The document discusses political revolutions and the American and French Revolutions. It provides background on the causes of the American Revolution, including the Declaration of Independence and influence of Enlightenment thinkers. It also summarizes the causes of the French Revolution, including the absolute monarchy, social inequality between estates, and economic issues. The revolution began with the storming of the Bastille and spread radical Enlightenment ideas like liberty, equality and fraternity.

1. Political Revolutions Liberty, Equality, Fraternity!

2. American Revolution Declaration of Independence , 1776 Thomas Jefferson Heavy influence from John Locke Components: Popular sovereignty Natural rights Equality We Declare Our Independence

3. “ We Declare Our Independence!” They call me “The General” I don’t mean to be crass I’m gonna take it to the limit cause it’s time to kick some Brit a** The King, the royal, his highness, the honcho I’ll kick it to him like a moncho komancho See I got the moves, I’m close to Paul Revere You tried to catch me but you couldn’t, ‘ cause I shifted into fifth gear We’ll rise above, we’re workin’ the transcendence Shout it out, we declare our independence!

4. “ We Declare Our Independence!” I’m gettin’ chilly down in Philly, yo you know it’s my town I’m as ancient as a mariner, I can still get down, you see I get electric when I fly my kite I’m gettin’ bigger on the trigger, pop-pop in a gun fight Tommy P gonna kick some common sense Gather up the minute men to take it on the offence Sun is rising it’s the sign of our ascendance Up to the base we declare our independence!

5. “ We Declare Our Independence!” Tommy J – I’m the man with the grand plan in the right hand I’m kickin’ grammar gonna take you to the Promised Land Bust crazy rhymes with the paper and the pen Rockin’ it on the mic to the King and his henchmen I wrote the letter and my homies called it divine Johnny H gonna kick it on the dotted line Straight from Virginia this required my attendance I’m here to tell you we declare our independence!

7. Democracy Before America Discussion Questions by John Stewart: If you lived in a monarchy, would rather be the king or a slave? Why or why not? What is the central ideological difference between democracy and cannibalism? Does the expression “When in Rome, do as the Romans do” apply to all cities, or just Rome?

8. American Revolutionary War Colonies: Logistic advantage Popular support Support of British rivals George Washington (1732-1799) provides imaginative military leadership Britain: Strong central government Navy, army Loyalist population

10. American Revolution The Constitution , 1787 Preamble Social Contract Principles: Separation of Powers Limited Government Popular Sovereignty Judicial Review Federalism Checks and Balances Bill of Rights Protection of natural rights

11. Impact of the American Revolution The new Republic would stand as a symbol of freedom to both Europe and Latin America The Constitution created the most liberal government of the time. The success of the American Revolution would soon inspire major global changes as other peoples challenged the power of absolute monarchs. Shot at Lexington and Concord was the “shot heard round the world”

12. Revolution or War for Independence? The American Revolutionary War is considered a “revolution” and not a “war for independence” because the global impact was “revolutionary.” The American war against the British is indicative of a larger “turn” in history away from the monarchial system of government to a system of government where sovereignty is retained by the populace. This begins the Age of Revolutions.

13. Eugène Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People

14. The French Revolution French Revolution would be much more radical that its American predecessor Repudiation of many aspects of the ancien régime Causes of the French Revolution: Absolute Monarchy Social Inequality Economic Injustices Enlightenment English and American Examples

15. Cause #1: Absolute Monarchy Most people in France were denied basic rights and any say in the government.

16. Cause #2: Social Inequality Three Estates 1 st Estate: Roman Catholic Clergy 100,000 (0.5%) owned 10% of land 2 nd Estate: Nobles 400,000 (1.5%) owned 20% of land 3 rd Estate: Everyone else 24,000,000 serfs, free peasants, urban residents (98%) owned 70% of land Estates General founded 1303, had not met since 1614 One vote per estate

17. Cause #3: Economic Injustices Years of deficit spending by the royal government What was the government spending money on? Lavish courts Expensive wars By 1789 CE, 50% of the French annual budget was to pay off debts What options does the government have to balance the budget? Increase taxes Cut government spending Both

18. Cause #4: Enlightenment Ideas spread to the Third Estate Particularly liberty, equality, fraternity

19. Cause #5: Global Examples English example: Glorious Revolution American example: American Revolution

20. 1789! Protest of nobility forces King Louis to call Estates General for new taxes, May 1789 3 rd Estate demands greater social change Fairness in the tax policy June, 3 rd Estate secedes Renamed “National Assembly” July 14 th , mob attacks Bastille, bloody battle won by mob

22. Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen August 1789 American influence Equality of men Women not included Individual rights Sovereignty resides in the people

23. Enlightenment Ideals and Women Enlightenment thinkers remained conservative regarding women’s rights Rousseau argues women should receive education to prepare for lives as wives and mothers Mary Astell (England, 1666-1731) argues that women essentially born into slavery Mary Wollstonecraft (England, 1759-1797) A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792)

24. Women and Revolution Women active in all phases of French revolution Women storm Versailles in 1789, demands for food Republican Revolutionary Women patrol streets of Paris with firearms Yet hold few official positions of authority Revolution grants equality in education, property, legalized divorce Yet women not allowed to vote, major task of 19 th century Elizabeth Cady Stanton (U.S., 1815-1902)

25. On October 4, 1789, a crowd of women demanding bread for their families gathered other discontented Parisians, including some men, and marched toward Versailles, arriving soaking wet from the rain. The King agreed to meet with some of the women and promised to distribute all the bread in Versailles to the crowd. Some of the crowd got into the Queen's quarters and Marie Antoinette barely escaped by way of a secret passage to the King's room. He agreed to address the people from his balcony. "My friends," he said, "I will go to Paris with my wife and my children."

27. Political Spectrum

28. Radicalization of the Revolution “ liberty, equality, fraternity” National Assembly abolishes old social order Seizes church lands, redefines clergy as civilians New constitution retains king, but subject to legislative authority Convention: elected by universal male suffrage Levée en masse: conscription for war Guillotine invented to execute domestic enemies 1793: King Louis and Queen Marie Antoinette

29. Guillotine

32. Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794)

33. The Directory Revolutionary enemies of the radicals 1794 Robespierre arrested, sent to guillotine Men of property take power in the form of the Directory Unable to solve economic and military problems of revolutionary France Weak and corrupt

34. Napoleon Bonaparte Army officer under King Louis XIV, general at 24 Brilliant military strategist Joins Directory 1799, then overthrew it Imposed new constitution, named self “Consul for life” in 1802

38. Napoleonic France Concludes agreement with Pope: Concordat France retains church lands, but pay salaries to clergy Freedom of religion, also for Protestants, Jews 1804 promulgates Napoleonic Code Patriarchal authority Became model for many civil codes Tight control on newspapers, use of secret police Eventually declared himself Emperor

39. Napoleon’s Empire Conquered Iberian, Italian Peninsulas, Netherlands Forced Austria and Prussia to enter into alliance Disastrous invasion of Russia in 1812 Burned Moscow, but defeated by Russian weather “ General Winter” British, Austrian, Prussian and Russian armies force Napoleon to abdicate, 1814 Exiled to Island of Elba, escaped to take power again for 100 days Defeated by British at Waterloo, exiled to St. Helena, dies 1821

40. Napoleon Crossing The Alps By Jacques- Louis David Jacques-Louis David