The American Independence.
The French Revolution.
The Crisis of the Old Regimen in Spain.
The Napoleonic Era.
The Bourbon Restoration.
The Liberal Revolutions and Nationalism.
Francisco de Goya.
The American Independence.
The French Revolution.
The Crisis of the Old Regimen in Spain.
The Napoleonic Era.
The Bourbon Restoration.
The Liberal Revolutions and Nationalism.
Francisco de Goya.
This PPS is about French Revolution - How and why did it happen, what were its outcomes and impacts. I have kept in mind the syllabus of Class IX, NCERT while preparing this PPS, but is useful for others also.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
5. Key Terms
Nationalism- proud loyalty and devotion to a nation or
it can be excessive or fanatical devotion to a nation
and its interests, often associated with a belief that one
country is superior to all others
Liberal-favoring reform, especially political reforms
that extend democracy, distribute wealth more evenly,
and protect the personal freedom of the individual
Bourgeoisie- middle class
Meritocracy: leadership chosen on the basis of abilities
and achievements rather than birthright (such as the
2nd Estate, the nobility)
6. Class Division: Three Estates
France was divided into three classes, or estates
The First Estate: the clergy. The clergy were
exempt from the taille, France’s chief tax.
The Second Estate, the nobility. They held
many of the leading positions in the state.
They did not pay ANY taxes.
The Third Estate, included everyone else from
rich and educated bourgeois to poor illiterate
peasants. About 98 percent of the population.
8. People Under the Old Regime
This image shows "the
people" as a chained and
blindfolded man being
crushed under the weight of
the rich, including both
clergy and nobility. Such a
perspective on the period
before 1789 purposely
exaggerates social divisions
and would have found few
proponents before the
Revolution, but the image
does reveal the social clash
felt so intensely by the
revolutionaries.
9. The Impact of the French Revolution
The French Revolution became the model for revolution
in the modern world.
The power of nationalism was first experienced during
the French Revolution and it is still powerful in
existing nations and emerging nations today.
The French Revolution spread the principles of liberty
and equality, which are held dear by many nations
and individuals today.
The Metric System -the official system of measurement
in all but three countries in the world (the US being on
of the three).
10. Causes of the Revolution
Ideas of the Enlightenment
The Salon
11. Causes of the Revolution
Financial support of the American Revolution
led to near collapse of the French government’s
finances.
12. Causes of the Revolution
The French monarchy continued to spend lavishly
on court luxuries.
The queen, Marie Antoinette, was especially known
for her extravagance.
13. Causes of the Revolution
BREAD!
The French ate an average of two pounds of bread a day.
Poor harvests lead to high grain prices.
The people were hurting economically from a rise in prices
higher than any increase in wages.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
% of Income Spent on Bread
1787
1788
14. Causes of the Revolution
The Third Estate carried the tax burden.
Who owned the land? Who paid the taxes?
15. Estates General- June 1789
Louis XVI needed money and was finally forced to call a
meeting of the Estates-General, the French parliament,
had not met since 1614, 175 years!
16. Estates General
Each order of French society had representatives in
the Estates General
In order to fix France’s economic situation, most
members of the Third Estate wanted to set up a
constitutional government that would abolish
the tax exemptions of the clergy and nobility.
17. Voting in the Estates General
VOTE BY ESTATE
Under the old system
the single vote of the
First Estate and the
single vote of the
Second Estate together
could outvote the Third
Estate.
Clergy
1st Estate
Nobility
2nd Estate
Everyone Else
3rd Estate
1 Vote
1 Vote
1 Vote
18. Voting in the Estates General
VOTE BY HEAD
The Third Estate had
many more members
than the other two
estates.
The change to each
member having a vote
would give the Third
Estate much more say
in matters.
Clergy
1st Estate
Nobility
2nd Estate
Everyone Else
3rd Estate
291 members
270 members
578 members
19. Voting in the Estates General
The Third Estate favored a system of each member
voting, but the king upheld the traditional voting
method of one vote per estate.
The Third Estate reacted by calling itself a National
Assembly and deciding to draft a constitution.
King Louis XVI locked them out of their meeting hall.
The Third Estate was joined by ‘liberal’ members of
the other two Estates and moved to a nearby tennis
court.
20. Tennis Court Oath
The Third Estate took an oath (promised) they would
continue to meet until they had finished drafting a
constitution.
This oath is known as the Tennis Court Oath.
21. The Tennis Court Oath at Versailles
by Jacques–Louis David
This amazingly rich sketch by Jacques–
Louis David is one of the most famous
works from the French revolutionary era.
The thrust of the bodies together and
toward the center stand for unity. The
spectators, including children at the top
right, all join the spectators. Even the
clergy, so vilified later, join in the scene.
