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The document discusses how to calculate the data capacity and transfer rates needed for storing and transmitting images. It explains that the data capacity required to store an image is calculated by multiplying the number of pixels by the number of bits per pixel. It also provides an example showing how to calculate the number of images that could be stored on a 20GB disc. Finally, it notes that the time to transfer data depends on the data transfer rate.
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An image is a digital representation of a real-world object displayed on a screen. Images consist of a rectangular grid of pixels, which are the smallest discrete elements that make up an image. Each pixel represents a color and location within the image. The resolution of an image refers to the number of pixels in the image's width and height, and a higher resolution means more pixels and a clearer image. Color depth specifies the number of bits used for each pixel and determines the number of colors that can be displayed, from 2 colors for 1 bit to over 16 million colors for 24 bits. Aspect ratio maintains the horizontal and vertical scale of an image.
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The document discusses explaining the properties of materials at an atomic level for a coursework presentation before Christmas. It covers how materials have different properties based on their structure and interactions at microscopic levels, which can be observed using various microscopy techniques like optical microscopes, scanning electron microscopes, and atomic force microscopes. Magnification calculations for these techniques are also presented.
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This document discusses several key concepts related to electromotive force (EMF) and potential divider circuits:
1. A potential divider circuit uses two resistors (R1 and R2) connected in series to a power supply. The voltage is divided between the two resistors based on their relative resistances.
2. If R1 = R2, then the voltage measured at each resistor (V1 and V2) will be half the supply voltage. As R2 increases relative to R1, V2 increases and V1 decreases.
3. The total voltage measured across R1 and R2 must equal the supply voltage, so V1 + V2 = Vin. This relationship allows the divided
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The document discusses the atomic structure and properties of metals, insulators, and semiconductors. Metals conduct electricity well due to their free electrons, are shiny as electrons scatter light, and are stiff yet ductile from electron bonding. Insulators like ceramics and polymers do not conduct as their electrons are locked in ionic or covalent bonds, making them stiff or brittle. Semiconductors have properties between metals and insulators with fewer free electrons. Their conductivity increases with temperature unlike metals but can also be controlled through doping with other atoms to donate or accept free electrons.
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The document discusses edge enhancement in the retina through a series of visual comparisons asking the reader to observe how two grey squares appear different when placed next to each other or moved closer together, with one square appearing darker than the other due to contrast enhancement of edges in human vision.
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There are two main types of solid structures: crystalline and amorphous. Crystalline structures are orderly with atoms arranged in repeating patterns, while polycrystalline structures show some irregularity. Quick cooling results in small crystals and slow cooling produces large crystals. Amorphous structures have atoms arranged randomly without order, which gives them different properties than crystalline structures. Rubber has an amorphous structure where the long chain molecules can rotate and stretch reversibly, producing elastic behavior.
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This document discusses information storage and image manipulation techniques. It covers the following key points in 3 sentences:
Information like images and text can be stored digitally using binary numbers, with each bit representing a value of 0 or 1 to encode information. Pixels in images require bytes of memory, with more bytes needed for color images versus grayscale. Common image manipulation techniques include smoothing to reduce noise, edge detection to find boundaries, and adjusting pixel values through median filtering or subtraction operations.
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This document discusses how lenses and light work together in the eye to allow vision. It explains that light enters the eye and the lens focuses it onto the retina, where rods and cones detect light and color. The document also introduces how lenses are used to focus light rays and can be characterized by their focal length and power, and how the lens equation relates object and image distances to focal length and magnification.
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This document discusses pixel resolution and how images can be gathered using pulses of sound or radiation. It defines a pixel as the smallest element of a reconstructed image. Resolution is defined as the smallest detectable difference or feature in an image. An example calculates the resolution of a 15cm by 10cm image containing 15,000 pixels as 1mm. It also discusses using ultrasound pulses to form images by timing reflections and avoiding signal interference.
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This document discusses how images are represented digitally through binary data and pixels. It explains that images are made up of pixels, each with multiple brightness levels determined by the number of bits used. More bits allows for more brightness levels and possible pixel values. The document demonstrates how binary numbers represent a range of values from 0 to 2^n, where n is the number of bits. It provides examples of the number of possible values for 6-bit and 8-bit binary numbers.
