This document provides information about animal tissues. It begins by defining tissue as a group of identical cells performing the same function within a matrix. There are four main types of tissues - epithelial, nervous, muscular and connective tissues. Epithelial tissue is composed of closely packed cells that form protective layers. Nervous tissue is made up of neurons and neuroglial cells that generate and transmit nerve impulses. Muscular tissue contains elongated cells called fibers that allow for contraction and relaxation. Connective tissue will be discussed in the next section.

1. STUDY
OF
ANIMAL TISSUES

2.  Average number of cells in
human body is about 100
trillion. They are of 200 types.
 Cells  Tissue Organs Organ System  Organism
 Cells arise from preexisting
ones by cell division
Types of Cells
Somatic Cells Reproductive Cells
Introduction
Study of Animal tissues

3.  Somatic cells form the following tissues
Epithelial Tissue Nervous Tissue
Muscular Tissue ConnectiveTissue
Study of Animal tissues
“TISSUE IS DEFINED AS GROUP OF IDENTICAL CELLS
PERFORMING SAME FUNCTION KEPT IN A MATRIX.”
 Amount of matrix, number of cells depends on the function of tissue

4. Two or more organs perform a common function by their physical and/or
chemical interaction, they together form organ system.
NEET POCKET
Each organ is made up of one or more types of tissues, heart is made up of
all the four types of tissues.
Epithelium – Ruysch
Animal tissue – Bichat (father of histology), Plant tissue – Grew
Histology- study of tissues.
Detail study of tissue – microscopic anatomy (Marcello Malphigi)

5. EPITHELI
AL
TISSUE

6. Composed of more cells & less matrix.
Cells are closely packed, divide
mitotically constantly.
Epithelial Tissue – Covering tissue
Very little or no intercellular space
Cells are capable of self renewal &
repair
Formed from all the germ layers
Study of Animal tissues
Due to this blood vessels, lymph vessels, capillaries cannot pierce this
tissue so it is said to be AVASCULAR.
Rest on double layered non cellular highly permeable basement
membrane.
Main function is protection, but takes part in secretion, absorption &
filtration.

7. Study of Animal tissues
Intercellular Junction
Provide both structural & functional link between its individual cells
Interdigitation – finger like
processes of plasma membrane are
interlocked with adjacent cell.
These are mainly found in
transitional epithelium.
Adhering/Desmosomes – It
contains disc like protein plate with
intermediate fibre (tonofibrils).
Deeply situated, provide
mechanical support to stratified
epithelium (cementing).

8. Study of Animal tissues
Intercellular Junction
Tight junction – plasma
membranes of adjacent cells fuse
to form tight junctions, prevents
leakage across a tissue. (columnar
epithelium)
Gap junction – cytoplasm is
connected for rapid transfer of
ions, small molecules, sometimes
large molecules.

9. Basal membrane has two layers namely; Basal lamina & Fibrous lamina.
Basal lamina
Towards epithelium made up of glycoprotein secreted by epithelium cells.
Basement membrane is thus secreted by both epithelium & connective
tissue.
Fibrous lamina
Towards connective tissue in which collagen & reticular fibres are
suspended in mucopolysaccharide -- matrix of connective tissue in the
form of Hyaluronic acid.
NEET POCKET
Basement membrane is thus secreted by both epithelium & connective
tissue.

10. NEET POCKET
MICROVILLI CILIA/KINOCILIA STERIOCILIA
Minute
Non motile
Non contractile
Increases surface area
Intestine, gall bladder
wall, PCT
Long & cylindrical,
diameter same
Motile
Contractile
Movement & locomotion
Bronchioles, fallopian tube,
Uterus, Trachea, ventricles,
central canal of spinal
cord, Ependymal
epithelium
Conical
Non motile
Non contractile
Increases surface area
Epididymis & vas
deferens

11. TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Simple epithelium Compound epithelium
Stratified epithelium
Squamous epithelium
Cuboidal epithelium
Columnar epithelium
Ciliated epithelium
Glandular epithelium
(multilayered)
(Single layered)