Only one person, possibly Marat, in the
upper left–hand corner, turns his back on
the celebration. David is commemorating
a great moment of the Revolution on 20
June 1789, in which the deputies, mainly
those of the Third Estate, now
proclaiming that they represent the
nation, stand together against a
threatened dispersal.
22. Storming of the Bastille-July 14, 1789
The Bastille-an armory and prison in Paris was a
symbol of the tyrannical Bourbon monarchy
The commoners stormed and dismantled the Bastille
looking for gunpowder and to free political prisoners
Only 7 prisoners were inside
This action became the flashpoint
of the Revolution
The king’s authority collapsed.
23. Demolition of the Bastille
This watercolor painting
illustrates the "demolition" of
what the text refers to as the
"horrible prison" of the
Bastille. As workmen tear
down the spires on the roof,
ordinary people rip stones off
the base. These stones soon
became collectors’ items,
souvenirs of the people’s role
in the outbreak of the
Revolution—and symbols of
the way in which many more
people wanted to
commemorate the event than
had participated in it.
24. Awakening of the Third Estate
With the Bastille being destroyed in the background,
member of the Third Estate breaks his shackles. Here,
the clergy and nobility recoil in fear, thereby
emphasizing the conflict between the estates.
25. Symbols of The Revolution
The Tricolor Flag
The WHITE of the Bourbons
The RED & BLUE of Paris.
Phrygian cap
with cockade
Liberté,
égalité,
fraternité
Or
Death
26. National Assembly
One of the National Assembly’s first acts was to
destroy aristocratic privileges
August 26, 1789 the assembly adopted the
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the
Citizen.
The declaration proclaimed freedom and equal
rights for all men, access to public office based
on talent (meritocracy), and an end to
exemptions from taxation.
27. Declaration of the Rights of
Man and the Citizen
26 August 1789
Modeled in part by the American
Declaration of Independence
Men are born free and remain free
and equal in rights.
Rights to liberty, property, security
and resistance to oppression.
The law is the expression of the
general will
Every man presumed innocent until
judged guilty
28. Declaration of the Rights of
Man and the Citizen
No one should be disturbed for his opinions, even in
religion
Every citizen may speak, write, and print freely
Taxes levied according to ability to pay
The question arose whether “all citizens” included
women.
At first Louis XVI refused to accept the laws of the
National Assembly but was later forced to sign
under duress.
29. Women’s March on Versailles
5 October 1789
Thousands of Parisian women armed with pitchforks,
swords, muskets, marched to Versailles.
Why did they march? BREAD
The target of their anger was the Queen
“We want the baker and the baker's wife!"
30. End of the Monarchy
Louis XVI accepted the Constitution and the National
Assembly this signified the end of the power of the
monarchy in France.
The French Revolution was about to enter a more radical
phase.
31. Jean-Paul Marat
One of the more important radical leaders was Jean-Paul
Marat, who published the radical journal Friend of the
People.
He argued that the poor had a
right to take from the rich
whatever they needed,
even by violence.
Marat, was stabbed to death in
his bathtub by Charlotte Corday
on July 13, 1793 at age 50.
32. The Death of Marat
This famous depiction of
Marat’s assassination (1793)
is by the unofficial (and
sometimes official) artist of
the French Revolution,
Jacques–Louis David, a
leading exponent of the
neoclassical style. Scholars
have seen this vision as a
revolutionary pietà because
of the repose of the corpse,
so different from a normal
body in a stage of rigor
mortis. David also planned
Marat’s funeral on behalf of
the government.
33. Fate of the King
King Louis XVI was put on trial as a traitor of France
and found guilty.
On January 21, 1793 he died by guillotine.
34. Marie Antoinette Executed
October 16, 1793
Marie Antoinette was tried, convicted of treason and
executed by guillotine nine months after her husband.
She was only 37
Marie Antoinette on the way to
the guillotine. Pen and ink by
Jacques-Louis David
35. Committee of Public Safety
From 1793 to 1794, the Committee of Public Safety
and the National Convention tried to defend France
from foreign and domestic threats.
The Committee took steps to control France and bring
order.
Enemies of the Revolution would be quickly tried and
guillotined.
A man, and his family, might go to the guillotine for
saying something critical of the revolutionary
government, even neighbors would turn each other in.
36. Maximilien Robespierre
Robespierre was a lawyer and activist, so known for
his honesty that he was called “The
Incorruptible.”
He followed Rousseau’s ideas in The Social
Contract, and he believed that anyone
who would not submit to the
general will as he interpreted
it should be executed.
Robespierre was obsessed with
ridding France of its domestic
enemies.
37. The Reign of Terror
Robespierre was one of the
chief architects of the Reign
of Terror.
Lasted from September 1793-
July 1794
Some estimates say that 40,000
or more people were killed
during The Terror.
39. Republic of Virtue
National Convention had a dechristianization policy
This order was built on reason.
