.13.pptx (20)
The document summarizes the key steps and components of human digestion. It begins with ingestion and ends with assimilation of nutrients. The major steps include ingestion, digestion in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine. Key components that aid digestion include saliva, gastric juice, bile, pancreatic juice, and intestinal enzymes and secretions. Nutrients are broken down into smaller units like monosaccharides, amino acids and fatty acids that can then be absorbed and utilized by the body.
Microbes are useful in many areas of human welfare such as medicine, food production, waste treatment, and industrial production. They are used in household activities like food preparation where various microbes help ferment ingredients for dishes like idli and dosa. Microbes also serve as important sources of nutrients as they can be consumed directly as foods or supplements rich in proteins and vitamins. Industries utilize microbes for producing substances like alcoholic beverages, organic acids, antibiotics, and vitamins through fermentation processes. Microbial applications also include waste treatment, biogas production, and as biofertilizers and biopesticides in agriculture.
This document discusses plant breeding and its importance. It outlines the key aims of plant breeding such as improved yield, disease resistance, and environmental stress tolerance. The five main steps of plant breeding are described: collection of variability, evaluation of parents, cross hybridization, selection of superior recombinants, and testing for commercial release. Examples are given of high-yielding crop varieties developed through plant breeding that contributed to the Green Revolution, including wheat and rice varieties. Methods for breeding disease and pest resistance are also outlined. [END SUMMARY]
The document summarizes the structure and functions of the human brain and nervous system. It describes the protective meninges layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord. The central nervous system (CNS) is divided into the brain and spinal cord. The brain is well-protected in the cranium and can be divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain includes the cerebrum, which controls voluntary actions and cognitive functions like memory, emotions, and reasoning.
DNA profiling, also known as DNA fingerprinting, is a technique used to identify individuals by characteristics of their DNA. It involves analyzing specific locations, or loci, within a person's DNA at which base pair sequences vary among individuals. DNA profiling can be used to determine parentage or identity in criminal investigations.
This document outlines the syllabus for the Department of Biology at SMT. C.H.M. College. It details the question paper pattern, which includes short answer questions, long answer questions, and MCQs. The syllabus then covers various topics related to reproduction in lower and higher plants, including asexual reproduction methods, sexual reproduction, pollination types and mechanisms, outbreeding devices to promote cross-pollination, double fertilization and embryo development. Specific plant structures and processes such as the anther, microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis are also defined.
This document summarizes plant reproduction, including both asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction methods discussed include vegetative propagation through roots, stems, runners, and leaves. Artificial methods like cuttings, grafting, and budding are also covered. Sexual reproduction involves flowers and pollination, with descriptions of floral parts and structures. Both self-pollination and cross-pollination are discussed. Various pollination mechanisms like wind, water, insect, bird and other animal pollination are described along with associated floral adaptations. Microsporogenesis and development of male and female gametophytes are summarized.
- Nervous systems have evolved from simple nerve nets in early multicellular organisms like Hydra to more complex ganglionated and centralized systems in organisms like Planaria and humans.
- The basic unit of the nervous system is the neuron, which contains a cell body and extensions called dendrites and axons. Neurons communicate via synapses using electrical or chemical signals.
- Nervous systems allow for rapid coordinated responses in animals through electrical signaling. Over time, nervous systems have become more centralized and specialized to control increasingly complex organismal functions.
The document provides information on the human circulatory system, including:
1. The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels, and functions to transport, maintain homeostasis, and provide protection.
2. The circulatory system is closed and double, with blood passing through the heart twice - first to the lungs (pulmonary circulation) then to the rest of the body (systemic circulation).
3. The lymphatic system works alongside the circulatory system, consisting of lymph, lymph vessels, organs and tissues. It transports fluid from tissues into the bloodstream.
- Health involves complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not just the absence of disease.
- The immune system protects the body from infectious agents through innate and acquired immunity. Innate immunity provides nonspecific defenses like skin barriers and immune cells. Acquired immunity involves adaptive responses like antibody production and immunological memory.
- Key cells of the immune system are lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells. Lymphocytes include B cells and T cells that carry out antibody-mediated and cell-mediated immunity. Antigen-presenting cells engulf pathogens and present antigens to activate helper T cells.