12. CELLS ARE THIN, FLAT, SCALE LIKE WITH SMOOTH
OR SERRATED MARGIN.
Simple Squamous Epithelial tissue
Cells have prominent spherical/oval central nucleus.
Cells are polygonal with
clear or granular
cytoplasm.
Exchange of gases &
materials, filtration

14. FOUND IN PANCREATIC DUCTS, SALIVARY DUCTS,
PCT & DCT.
Simple Cuboidal Epithelial tissue
Cells are cuboidal with spherical nucleus at centre.
Cytoplasm is clear.
Function is reabsorption &
secretion

16. FOUND IN INTERNAL LINING OF STOMACH,
INTESTINE & GALLBLADDER ETC.
Simple Columnar Epithelial tissue
Cells are tall with granular cytoplasm & large oval /
spherical nucleus towards base.
Free ends are broad, basal
ends are narrow.
Free ends show brush
border called microvilli.
Function is absorption &
secretion

18. FOUND IN TRACHEA,
BRONCHI, BRONCHIOLES,
OVIDUCTS ETC.
Simple Ciliated Epithelial tissue
Cells are tall or cube like
with distinct nucleus at
centre.
Free ends of cells show delicate protoplasmic process
called CILIA (3 to 4 microns in length).
Function is prevention of entry of foreign particles,
pushes ova through oviduct etc.

20. FOUND IN INTESTINE, TRACHEA, RESPIRATORY,
DIGESTIVE TRACT.
Simple Glandular Epithelial tissue
Cells are columnar, cuboidal, pyramidal, with large
nucleus towards base.
Cytoplasm shows secretory granules.
Unicellular glands
Eg. Goblet cell (mucous)
Glands are formed by these cells, they are of two types
Endocrine – duct less eg. Pituitory gland
Exocrine – with ducts
eg. Salivary glands
Multicellular glands
Eg.Sebaceous glands(sweat)

22. OUS
TISSU

23. NEURONS ARE THE QUICKEST MEANS OF
TRANSPORT.
It is composed of nerve cells/neurons & neuroglial
cells/supportive cells (Microglial / Oligodendrocytes).
Considered as impulse generating & conducting unit.
They have the property of excitability & conductivity.
Neuroglial cells nourish, protect (phago-cytosis) &
support neurons
In CNS inter-neural space is filled by non-nervous
neuroglial cells / supportive cells (more than neurons)

24. CYTON IS ALSO
CALLED AS CELL
BODY/PERIKARYON/SO
MA
Neuron is covered by
neurilemma & differentiated
into cyton & cytoplasmic
extensions.
It contains central
nucleus surrounded by
granular cytoplasm (Nissl’s
granules) & network of
neurofibrils
A Neuron

25. Cell organelles like
Mitochondria, RER, Golgi
complex are present.
Two types of cytoplasmic
extensions appear namely
Axons& Dendrons/Dendrites.
Axons (longer & single) It
carries impulse away from
the cyton.
Dendrons/Dendrites (small
& many) They carry impulse
towards the cyton
Granules are conical rich in
RNA & help in protein
synthesis.

26. AXOPLASM IS IN
CONTINUATION WITH
CYTOPLASM OF CYTON
BUT LACKS NISSL’S
GRANULES
Axon is lined by axonal
membrane enclosing
cytoplasm called
axoplasm.
The terminal end shows
many swollen knob like
telodendrons filled with
neurosecretory substances.
Axon is wrapped by
sheath of Schwann cell

27. Unipolar
Depending on the
processes there are 3
types of neurons namely
Bipolar
Multipolar
Cytons of neurons gather
& form ganglions where as
the axons form the nerves
Depending on the
direction of impulse they
carry nerves are of
following types
Sensory Motor Mixed
CLASSIFICATION OF NEURONS & NERVE
FIBRES

28. CLASSIFICATION OF NERVE FIBRES
Depending on presence & absence of myelin sheath
nerve fibres are
Medullated/MyelinatedNonmedullated/Nonmyelinated
 Sheath of Schwann cells secretes insulating fatty
layer – myelin sheath
 Myelin sheath is interrupted by Nodes of Ranvier
Medullated/Myelinated conduct impulse faster.
The jumping of impulse from one node of Ranvier to
another is called as saltatory condition.
In Non myelinated the myelin sheath is not
synthesized by the schwann cells.
Non Medullated/non myelinated conduct impulse
slowly.

