This document discusses radiopharmaceuticals and radioactive isotopes. It begins by defining radiopharmaceuticals as medicinal formulations containing radioisotopes that are safe for administration in humans for diagnosis or therapy. It then covers various topics related to radiopharmaceuticals including the different types of radioactive emissions (alpha, beta, gamma), units of radioactivity, properties of radioactive isotopes, and examples of specific radiopharmaceuticals like sodium iodide I131. The document also discusses the applications of radioactive isotopes in areas like scientific research, analysis, diagnosis and therapy.
SOURCES OF ERROR IN PRESCRIPTION
1. Abbreviation
2. Name of the drug
3. Strength of the preparation
4. Dosage form of the drug prescribed
5. Dose
6. Instructions for the patient
7. Incompatibilities
1. ABBREVIATION
Abbreviation presents a problem in understanding parts of
prescription order.
Extreme care should be taken by a pharmacist in interpreting the
abbreviation.
Pharmacist should not guess at the meaning of an ambiguous
abbreviation.
E.g: Dispense Achromycin for “Achro” may cause difficulty when a
intention of the prescriber is to dispense Achrostatin.
2. NAME OF THE DRUG
There are certain drugs whose name look or sound like those of
other drugs.
E.g: Digitoxin Digoxin
Prednisone Prednisolone
3. STRENGTH OF THE PREPARATION
The strength of preparation should be stated by prescriber.
It is essential when various strengths of a product are available in
the market.
E.g: It will be a wrong decision on the part of pharmacist to
dispense paracetamol tablet 500 mg when prescription for
paracetamol tablet is received with no specific strength.
4. DOSAGE FORM OF THE DRUG PRESCRIBED
Many medicines are available in more than one dosage form.
E.g: Liquid, Tablet, Capsule and Suppository.
The pharmaceutical form of the product should be written on the
prescription in order to avoid ambiguity.
5. DOSE
Unusually high or low doses should be discussed with the
prescriber.
Paediatric dosage may present a problem. So pharmacist should
consult paediatric posology to avoid any error.
Sometimes a reasonable dose is administered too frequently.
E.g: A prescription for sustained release formulation to be
administered after every 4 hours should thoroughly check
because such dosage forms are usually administered only two or
three times a day.
6. INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PATIENT
The instructions for the patient which are given in the
prescription are incomplete or omitted.
The quantity of the drug to be taken, the frequently and timing of
administration and route of administration should clearly give in
the prescription so as to avoid confusion.
7. INCOMPATIBILITIES
It is essential to check that there are no pharmaceutical or
therapeutic incompatibilities in a prescribed preparation and
that different medicines prescribed for the same patient do not
interact with each other to produce any harm to the patient.
Certain antibiotics should not be given with meals since it
significantly decrease the absorption of the drug.
Practical notes for Pharmacy (Synopsis and viva questions included) reference...Payaamvohra1
This presentation gives an idea about important practical questions and frequently asked question B-Pharmacy practical reference Hacks to score good in practical semester books for remedial maths and biology( reference)
Major extra and intracellular electrolytes. Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistr...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Major extra and intracellular electrolytes. Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-II (Part-II)
Electrolyte: Intracellular fluid
Interstitial fluid
Plasma (Vascular fluid)
Anionic electrolytes- HCO₃⁻, Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, HPO₄²⁻
Cationic electrolytes- Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺
Concentration of important Electrolytes:
Electrolytes used in the replacement therapy: Sodium
chloride*, Potassium chloride, Calcium gluconate* and Oral Rehydration Salt
(ORS), Physiological acid base balance.
Radio activity
Measurement of radioactivity
Properties of α, β, γ radiations
Half life, radio isotopes
Study of radio isotopes - Sodium iodide I131,
Storage conditions, precautions & pharmaceutical application of radioactive substances
SOURCES OF ERROR IN PRESCRIPTION
1. Abbreviation
2. Name of the drug
3. Strength of the preparation
4. Dosage form of the drug prescribed
5. Dose
6. Instructions for the patient
7. Incompatibilities
1. ABBREVIATION
Abbreviation presents a problem in understanding parts of
prescription order.
Extreme care should be taken by a pharmacist in interpreting the
abbreviation.