This document discusses plant growth and development, including seed germination, the role of growth regulators (auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid), and photoperiodism. It defines growth and outlines the phases and factors that influence growth. It describes seed dormancy and the changes that occur during seed germination. The roles and characteristics of the main plant growth hormones are summarized. The document also categorizes plants based on their responses to photoperiodism and defines vernalization.
This document discusses plant water relations and transport. It covers how water is absorbed by roots, transported through the xylem, and moves upwards through the plant. It describes several theories for water transport, including root pressure theory, capillary theory, and cohesion theory. It also discusses transpiration, opening and closing of stomata, mineral nutrition, and classification of essential nutrients. The key points covered are the role of water in plants, absorption and transport pathways, factors affecting absorption, and mechanisms regulating transpiration and water movement.
Biotechnology uses organisms or biological systems to develop products and services. It has applications in agriculture, medicine, and industry. Recombinant DNA technology allows manipulation of genes between unrelated organisms. The process involves enzyme digestion of DNA, ligation of genes into vectors, introduction into host cells, and culturing to produce multiple copies of the gene. This technique has led to medical advances like insulin production and disease treatments.
This document discusses chromosomal basis of inheritance. It explains that chromosomes occur in pairs in somatic cells and during gamete formation, homologous chromosomes separate so each gamete contains one chromosome from the pair. The chromosome theory proposed by Sutton and Boveri stated that gametes contain chromosomes that carry hereditary characters and union of gametes restores the diploid number. The rest of the document discusses chromosomes in more detail including their structure, types, sex chromosomes, and mechanisms of sex determination in different organisms.
1. Genetics is the study of heredity and variation. Heredity refers to the transmission of traits from parents to offspring, while variation refers to differences between parents and offspring or among individuals of the same species.
2. Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants in the 1850s and 1860s, and is considered the founder of genetics. He demonstrated that traits are passed from parents to offspring via discrete units of inheritance called factors, now known as genes.
3. Mendel established basic principles of inheritance, including dominance, segregation, independent assortment, and the concept of alleles. His work laid the foundation for modern genetics although it was not widely recognized until the early 1900s.
This document discusses excretion and osmoregulation. Excretion is the collection and elimination of metabolic waste across the cell membrane, as certain products of metabolism are toxic byproducts that must be excreted. The main wastes that must be eliminated are nitrogenous wastes, carbon dioxide, water, bile pigments, excess inorganic salts, hormones, and vitamins, which are formed through the catabolism of glucose, amino acids, glycerol, and fatty acids.
The document discusses respiration at the cellular level. It defines respiration as the breakdown of organic compounds through oxidation to release energy in the form of ATP. It describes the ultrastructure of mitochondria, including their double membrane structure and folded inner membrane containing F1 particles. It outlines the key steps in respiration: glycolysis in the cytoplasm, the Krebs cycle in the mitochondrial matrix, and the electron transport system along the inner mitochondrial membrane.
This document provides information about animal tissues. It begins by defining tissue as a group of identical cells performing the same function within a matrix. There are four main types of tissues - epithelial, nervous, muscular and connective tissues. Epithelial tissue is composed of closely packed cells that form protective layers. Nervous tissue is made up of neurons and neuroglial cells that generate and transmit nerve impulses. Muscular tissue contains elongated cells called fibers that allow for contraction and relaxation. Connective tissue will be discussed in the next section.
This document provides information on the Kingdom Animalia and its various phyla. It begins with an introduction to key characteristics of animals and criteria for classification. It then describes the following phyla in more detail: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Aschelminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Chordata, and its subphyla Vertebrata, Cephalochordata, Urochordata. Within the subphylum Vertebrata, it discusses the characteristics of classes: Pisces, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Amphibia, Re
The document describes the external features, digestive system, and circulatory system of the earthworm Pheretima and the cockroach Periplaneta americana. Key details include:
- Pheretima is segmented with clitellar, pre-clitellar, and post-clitellar regions. It has setae, pores, and aphidures.
- The cockroach has a segmented body with head, thorax, and abdomen. It has compound eyes, antennae, wings, and three pairs of legs.
- Both have a digestive system including a mouth, alimentary canal, and anus. Pheretima's intestine has typhlosole
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
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Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
3. Growth Reproduction Metabolism
Mountains & sand mounds do grow by deposition but
living things grow from inside.
STILL
Growth cannot be taken as defining property of life.
Reproduction is the characteristic property of organisms,
however organisms who do not reproduce like mules,
worker bees, infertile human couples do exist hence even
Reproduction also cannot be the defining characteristic
of life
Sum total of all reactions occurring in the body of an
organism is called as metabolism.
feature of life form.