29. Each nerve is covered
by a connective tissue
sheath called as
endoneurium, many
nerves are bundled by
perineurium and several
bundles are surrounded
by Epineurium
FORMATION OF NERVE FIBRES
Stimuli reach cyton
through dendrites, then to
axons, Teledendrons pass
it to dendrites of adjacent
neuron.

30. This connection is called
as synapse
The space enclosed
between the telodendron
and dendrite of cyton is
synaptonemal complex
Neurotransmitter is
released in this space on
excitaion. It is a one way
transport.

31. MUSCU
LAR
TISSUE

32. The cells of muscular tissue are elongated & thin
called as fibers.
The tissue is designed for contraction and relaxation
 They play an important role in locomotion.
The cells may contain one or many nuclei, wall is
called as sarcolemma enclosing sarcoplasm.
Sarcoplasm contains myofibrils (myosin & actin)
It is supplied by nerves & blood vessels
Depending on the structure, location and function
muscular tissue is of 3 types
Striated Muscles Non-Striated Muscles
Cardiac Muscles
General properties of Muscular Tissue

33. Striated Muscles
Multinucleate & peripherally placed
 Lie parallel, connected by C.T, forms bundles
Attached to skeleton hence called
Skeletal muscles
They are under the control of
will hence called Voluntary
muscles
Show striations – light & dark bands
Contains many myofibrils, enclosed in sarcoplasm
covered by lipo-proteinaceous sarcolemma
Light (I) band / Isotropic bands – Z line/Krause’s membrane
Dark (A) band / Anisotropic bands -- H line/Hensen’s line
 Portion between adjacent Z lines -- Sarcomere
Sarcolemma
Sarcoplasm
Dark Bands / A band
Light bands / I band
Nuclei
Z line/Krause’s membrane
(Dark line)
H line/Hensen’s line
(Light line)

34. Sarcolemma
Sarcoplasm
Dark Bands / A band
Light bands / I band
Nuclei
Z line/Krause’s membrane (Dark line)
H line/Hensen’s line (Light line)

35. Unstriated Muscles
Arranged in layers & bound by sarcolemma
 No striations, centrally placed single large nucleus
In the walls of visceral organs so called Visceral
muscles
Not under the control of will hence called Involuntary
muscles
Muscle fibres are elongated, tapering at both ends
Contains fine myofibrils, arranged longitudinally
innervated by ANS
Prolonged, slow contractions & relaxations
Peristaltic movements in digestive tract.

36. Cardiac Muscles
Intercalated discs – characteristic property
The place where these fibres unite show zig-zag
junctions called as intercalated discs (to insert)
In the walls of Heart (myocardium)
Intermediate between striated and unstriated
Muscle fibres are uninucleate short & branched hence
appear multinucleate, indistinct sarcolemma
Formed by transverse thickening of sarcolemma
Action is initiated at a point called as pacemaker–
myogenic heart
Neurogenic heart – innervated by nerve fibres.

