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This document discusses key concepts relating to speed, velocity, and their relationships to distance and time graphs. It defines speed as distance traveled over time and velocity as both speed and direction of travel. It explains how to calculate instantaneous and average speeds from distance-time and velocity-time graphs by analyzing gradients and areas. Examples are provided for interpreting various graph shapes and solving speed problems using equations and the speed triangle formula.
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![What is Speed? Velocity? Speed is how far something travels in a certain time… Think about a jet coming into land.. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Is its speed the same as its velocity???](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
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Regards
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The document discusses explaining the properties of materials at an atomic level for a coursework presentation before Christmas. It covers how materials have different properties based on their structure and interactions at microscopic levels, which can be observed using various microscopy techniques like optical microscopes, scanning electron microscopes, and atomic force microscopes. Magnification calculations for these techniques are also presented.
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This document discusses several key concepts related to electromotive force (EMF) and potential divider circuits:
1. A potential divider circuit uses two resistors (R1 and R2) connected in series to a power supply. The voltage is divided between the two resistors based on their relative resistances.
2. If R1 = R2, then the voltage measured at each resistor (V1 and V2) will be half the supply voltage. As R2 increases relative to R1, V2 increases and V1 decreases.
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The document discusses the atomic structure and properties of metals, insulators, and semiconductors. Metals conduct electricity well due to their free electrons, are shiny as electrons scatter light, and are stiff yet ductile from electron bonding. Insulators like ceramics and polymers do not conduct as their electrons are locked in ionic or covalent bonds, making them stiff or brittle. Semiconductors have properties between metals and insulators with fewer free electrons. Their conductivity increases with temperature unlike metals but can also be controlled through doping with other atoms to donate or accept free electrons.
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There are two main types of solid structures: crystalline and amorphous. Crystalline structures are orderly with atoms arranged in repeating patterns, while polycrystalline structures show some irregularity. Quick cooling results in small crystals and slow cooling produces large crystals. Amorphous structures have atoms arranged randomly without order, which gives them different properties than crystalline structures. Rubber has an amorphous structure where the long chain molecules can rotate and stretch reversibly, producing elastic behavior.
Ch1sum
This document discusses information storage and image manipulation techniques. It covers the following key points in 3 sentences:
Information like images and text can be stored digitally using binary numbers, with each bit representing a value of 0 or 1 to encode information. Pixels in images require bytes of memory, with more bytes needed for color images versus grayscale. Common image manipulation techniques include smoothing to reduce noise, edge detection to find boundaries, and adjusting pixel values through median filtering or subtraction operations.
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This document discusses how lenses and light work together in the eye to allow vision. It explains that light enters the eye and the lens focuses it onto the retina, where rods and cones detect light and color. The document also introduces how lenses are used to focus light rays and can be characterized by their focal length and power, and how the lens equation relates object and image distances to focal length and magnification.
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This document discusses pixel resolution and how images can be gathered using pulses of sound or radiation. It defines a pixel as the smallest element of a reconstructed image. Resolution is defined as the smallest detectable difference or feature in an image. An example calculates the resolution of a 15cm by 10cm image containing 15,000 pixels as 1mm. It also discusses using ultrasound pulses to form images by timing reflections and avoiding signal interference.
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This document discusses how images are represented digitally through binary data and pixels. It explains that images are made up of pixels, each with multiple brightness levels determined by the number of bits used. More bits allows for more brightness levels and possible pixel values. The document demonstrates how binary numbers represent a range of values from 0 to 2^n, where n is the number of bits. It provides examples of the number of possible values for 6-bit and 8-bit binary numbers.
Conducting Well And Badly 2
This document provides an overview of electrical conductivity and resistance in materials. It explains that good conductors allow electrons to flow easily between atoms, while insulators have a high resistance and impede electron flow. Resistance is measured in ohms and depends on a material's resistivity, length, and cross-sectional area. Conductivity is the inverse of resistivity and relates to how well a material conducts electricity. The document suggests measuring resistance of wires with varying lengths and thicknesses to calculate resistivity and conductivity.
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Image processing techniques can smooth images by replacing each pixel with the mean of its neighbors, reducing noise and edges. Noise is removed by replacing pixels with the median value of its neighbors. Edges can be found by subtracting the values of neighboring pixels from the central pixel's value multiplied by four. Comparing squares with edges enhances the perception of edges in the human retina.
