Democratic reforms spread through England in the 19th century, establishing principles like merit-based government positions, adjusted voting districts, and expanded suffrage. In France, the monarchy changed hands multiple times due to instability, as Louis XVIII, Charles X, and Louis Philippe each took then lost power. France also experienced periods of war with the Crimean War and defeat against Prussia in 1870, while economic unrest led to the creation and subsequent suppression of the Paris Commune in 1871. The Dreyfus Affair trial further divided France along anti-Semitic and pro-Jewish lines but demonstrated the resilience of the new Third Republic.

1. Democracy and
Reform
Ch. 8 sec. 2/Ch. 10 Sec. 1

2. Spread of Democracy
In the 19th century, democratic reforms
swept through England
 Gov’t
positions based on ability
 Adjusted voting districts
 Social Reforms for workers
 Suffragettes fight for women’s
suffrage

3. French Political Instability
Congress of Vienna reinstated Louis
XVIII (1815)
Charles X overthrown in 1830 after
trying to restore absolutism
Revolution of 1848 saw the
abdication of Louis Philippe and rise
of Louis Napoleon

4. Periods of War
Crimean War pitted Russia against
Great Britain and France over territory
in Ottoman Empire (1854)
In 1870 France declared war on
Prussia, but was defeated in 6 weeks
Prussia severely punished the French
and embarrassed them

5. Confusion again in
France
Workers revolted and formed
Commune of Paris (1871)
20,000 workers were killed by National
Assembly armed forces
Third Republic was established
 Survived
failed coup d’etat and Panama
Canal disaster

6. Dreyfus Affair
 Alfred Dreyfus, a Jew, was set up as
a traitor
 This trial deeply divided France
between anti-Semitic groups and
those who supported Dreyfus
Proved the 3rd Republic could survive

7. Dreyfus Affair
 Alfred Dreyfus, a Jew, was set up as
a traitor
 This trial deeply divided France
between anti-Semitic groups and
those who supported Dreyfus
Proved the 3rd Republic could survive