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Image processing techniques can smooth images by replacing each pixel with the mean of its neighbors, reducing noise and edges. Noise is removed by replacing pixels with the median value of its neighbors. Edges can be found by subtracting the values of neighboring pixels from the central pixel's value multiplied by four. Comparing squares with edges enhances the perception of edges in the human retina.
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This document discusses different types of electromagnetic radiation and their use in imaging. It introduces the electromagnetic spectrum, explaining that while humans can only see visible light, other types of radiation like X-rays and infrared can also be used for imaging. It then covers the relationships between wave speed, frequency, and wavelength, noting that all electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed. Finally, it touches on pixels and resolution in digital images, how pixels are arranged in rows and columns, and how higher resolution allows for more detail to be seen.
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This document discusses how digital signals are transmitted using electromagnetic waves. It explains that digital signals are strings of 1s and 0s representing sampled analogue signals. Electromagnetic waves emitted from a transmitter carry these digital signals by causing electrons in a receiver to vibrate, reproducing the original signal. Key characteristics of signals like amplitude, period, and frequency are defined. Frequency is calculated as the inverse of period and examples are given. A frequency spectrum shows the range of frequencies that make up a signal. Complex signals contain multiple frequencies combined.
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This document discusses how analog signals are converted to digital signals through the process of sampling. It explains that sampling involves taking the value of an analog signal at discrete points in time and converting it to a digital code. The key variables in sampling are the sampling frequency, or how many samples are taken per second, and resolution, or the number of bits used to record each sample value. The sampling frequency needs to be more than double the highest frequency of the analog waveform to avoid aliasing and get an accurate digital reconstruction of the original signal. More bits of resolution provide more possible sample values and a more accurate digital representation.
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This document provides an overview of electrical conductivity and resistance in materials. It explains that materials with free electrons allow electrical current to flow easily, making them good conductors. Materials with high resistance that restrict current flow are insulators. Resistance is measured in ohms and depends on a material's resistivity, length, and cross-sectional area. Conductivity is the inverse of resistivity and relates to how easily a material allows electrons to flow. Ohm's law defines the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in a circuit.
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The document discusses concepts related to stress, strain, Young's modulus, and material properties. It provides examples of calculations for stress, strain, force, area, and Young's modulus. It also discusses key characteristics of materials, including brittle, hard, strong, tough, elastic limit, yield point, and breaking stress. Example materials discussed include steel, nylon, cast iron, glass fiber, plastic, and rubber bands.
Designer Materials
The document discusses various factors to consider when choosing materials for different applications. It lists mechanical, optical, aesthetic and cost properties as important characteristics to evaluate. The document also discusses classifying materials into groups like ceramics, metals, polymers and composites based on their properties, giving examples of each type. Students are assigned to research these material classes and describe examples and characteristics.
Chapter 9
This document discusses work, energy, forces, and motion. It explains how to calculate changes in kinetic and potential energy, how Newton's laws of motion can be used to calculate braking forces and distances, and how forces acting at angles can be resolved into components. Examples are provided on calculating the tension in a cable attached to a helicopter and car, as well as the air resistance and stopping distance for a moving car.
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This document discusses kinematic equations and concepts related to motion including velocity, acceleration, displacement, time, momentum, kinetic energy, and potential energy. It provides the key kinematic equations:
s = ut + 1/2 at^2
v = u + at
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Chapter 8
The document provides an overview of key concepts relating to mapping space and time, including maps and vectors, distance-time graphs, speed and velocity, Pythagoras' theorem, and velocity-time graphs. It defines vectors as having magnitude and direction, and explains how to calculate resultant vectors. It also discusses using graphs to determine instantaneous and average speed/velocity, and how distance traveled relates to the area under graphs. Worked examples are provided for practice questions.
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5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
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1
- 1. More Information in Images
- 3. Â
- 5. Number of alternatives = 2 number of bits Log 2 Number of Alternatives = Number of bits
- 6. Number of alternatives = 2number of bits Log 2 Number of Alternatives = Number of bits But what is needed to store an image or other information..?
- 7. Capacity How much data is needed to store an image??? Windows tells us the size of a file, but why is it that value? Remember 1 Byte = 8 bits ( Bi nary Digi ts )
- 9. Image Capacity of available memory = Memory Available/ Memory Required for Image How many of these images could be stored onto a 20GB disc? 20 x 10 9 / 5.3 x 10 6 = 3774 images It doesn’t matter what the data is for; images, text or music. Capacity is calculated the same way…