Pharmacist should not guess at the meaning of an ambiguous
abbreviation.
E.g: Dispense Achromycin for “Achro” may cause difficulty when a
intention of the prescriber is to dispense Achrostatin.
2. NAME OF THE DRUG
There are certain drugs whose name look or sound like those of
other drugs.
E.g: Digitoxin Digoxin
Prednisone Prednisolone
3. STRENGTH OF THE PREPARATION
The strength of preparation should be stated by prescriber.
It is essential when various strengths of a product are available in
the market.
E.g: It will be a wrong decision on the part of pharmacist to
dispense paracetamol tablet 500 mg when prescription for
paracetamol tablet is received with no specific strength.
4. DOSAGE FORM OF THE DRUG PRESCRIBED
Many medicines are available in more than one dosage form.
E.g: Liquid, Tablet, Capsule and Suppository.
The pharmaceutical form of the product should be written on the
prescription in order to avoid ambiguity.
5. DOSE
Unusually high or low doses should be discussed with the
prescriber.
Paediatric dosage may present a problem. So pharmacist should
consult paediatric posology to avoid any error.
Sometimes a reasonable dose is administered too frequently.
E.g: A prescription for sustained release formulation to be
administered after every 4 hours should thoroughly check
because such dosage forms are usually administered only two or
three times a day.
6. INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PATIENT
The instructions for the patient which are given in the
prescription are incomplete or omitted.
The quantity of the drug to be taken, the frequently and timing of
administration and route of administration should clearly give in
the prescription so as to avoid confusion.
7. INCOMPATIBILITIES
It is essential to check that there are no pharmaceutical or
therapeutic incompatibilities in a prescribed preparation and
that different medicines prescribed for the same patient do not
interact with each other to produce any harm to the patient.
Certain antibiotics should not be given with meals since it
significantly decrease the absorption of the drug.
Practical notes for Pharmacy (Synopsis and viva questions included) reference...Payaamvohra1
This presentation gives an idea about important practical questions and frequently asked question B-Pharmacy practical reference Hacks to score good in practical semester books for remedial maths and biology( reference)
Major extra and intracellular electrolytes. Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistr...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Major extra and intracellular electrolytes. Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-II (Part-II)
Electrolyte: Intracellular fluid
Interstitial fluid
Plasma (Vascular fluid)
Anionic electrolytes- HCO₃⁻, Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, HPO₄²⁻
Cationic electrolytes- Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺
Concentration of important Electrolytes:
Electrolytes used in the replacement therapy: Sodium
chloride*, Potassium chloride, Calcium gluconate* and Oral Rehydration Salt
(ORS), Physiological acid base balance.
Radio activity
Measurement of radioactivity
Properties of α, β, γ radiations
Half life, radio isotopes
Study of radio isotopes - Sodium iodide I131,
Storage conditions, precautions & pharmaceutical application of radioactive substances
In December of 1898, Marie and Pierre Curie announced the discovery of a second element found in the uranium-extracted residues of pitchblende ore and, due to the intense radiation rays it emitted, it was named radiumThe discovery of radium brought radioactivity to the attention of the general public and inspired many new uses of radioactivity. Radiopharmaceuticals, or medicinal radiocompounds, are a group of pharmaceutical drugs containing radioactive isotopes. Radiopharmaceuticals can be used as diagnostic and therapeutic agents. Radiopharmaceuticals emit radiation themselves, which is different from contrast media which absorb or alter external electromagnetism or ultrasound. Radiopharmacology is the branch of pharmacology that specializes in these agents.
Radiopharmaceutical is a key component involved in the field of nuclear medicine. It serves various purposes diagnostically and also serves with different diagnostic applications. Radioactive agents are employed in nuclear field for demonstration of high and exact localized radioactive effect in a particular target tissue. In recent years various amount of radionuclides and radiopharmaceuticals are utilized for treating cancer and other complex disease like neuroendocrine disorder. This review focuses on the manufacturing, quality control tests and diagnostic applications of radiopharmaceuticals. K. R. Satav | T. P. Shangrapawar | Dr. Ashok Bhosale "Illustrative Review on Radiopharmaceuticals" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29762.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/29762/illustrative-review-on-radiopharmaceuticals/k-r-satav
They are radioactive substances or radioactive medications for diagnostic & therapeutic intervention
Radiopharmaceutical are medicinal formulations containing radioisotopes which are safe for organization in people for analysis or for treatment
Usually radiopharmaceuticals contain at least 2major components;
Radionuclide that provides the desired radiation characteristics &
Chemical compound with structural or chemical properties that determine the physiological behavior of radiopharmaceutical
Nuclear medicine uses radiation to provide information about the functioning of a person's
specific organs, or to treat disease. In most cases, the information is used by physicians to make a
quick diagnosis of the patient's illness. What is Radiopharmaceuticals? How Radionuclides are produced?