Non-living objects do not metabolize hence
METABOLISM & CELLULAR ORGANIZATION is the
defining feature of life form.
Consciousness (Irritability/Responsiveness) is also the
defining property of a living organism.
5. 2.13 Five kingdom system of classification
Robert W. Whittaker has classified the living organisms into
5 kingdoms namely;
The criteria includes cell organisation, body organisation,
mode of nutrition and life style.
Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
Chapter 2. Systematics of Living organisms
7. The Kingdom Monera includes microscopic and prokaryotic organisms
possessing a primitive type of nucleus called nucleoid.
They also posses plasmids (extra-chromosomal, autonomously, self-replicating
minichromosomes)
The mode of nutrition is either autotrophic or heterotrophic. The autotrophs
are either Photoautotrophs (Cyanobacteria) or Chemoautotrophs (Thiobacillus).
2.13 Five kingdom system of classification
Kingdom : Monera
Reproduction is asexual, either by fission or budding. Sexual reproduction
is absent.
They do not possess membrane bound cell organelles.
Monerans are either unicellular (Eubacteria) or filaments (Cyanobacteria --Nostoc).
Chapter 2. Systematics of Living organisms
8. Cell wall is made up of peptidoglycans (murein – polymer of sugar &
aminoacids).
2.13 Five kingdom system of classification
Kingdom : Monera
On the basis of evolution bacteria are classified into
Archaebacteria Eubacteria
Extremophiles
Halophiles Thermophiles
Found in extreme environments
hence called
Found in salty
lakes
Found in hot
water springs
Eg. Methanogens
Chapter 2. Systematics of Living organisms
9. 2.13 Five kingdom system of classification
Kingdom : Monera
Autotrophs Heterotrophs
Chlorobium
Chromatium
Chemosynthetic
Sulphur bacteria
Photosynthetic
Eubacteria/Truebacteria
Cell wall made up of peptidoglycans, they are of two types
Mostly multicellular, fresh water forms, covered by
mucilagenous sheath.
Photosynthetic pigments are found, heterocysts for N2 fixation
(Azotobacter)
Decomposers
Anaerobes Pathogens
Lactobacilli
Streptomyces – antibiotic
production
Causing TB,
Cholera, Typhoid
Chapter 2. Systematics of Living organisms
10. 2.13 Five kingdom system of classification
Kingdom : Protista
Chapter 2. Systematics of Living organisms
11. They are unicellular, eukaryotic organisms with a well
organized nucleus.
Reproduction is both by asexual and sexual methods.
There are following types of protists;
2.13 Five kingdom system of classification
Kingdom : Protista
Plant like Protists Dinoflagellates
Fungi like Protists
Animal like Protists
Euglenoids
Nutrition is both autotrophic and heterotrophic. Heterotrophic
nutrition is parasitic or saprophytic.
They possess membrane bound cell organelles like
mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex etc.
Chapter 2. Systematics of Living organisms
12. 2.13 Five kingdom system of classification
Kingdom : Protista
They are termed as chrysophytes, commonly termed as phyto-
planktons, microscopic & mostly photosynthetic (major producers).
Body wall of Diatoms is made
up of two soap box like fitting
(silica).
Chrysophytes -- Plant like Protist -- Diatoms
Diatomaceous earth is the
shells left behind for many
years, (granular in nature). It is
used in polishing & filtration.
Chapter 2. Systematics of Living organisms
13. 2.13 Five kingdom system of classification
Kingdom : Protista
Golden algae (Desmids) are also included, they show
planktonic existence.
Chrysophytes -- Plant like Protist -- Diatoms
Chapter 2. Systematics of Living organisms
14. 2.13 Five kingdom system of classification
Kingdom : Protista
Plant like protists -- Dinoflagellates
They are aquatic (mostly marine), photosynthetic with wide range
of pigments (yellow, green, brown, blue, red ).
Cell wall made up of
cellulosic stiff plates. They
have a pair of flagella
Gonyaulax is responsible for
red tide. It makes even sea
appear red fatal for marine life.
Chapter 2. Systematics of Living organisms
15. 2.13 Five kingdom system of classification
Kingdom : Protista
Protozoans Animal like Protist -- Amoeba
They are termed as protozoans, lack cell
wall, heterotrophs (predators/parasites), believed
to be primitive animal forms.