37. CONNE
CTIVETI
SSUE

38. It binds, supports & provides strength.
Connective tissue proper is further classified into
 Areolar
It shows more matrix & less cells
They are highly vascular, except cartilage
It is classified into
Connective tissue proper
Skeletal tissue
General properties of ConnectiveTissue
Fluid connective tissue
 Adipose

39. Areolar tissue is found below skin, muscles & bones
The matrix is jelly like made up of gelatin.
It consists of White fibres & Yellow fibres
White fibres – UWBC Yellow fibres -- BLSE
 Areolar
U – Unbranched
W – Wavy
B – Bundles
C – Collagen
B – Branched
L – Linear
S – Single
E – Elastin
Provide tensile strength
Both are formed by large flat star-shaped fibroblasts
Provide elasticity

40. Four main types of cells are seen
Fibroblast – large flat star-shaped, form fibres
Mast cells – many, surrounding blood vessels,
contains heparin (prevents clotting) &
histamine granules (dilates blood
vessels)
Macrophages – phagocytic in action
 Areolar contd….
Adipocytes – storage of fats

41.  Adipose
Modified areolar tissue, large number of adipocytes
Adipocytes – nucleus is towards periphery
White adipose tissue – appears opaque due to large
number of adipocytes
Brown adipose tissue – reddish brown in colour due
to blood vessels, found in foetus & infants
It is a good insulator & source of energy reserve
Person becomes obese due to increase in adipose
tissue, it also increases the number of blood vessels due
to which obese persons develop high blood pressure

42. Tendons
Specialized extensions or prolongation of muscles
Formed of bundles of collagen fibres
At the end they form core of the muscles
Ligaments
Formed of bundles of yellow fibres
Bind joints, prevents dislocation of bones & offers
flexibility.

43. Cartilage
Tough, flexible enclosed in perichondrium
Contains blood vessels & nerves.
Contains semi solid matrix called chondrin
A small layer of chondroblasts is seen lining internally
& externally
Chondroblast get converted to chondrocytes
Chondrocytes (2 to 8) are enclosed in lacunae.
Depending on the nature of matrix cartilage is
Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage
Calcified cartilage

44. Weakest, ends of long bones, anterior end of ribs,
nose tips, larynx, bronchial tree, foetal & embryonic
skeleton
Compressible & elastic in nature, matrix is bluish white
& gel like
Shows very fine collagen fibers & chondrocytes
Reduces friction, provides flexibility, shock absorber
Elastic Cartilage
Found in epiglottis, external ear, trachea.
Matrix contains thread like network of elastic fibers
Hyaline Cartilage
Chondrocytes are less in number
Gives support & maintains shape.

45. Fibrocartilage
Calcified cartilage
Strongest & rigid, pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs
Not surrrounded by perichondrium,
Matrix contains bundles of Collagen fibers
Chondrocytes are few & scattered
Function is support and fusion of organs.
Not flexible as lot of salts are deposited in matrix
Seen in old age
Matrix contains bundles of Collagen fibers

46. Bone
Supportive & protective
Enclosed by periosteum (thin white fibrous CT)
Periosteum is lined by endosteum, also surrounds
central marrow cavity.
Matrix is hard, calcified called ossein
Hard due to deposition of inorganic mineral salt
hydroxy-apatite (Ca (PO )(OH ))
Each osteon is made up of concentric lamellae
surrounding haversian canal having blood vessels &
nerve.
Lamellae shows fluid filled lacunae with
osteocytes/osteoblasts
Each lacunae is connected by cytoplasmic
connections called canaliculli.
Structural unit of bone is Haversian system/Osteon

47. Osteoblasts are more active than Osteocytes
Haversian systems are internally connected by
Volkman’s canal
TYPES OF BONES
Spongy bones Compact bones
Seen in expanded ends
of long bones
Matrix is web like –
trabaculae with spaces
No Haversian system
Filled with red marrow–
haemopiosis formation of
blood cells
Seen in shaft of long
bones
Matrix is hard, solid,
dense without spaces
Many Haversian system
Filled with yellow
marrow-- fatty tissue stores
fat cells

48. Functions of Bones
Types of Skeleton
It forms skeleton of organisms
Protection of internal organs
Base for attachment of muscles
Yellow marrow for storage of food
Red marrow for formation of blood cells
If present inside the body – endoskeleton eg. Humans
If present outside the body – exoskeleton eg. Pila