The new order was called the Republic of Virtue-a
democratic republic of good citizens.
The titles “citizen” and “citizeness” replaced “mister”
and “madame.”
The word saint was removed from street names and
churches were closed.
The cathedral of Notre Dame was rededicated as a
“temple of reason.”
40. DeChristianization
A new calendar was adopted. Years were
numbered from September 22, 1792, the first
day of the French Republic, and not from
Christ’s birth.
The calendar contained 12 months with each
month having three weeks of 10 days, with the
tenth day a day of rest.
This practice eliminated Sundays.
No days of worship or religious holidays.
41. Temple of Reason
Churches were renamed
Temples of Reason.
The motto of the Revolution:
Liberté, égalité, fraternité
were inscribed on them.
Churches were stripped of
irreplaceable works of art.
42. The Festival of Supreme Being
A new secular, non-religious, holiday
43. Republican Calendar
This poster shows the
Republic’s new calendar
under an image of
Marianne, a symbol of the
Republic as well as the
ultimate expression of
revolutionary liberation
from the past. Shown
without her pike, calmly
reading a book with a cupid
around, she is more the
mother of this new system
than a warrior for liberty, as
in other prints.
44. Death of Robespierre
Many deputies of the National Convention feared
Robespierre, and believed that the Terror had gone
too far.
Robespierre was arrested and tried.
He was guillotined on
July 28, 1794 at age 36
After Robespierre’s death,
the Terror ended, and the
more radical members
lost power.
47. The Directory - 1795 to 1799
Five elected directors acted as the executive committee,
or Directory of France.
The period of the Directory was one of government
corruption.
The Directory faced political enemies from both
royalists and radicals
48. The Directory
It could not solve the country’s economic problems, and
it was fighting the wars begun by the Committee of
Public Safety.
The Directory relied more and more on military might to
stay in power.
In 1799 a coup d’état–a sudden overthrow of the
government–led by the popular general Napoleon
Bonaparte toppled the Directory.
Napoleon took power.
50. Assassination of Jean-Paul Marat
This color image portrays Marat stabbed to death in his
bathtub by Corday. Marat’s housekeeper weeps over his
death while Corday is led off to face justice for her crime.
51. This is the bathtub
in which Jean Paul
Marat, the Swiss
born scientist and
French
revolutionary was
murdered by
Charlotte Corday on
July 13, 1793
52. Taking of the Bastille
This color print emphasizes
the populace’s participation in
the storming of the Bastille,
showing the urban population
fighting under a red banner
with muskets, swords, and
pikes against the royal
soldiers. Stunning images
such as these—as well as
dramatic press reports—
contributed to what has
become the widespread view
that the taking of the Bastille
was a spontaneous, brave, and
widely popular revolt against
royal authority.
53. Nationalism
The French revolutionary army changed the nature of
modern warfare and was an important step in creating
modern nationalism
The new French army was a people’s army fighting a
people’s war on behalf of a people’s government.
Warfare also became more destructive.
54. The Death of Robespierre
This engraving, based on a
color portrait by Beys, depicts
the death of Robespierre on the
guillotine. The executioners
wear not the traditional
hangman’s hood but red
bonnets representing liberty.
This judgment notes
Robespierre’s failure to the
Revolution itself.
Contemporaries emphasized
that Robespierre’s punishment
was just because it was the
same to which "he had
condemned so many thousands
of innocent victims."
55. Death mask of French
Revolutionary & member of
the Committee of Public
Safety, Maximilien
Robespierre (1758-1794)
who was sent to the
guillotine in 1794
56. Execution of Marie Antoinette on October 16, 1793
at the Place de la Révolution
This postcard in English and French does show the broader scene at the execution of the
Queen. Before the guillotine stands Marie Antoinette with Sanson, the same executioner
who had dispatched her husband ten months before. Surrounded by soldiers, and tens of
thousands of onlookers, she awaits the moment of death. Also on the platform is Marie
Antoinette’s confessor. The execution, like that of her husband, took place at the Place de
la Révolution, recently renamed from Place de Louis XV (currently Place de la
Concorde). Dominating the entire scene was a giant statue of Liberty sitting on a pedestal
that once held a statue of Louis XV. In Liberty’s right hand is a pike while she wears a
Phrygian cap. This reshaping of the monarchical square seems quite consistent with the
elimination of the Queen.
57.
58. Liberty Leading the People
Eugene Delacroix
Although Delacroix
painted this work to
commemorate the
revolution of 1830, it
features many political
symbols from the
revolution of 1789.
Marianne, the symbol
of Liberty, is wearing
the Phrygian cap.
59. Outcomes of the French Revolution
In a nutshell:
The French Revolution left a powerful legacy
for world history: secular society, nationalism,
and democratic ideas.