Guide for Using Lead as Radiation Shieldingcanadametal
Here is the guide for the use of lead as radiation shielding for the radiation protection. Lead is highly effective for the purpose of protection from various sources of radiation. Most of the standard radiation protection systems use lead as the main material. Contact Canada Metal North America for more information.
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UNIT 1_QUALITY ASSURANCE_QC,QA,GMP,TQM and NABLSayali Powar
UNIT – I
Quality Assurance and Quality Management concepts: Definition and concept of Qualitycontrol, Quality assurance and GMP
Total Quality Management (TQM), NABL
UNIT 1 QUALITY ASSURANCE B. PHARMACY PART 2Sayali Powar
Quality Assurance and Quality Management concepts: Definition and concept of Quality control, Quality assurance and GMP
Total Quality Management (TQM): Definition, elements, philosophies
ICH Guidelines: purpose, participants, process of harmonization, Brief overview of QSEM, with special emphasis on Q-series guidelines, ICH stability testing guidelines
Quality by design (QbD): Definition, overview, elements of QbD program, tools
ISO 9000 & ISO14000: Overview, Benefits, Elements, steps for registration
NABL accreditation : Principles and procedures
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
4. 4
RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS
•Radiopharmaceuticals are the radioactive substances
or radioactive drugs for diagnostic or therapeutic
Use.
OR
•Radiopharmaceuticals are medicinal formulations
containing radioisotopes which are safe for
administration in humans for diagnosis or for therapy
3/29/2023 CHAPTER 21 RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS_PHARM D
8. 8
RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS
•Radioactivity: The process by which certain
elements emit particular forms of radiation.
•Radioactive: Any element that emits any of
these forms of radiation.
3/29/2023 CHAPTER 21 RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS_PHARM D
10. 10
UNITS OF RADIOACTIVITY
•Unit of Radioactivity is Curie
•Symbol as Ci or C
•It refer to activity of 1 gram of Radioactive
material and is equal to 3.7 X 1010 disintegration
per second (dps)
•1 Curie = 3.7 X 1010 dps
3/29/2023 CHAPTER 21 RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS_PHARM D
11. 11
UNITS OF RADIOACTIVITY
•BUT nowdays unit of curie is replaced by
Rutherford(Rd).
3/29/2023 CHAPTER 21 RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS_PHARM D
12. 12
UNITS OF RADIOACTIVITY
•The Becquerel (Bq) is the SI derived unit of
radioactivity.
• One becquerel is defined as the activity of a
quantity of radioactive material in which one
nucleus decays per second.
3/29/2023 CHAPTER 21 RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS_PHARM D
13. 13
UNITS OF RADIOACTIVITY
•The gray (Gy) is defined as the absorbed dose of
radiation per unit mass of tissue. One gray is the
absorption of one joule of radiation energy per kilogram
of matter. The amount of radiation your cells absorb
is measured in gray.
•The Sievert (Sv) is a measure of the health effects of
low levels of ionizing radiation on the human body.
3/29/2023 CHAPTER 21 RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS_PHARM D
14. 14
UNITS OF RADIOACTIVITY
•Roentgen: It is a unit of measurement for the exposure of X-rays and
Gamma rays.
•RAD (Radiation Absorbed Dose): It is a unit of absorbed radiation dose.
•Pharmaceutical dosage forms are described in terms of RAD units.
•RBE (Relative Biological Effectiveness): Since the effect of given radiation
on biological effectiveness depends upon the type of radiation, a unit known
as Relative Biological Effectiveness expresses the relative effects of
radiations (alpha, beta and gamma) on the biological system.