50. Q1. THE EPITHELIUM OF BRONCHIOLES IS
a. Cuboidal & Columnar
b. Squamous & Sensory
c. Squamous & Cuboidal
d. Stratified & Columnar

51. Q2. WHICH TISSUE EVOLVED FIRST IN ANIMAL KINGDOM?
a. Connective
b. Skeletal
c. Epithelial
d. Muscular

52. Q3. LIGAMENTS & TENDONS ARE FORMED OF
a. epithelial
b. muscular
c. cartilage
d. connective

53. Q4. The branch of biology which
deals with microscopic studies of
tissues is called as
a. physiology
b. morphology
c. histology
d. cell biology

54. Q5. The structural & functional unit
of striated muscle fibre is called
a. sarcomere
b. sarcoplasm
c. myofibril
d. sarcolemma

55. Q6. Volkman’s canals interconnect
a. Central canal & 3rd Ventricle
b. 3rd & 4th Ventricle
c. Haversian canals
d. Bone marrow

56. Q7. Mast cells secrete
a. Haemoglobin
b. Heparin & Histamine
c. Myoglobin
d. All of these

57. Q8. Inner lining of gut & stomach is
made up of
a. squamous
b. cuboidal
c. columnar
d. All of these

58. Q9. Goblet cells produce
a. enzyme
b. mucin
c. hormone
d. HCl

59. Q10. Areolar connective tissue joins
a. Bones with bones
b. Fat body with muscles
c. Bones with muscles
d. All of these

60. Q11. Collagen is
a. Fibrous protein
b. fat
c. Epithelial tissue
d. Tight junction

61. Q12. The area where the medullary
sheath is absent in the nerve fibre is
called as
a. Schwann cells
b. Schwann nodes
c. Nissl’s granules
d. Nodes of Ranvier

62. Q13. Intercalated discs occur
a. Between neurons
b. Between cardiac muscle fibres
c. At the junction of muscles & nerve
cells.
d. In striated muscles

63. Q14. Fat is abundant in
a. Lymphatic glands
b. Areolar tissue
c. Adipose tissue
d. Liver cells

64. Q15. Neuroglial cells occur in
a. Brain & Spinal cord
b. Brain
c. liver
d. Kidney

65. Q16. Intercellular matrix is minimum
in
a. Areolar tissue
b. bone
c. cartilage
d. Muscular tissue

66. Q17. Ciliated epithelium is found in
a. Uterus & Trachea
b. Kidney & Trachea
c. Lungs & Trachea
d. Liver & Trachea

67. Q18. The colour of collagen fibres in
connective tissue is
a. Red
b. Yellow
c. White
d. Colourless

68. Q19. Heart is made up of
a. Skeletal tissue
b. Muscular tissue
c. Cardiac muscles
d. Adipose tissue

69. Q20. The longitudinal canals of
bones are called as
a. Marrow cavity
b. Eustachian canal
c. Volkman’s canal
d. Haversian canal

70. Q21. Which of the following is the
contractile protein of a muscle
a. myosin
b. tubulin
c. tropomyosin
d. All of these

71. Q22. The Yellow fibres are chemically
composed of
a. myosin
b. elastin
c. collagen
d. actin

72. Q23. Most abundant connective
tissue type is
a. areolar
b. fibrous
c. adipose
d. vascular

73. Q24. The non cellular membrane
found in the epithelial tissue is
a. perichondrium
b. periosteum
c. endosteum
d. Basement membrane

74. Q25. Canaliculli are found in
a. Cartilage
b. Bones
c. Areolar
d. Adipose

75. Q26. The White fibers are chemically
composed of
a. myosin
b. elastin
c. collagen
d. actin

76. 01 – a 02– c 03 – d 04 – c 05 – a
06 – c 07 – b 08 -- c 09 – a 10 – c
11– a 12 – d 13 – b 14-- c 15 – a
16 – d 17 – c 18 – c 19 – c 20 – c
21 – a 22 – b 23 – a 24 – d 25 – b
26 – c
ANSWERKEY