10. Drive Reduction Food Drive Reduction Organism The physiological aim of drive reduction is homeostasis , the maintenance of a steady internal state (e.g., maintenance of steady body temperature). Stomach Full Empty Stomach (Food Deprived)
11. Incentive Where our needs push, incentives (positive or negative stimuli) pull us in reducing our drives. A food-deprived person who smells baking bread (incentive) feels a strong hunger drive.
12.
13.
14. Hierarch of Needs Hurricane Survivors Menahem Kahana/ AFP/ Getty Images Mario Tama/ Getty Images David Portnoy/ Getty Images for Stern Joe Skipper/ Reuters/ Corbis
15.
16.
17. Stomachs Removed Tsang (1938) removed rat stomachs, connected the esophagus to the small intestines, and the rats still felt hungry (and ate food).
18.
19.
20. Hypothalamic Centers The lateral hypothalamus (LH) brings on hunger (stimulation). Destroy the LH, and the animal has no interest in eating. The reduction of blood glucose stimulates orexin in the LH, which leads rats to eat ravenously.
21. Hypothalamic Centers The ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) depresses hunger (stimulation). Destroy the VMH, and the animal eats excessively. Richard Howard
22. Hypothalamus & Hormones The hypothalamus monitors a number of hormones that are related to hunger. Response Tissue Hormone Digestive tract Fat cells Pancreas Stomach Hypothalamus Increases hunger Insulin increase Decreases hunger PPY increase Decreases hunger Leptin increase Increases hunger Ghrelin increase Increases hunger Orexin increase
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29. Obesity http://www.cyberdiet.com A disorder characterized by being excessively overweight. Obesity increases the risk for health issues like cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, hypertension, arthritis, and back problems.
39. The Psychology of Sex Hunger responds to a need. If we do not eat, we die. In that sense, sex is not a need because if we do not have sex, we do not die.
59. Motivation at Work The healthy life, said Sigmund Freud, is filled by love and work. Culver Pictures
60.
61. Flow & Rewards Flow is the experience between no work and a lot of work. Flow marks immersion into one’s work. People who “flow” in their work (artists, dancers, composers etc.) are driven less by extrinsic rewards (money, praise, promotion) and more by intrinsic rewards.
65. Harnessing Strengths Identifying people’s strengths (analytical, disciplined, eager to learn etc.) and matching them to a particular area of work is the first step toward workplace effectiveness.
66. Interviews & Performance Interviewers are confident in their ability to predict long-term job performance. However, informal interviews are less informative than standardized tests.
70. Appraising Performance Appraising performance results in two things: 1) employee retention, and 2) the encouragement of better performance.
71.
72.
73. Managing Well Every leader dreams of managing in ways that enhance people’s satisfaction, engagement, and productivity in his or her organization. Larry Brown offers 4-5 positive comments for every negative comment. Ezra Shaw/ Getty Images
74. Job-Relevant Strengths Effective leaders need to select the right people, determine their employees’ talents, adjust their work roles to their talents, and develop their talents and strengths.
75. Challenging Goals Specific challenging goals motivate people to reach higher achievement levels, especially if there is feedback such as progress reports.
76.
Editor's Notes
OBJECTIVE 1 | Define motivation as psychologists use the term today, and name four perspectives useful for studying motivated behaviors.
OBJECTIVE 2 | Discuss the similarities and differences between instinct theory and evolutionary perspective.
OBJECTIVE 3 | Explain how drive-reduction theory views human motivation.
OBJECTIVE 4 | Discuss the contribution of arousal theory to the study of motivation.
OBJECTIVE 5 | Describe Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.
OBJECTIVE 6 | Describe the physiological determinants of hunger.
OBJECTIVE 7 | Discuss psychological and cultural influences on hunger.
OBJECTIVE 8 | Explain how the eating disorders anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa demonstrate the influence of psychological forces on physiologically motivated behaviors.
OBJECTIVE 9 | Describe the human sexual response.
OBJECTIVE 10 | Discuss the impact of hormones on sexual motivation and behavior.
OBJECTIVE 11 | Describe the role of external stimuli and fantasies on sexual motivation and behavior.
OBJECTIVE 12 | Discuss some of the forces that influence teen pregnancy and teen attitudes towards contraception.
OBJECTIVE 13 | Describe trends in the spread of sexually transmitted infections.
OBJECTIVE 14 | Summarize the information that statistical studies give us about sexual orientation.
OBJECTIVE 15 | Discuss the research on environmental and biological influences on sexual orientation.
OBJECTIVE 16 | Discuss the place of values in sex research.
OBJECTIVE 17 | Describe the adaptive value of social attachments, and identify both healthy and unhealthy consequences of our need to belong.
OBJECTIVE 18 | Discuss the importance of flow, and identify the tree subfields of industrial-organizational psychology.
OBJECTIVE 19 | Describe how personnel psychologists help organizations with employee selection, work placement, and performance appraisal.
OBJECTIVE 20 | Define achievement motivation, and explain why organizations would employ an I/O psychologist to help motivate employees and foster employee satisfaction.
OBJECTIVE 21 | Describe some effective management techniques.