Amoeboid protozoan have pseudopodia as locomotory organs.
Entamoeba is endoparasite (amoebic dysentry).
Paramoecium is ciliated
protozoan, gullet (cavity) open
on cell surface. Plasmodium
is a sporozoan protozoa
(malaria).
Trypanosoma is flagellated protozoan
(sleeping sickness). Trypanosoma
Plasmodium Paramoecium
Chapter 2. Systematics of Living organisms
16. 2.13 Five kingdom system of classification
Kingdom : Protista
Protozoans Animal like Protist -- Amoeba
They form four major groups namely;
Chapter 2. Systematics of Living organisms
Amoeboid protozoans – psuedopodia, few
like Entamoeba are parasitic
Flagellated protozoans – free living/parasitic
eg. Trypanosoma
Ciliated protozoans – they have a cavity (gullet) which opens
outside, coordinated movement of rows of cilia causes water
laden food to be steered in the gullet.
Sporozoans – have an infectious spore like stagein life cycle,
plasmodium is most notorius.
17. 2.13 Five kingdom system of classification
Kingdom : Protista
Fungi like Protists – Slime moulds
Commonly form the group
Myxomycetes, saprophytic,
cell aggregates form a large
cell mass called plasmodium
(not a malarial parasite).
Spores produced by
plasmodium are very tough &
survive harsh conditions.
Chapter 2. Systematics of Living organisms
18. 2.13 Five kingdom system of classification
Kingdom : Protista
Euglenoids
They lack cell wall but are covered by
Pellicle (tough proteinaceous cover).
They are biflagellate, one short, other
long,
In the absence of light they are
heterotrophs but have pigments similar
to higher plants.
Chapter 2. Systematics of Living organisms
19. 2.13 Five kingdom system of classification
Kingdom : Fungi
They are eukaryotic heterotrophs (mostly saprophytic, few parasitic or
predators, extra cellular digestion), unicellular or multi-cellular
organisms found in warm & humid places.
Unicellular forms have a
protoplast with many nuclei.
(Rhizopus, Saccharomyces (yeast)).
Multicellular forms are made
up of hyphae (long thread like
structures).
Multicellular forms are made
up of hyphae (long thread like
structures). Body is filamentous
forms mycelium.
Chapter 2. Systematics of Living organisms
20. Reproduction is vegetative, asexual (fragmentation/fission/budding) &
sexual.
Some fungi are symbiotic (Lichens, Mycorrhizza with roots of higher plants)
2.13 Five kingdom system of classification
Kingdom : Fungi
Chapter 2. Systematics of Living organisms
Hyphae may be septate/aseptate,
uninucleate/multinucleate
Aseptate, multinucleate hyphae are
called coenocytic hyphae.
The cell wall is made of chitin
(polysaccharide) or fungal cellulose.
21. 2.13 Five kingdom system of classification
Kingdom : Fungi
Penicillium (Penicillium notatum) produces antibiotic, harmful fungi
causes diseases in plants & animals eg. Puccinia.
They are classified on the basis of structure, mode of spore
formation & fruiting bodies into
Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes
Phycomycetes Dueteromycetes
Chapter 2. Systematics of Living organisms
Mushrooms are consumed as food, bakery, breweries.
Uses
Classification
22. Algal fungi, coenocytic
Eg. Mucor, Rhizopus, Albugo (mustard parasite)
2.13 Five kingdom system of classification
Kingdom : Fungi
Phycomycetes
Ascomycetes
Sac fungi, multicellular, Hyphae branched
and septate, Decomposers/parasites or
coprophilous (grow on dung)
Morels & Truffles (delicacies), Neurospora
(genetic & biological assays)
Eg. Aspergillus, Penicillium, Claviceps,
Saccharomyces
Mucor Rhizopus
Aspergillus Penicillium
Saccharomyces Neurospora
Chapter 2. Systematics of Living organisms
23. Basidiomycetes Dueteromycetes
Club fungi, branched septate hyphae, Imperfect fungi, Reproduce only
asexually
Alternaria
Agaricus (Mushrooms)
2.13 Five kingdom system of classification
Kingdom : Fungi
Puccinia (rusts)
Ganoderma (Bracket fungus)
Ustilago (smuts)
Collectotrichum
Chapter 2. Systematics of Living organisms
24. 2.13 Five kingdom system of classification
Kingdom : Plantae
This kingdom is dominated by autotrophs, but they do include
some semi-autotrophs, insectivorous plants also.