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This document discusses different types of electromagnetic radiation and their use in imaging. It introduces the electromagnetic spectrum, explaining that while humans can only see visible light, other types of radiation like X-rays and infrared can also be used for imaging. It then covers the relationships between wave speed, frequency, and wavelength, noting that all electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed. Finally, it touches on pixels and resolution in digital images, how pixels are arranged in rows and columns, and how higher resolution allows for more detail to be seen.
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The document discusses how to calculate the data capacity and transfer rates needed for storing and transmitting images. It explains that the data capacity required to store an image is calculated by multiplying the number of pixels by the number of bits per pixel. It also provides an example showing how to calculate the number of images that could be stored on a 20GB disc. Finally, it notes that the time to transfer data depends on the data transfer rate.
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The document discusses bandwidth and how it relates to transmitting signals through communication channels. It defines bandwidth as the range of frequencies a signal or channel can carry. For an analog signal, bandwidth is the maximum frequency minus the minimum frequency. The bandwidth required for a digital signal is 2 times the highest signaling rate. Time division multiplexing allows multiple calls to be transmitted simultaneously by dividing the channel into time slots.
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This document discusses how digital signals are transmitted using electromagnetic waves. It explains that digital signals are strings of 1s and 0s representing sampled analogue signals. Electromagnetic waves emitted from a transmitter carry these digital signals by causing electrons in a receiver to vibrate, reproducing the original signal. Key characteristics of signals like amplitude, period, and frequency are defined. Frequency is calculated as the inverse of period and examples are given. A frequency spectrum shows the range of frequencies that make up a signal. Complex signals contain multiple frequencies combined.
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This document discusses how analog signals are converted to digital signals through the process of sampling. It explains that sampling involves taking the value of an analog signal at discrete points in time and converting it to a digital code. The key variables in sampling are the sampling frequency, or how many samples are taken per second, and resolution, or the number of bits used to record each sample value. The sampling frequency needs to be more than double the highest frequency of the analog waveform to avoid aliasing and get an accurate digital reconstruction of the original signal. More bits of resolution provide more possible sample values and a more accurate digital representation.
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This document provides an overview of electrical conductivity and resistance in materials. It explains that materials with free electrons allow electrical current to flow easily, making them good conductors. Materials with high resistance that restrict current flow are insulators. Resistance is measured in ohms and depends on a material's resistivity, length, and cross-sectional area. Conductivity is the inverse of resistivity and relates to how easily a material allows electrons to flow. Ohm's law defines the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in a circuit.
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Chapter 8
- 1. Chapter 8 – Mapping Space and Time 8.1 - Journeys We will find out: that speed is distance over time; v = s / t ; that speed can be calculated from the gradient of a distance–time graph; the meanings of average and instantaneous speeds and how these are calculated from speed–time graphs; the meaning of the area under a speed–time graph and how to estimate this.
- 3. Speed and Velocity Speed = Distance Travelled / Time Taken = m/s IT IS A SCALAR QUANTITY – IT ONLY HAS MAGNITUDE Velocity = Distance Travelled / Time Taken = m/s IT IS A VECTOR – IT HAS MAGNITUDE AND DIRECTION Distance Speed x Time
- 6. Distance Time Graph Time (s) Distance (m) Moving at constant speed Stationary Constant speed but faster than A Moving back towards start point What else can we calculate from the graph?
- 7. Plot a Distance Time Graph for 1 marble journey…
- 8. Distance Time Graph Time (s) Distance (m) Gradient = Distance /Time = Speed Or dy / dx But it is different at different places?
- 9. Instantaneous Speed Time (s) Distance (m) What is the speed here? Calculate the gradient of the TANGENT on your graph The Gradient at this point is the INSTANTANEOUS SPEED
- 10. Average Speed Time (s) Distance (m) What is the AVERAGE Speed for the whole journey? Calculate the gradient of the CHORD on your graph The Gradient of the CHORD is the AVERAGE SPEED
- 11. Try this What is the instantaneous speed here
- 12. Try this
- 13. Try this What is the average speed between 40 and 60 mins?
- 14. Try this
- 19. Write these into your book with answers… For each of the graphs in question 2, calculate the distance travelled overall.
- 20. To recap on last lesson, answer these in the back of your book… Distance travelled is area under graph…
- 21. Making a Velocity Time Graph…