They are multicellular, eukaryotic, contain chlorophyll.
Cell wall is made up of cellulose. They exhibit alternation of
generations.
It is further divided in to
Cryptogamae/Cryptogams Phanerogamae/Phanerogams
Chapter 2. Systematics of Living organisms
25. 2.13 Five kingdom system of classification
Kingdom : Animalia
This kingdom is of heterotrophs, exhibit holozoic nutrition
This are multicellular, eukaryotic locomotory organisms.
This lack chlorophyll & cell wall, growth is determinate (definate
pattern).
Chapter 2. Systematics of Living organisms
26. 2.14 Acellular organisms
Viruses
Named by Louis Pasteur (venom/poison), M. J. Beijernek called
them Virus after his observation of their migration in agar gel.
Being an infectious soluble agent, filtrate was thus called
contagium vivum fluidum.
Scientist Stanley demonstrated the inert
nature of virus outside host &
crystallization.
Historical Account
(not included in Whitaker’s five kingdom classification)
Composition
Viruses have a protein coat (capsid) around nucleic acid strand,
they lack their own cell machinery hence considered acellular.
Chapter 2. Systematics of Living organisms
27. 2.14 Acellular organisms
Types of Viruses
As per genetic material they are of two types;
DNA viruses RNA Viruses
Capsid is made up of capsomeres, they are arranged in
polyhedral/helical forms.
Genetic material is single/double stranded RNA/double
stranded DNA.
Viruses infecting bacteria are termed as
bacteriophages/phages.
Disorders caused by viruses in plants/animals are;
Leaf curling / yellowing / mosaic formation
Small pox / Mumps / herpes to Common cold
Swine flu
AIDS
Chapter 2. Systematics of Living organisms
28. 2.14 Acellular organisms
Viroids
Infectious RNA strands are called viroids.
Potato spindle tuber disease was found to
be caused by single stranded RNA without
Protein coat.
It is low molecular weight RNA, smaller than
viruses. (T. O. Diener).
Prions are abnormally folded
proteins which has caused
infectious neurological
diseases. (Eg. Mad cow disease in
cattle, Jacob’s disease in human).
Prions
Chapter 2. Systematics of Living organisms
29. 2.14 Acellular organisms
Lichens
Lichens are a symbiotic association between algae & fungus.
Algal member is phycobiont, fungal component is called
mycobiont.
They are found in extreme environments but still are sensitive
to pollution. They play important role in soil formation (acid
production).
Chapter 2. Systematics of Living organisms
30. 24.Lichens
Lichens are close associations of two different organisms of which one is an alga and the
other is a fungus.
The algal component of the lichen is called phycobiont or photobiont while the fungal
component is known as mycobiont.
On the basis of thallus organisation three types of lichen, viz.,crustose, foliose and
fruticose have been recognized.
Crutose lichens occur as crusts on the rock or bark of tree. Graphis, Leanora and
Haematomma are the examples of crustose lichens.
Foliose lichens are dorsoventrally flattened leafy lichens. They are attached to
substratum by rhizoid-like structures called rhizines. Parmelia, Collema and Peltigera are
the examples of foliose lichens.
Chapter 2. Systematics of Living organisms
32. 25.Economic importance of lichens
Lichens such as Lecanra esculenta and umbilicaria esculenta are used as food.
Parmelia is used in the preparation of chocolates and pastries.
Lichens such as species of Cladonia, Evernia and Parmelia are used as fodder.
Usnic acid which is obtained from Usnea and Cladonia is widely used as an antibiotic
against Gram positive bacteria.
Some lichens like species of Lobaria and Citraria are useful in the treatment of
tuberculosis. Parmelia is useful in the treatment of epilepsy.
Species of Evernia and Ramalina are used in the preparation of soaps and other
cosmetics.
26.Viruses
Viruses are ultramicroscopic, acellular highly infectious microorganisms.
Viruses are obligate parasites.They can multiply only in host cells.
Viruses are classified according to their hosts. They have been classified into three
groups, viz., Bacteriophages, plant viruses and animal viruses.
27.Viroids
viroids are small, circular, single stranded RNAs without protein coats.
Viroids cause disease in plants such as Citrus exocortis, Chrysanthemum stunt,
cucumber bale fruit, etc.
Chapter 2. Systematics of Living organisms