3/29/2023 CHAPTER 21 RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS_PHARM D
15. 15
RADIOACTIVE RAYS
•All substances are made of atoms.
•These have electrons (e) around the outside, and a
nucleus in the middle.
•The nucleus consists of protons (p) and neutrons
(n), and is extremely small.
3/29/2023 CHAPTER 21 RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS_PHARM D
16. 16
RADIOACTIVE RAYS
•In some types of atom, the nucleus is unstable, and will
decay into a more stable atom.
• This radioactive decay is completely spontaneous. -
When an unstable nucleus decays, there are three ways
that it can do so.
•It may give out:- an alpha particle (α) , beta particle (β) &
gamma ray (γ).
3/29/2023 CHAPTER 21 RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS_PHARM D
18. 3/29/2023 18
ALPHA Particles:
1 The alpha particles are the heaviest as they are
produced when the heaviest element decay.
2.They are not waves but high energy particles which
are from unstable nuclei.
3.These are similar to Helium atom and contain two
protons and two neutrons
4.These particles are large and heavy in nature, so
cannot penetrate but easily get absorbed.
CHAPTER 21 RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS_PHARM D
19. 3/29/2023 19
ALPHA Particles:
5.Due to less penetration of alpha particles, elements
which emit them do not find any use in biological
application as they cannot penetrate tissues.
6.They get deflected in electric and magnetic field.
7.They produce fluorescence
8.They ionize the gas through which they pass and can
penetrate through matter
CHAPTER 21 RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS_PHARM D
20. 3/29/2023 20
BETA Particles:
1.They are much lighter energy particles and have less
ionizing power than alpha particles.
2.Beta particles are 8000 times smaller than the alpha
particles.
3.The emission of beta particles from element does not
alter the atomic mass and is converted to element with
next higher atomic number
4.Beta particles have negligible masses
CHAPTER 21 RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS_PHARM D
21. 3/29/2023 21
BETA Particles:
5.They get deflected in electric and magnetic
field.
6.They ionize the gas through which they pass
and can penetrate through matter. Their
penetrating power is 100 times more than that
of α-particles
7.They produce fluorescence
CHAPTER 21 RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS_PHARM D
22. 3/29/2023 22
GAMMA Particles:
1. They are having completely different character. They do not
have any charge or mass on them. It travels with the same
velocity of light.
2. Gamma rays are like X-rays, have shorter wavelength than
the visible light.
3. Penetrating power of gamma rays was found to be more
than alpha and beta rays.
4. When gamma rays are emitted from a radioactive element, no
change or loss of atomic mass or number takes place, only
there is lowering of nuclear energy.
CHAPTER 21 RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS_PHARM D
23. 3/29/2023 23
GAMMA Particles:
5. They produce fluorescence in some materials.
6. They produce heat on the surface on which
they fall.
7. They can produce nuclear reaction.
CHAPTER 21 RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS_PHARM D
27. 27
RADIOACTIVE DECAY LAW
When a radioactive material undergoes
α, β or γ-decay, the number of nuclei
undergoing the decay, per unit time, is
proportional to the total number of
nuclei in the sample material
3/29/2023 CHAPTER 21 RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS_PHARM D
29. 29
ISOTOPES
Isotopes are atoms with the same
atomic number but different mass
numbers .
3/29/2023 CHAPTER 21 RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS_PHARM D
30. 30
RADIOISOTOPES
Radioactive nuclide, radioisotope, radionuclide
Species of the same chemical element with
different masses whose nuclei are unstable
and dispel excess energy by spontaneously
emitting radiation in the form
of alpha, beta, and gamma rays.
3/29/2023 CHAPTER 21 RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS_PHARM D
32. 32
RADIOISOTOPES
•Most of the isotopes which occur naturally are stable.
•A few naturally occurring isotopes and all of the man-
made isotopes are unstable.
•Unstable isotopes can become stable by releasing
different types of particles.
•This process is called radioactive decay and the
elements which undergo this process are called
radioactive isotopes/radioisotopes/radionuclides.
3/29/2023 CHAPTER 21 RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS_PHARM D
33. 33
RADIOISOTOPES
Characteristics of an isotope:
Should release high energy photon.
Should decay without particle emission.
Should be readily available.
Should have specific activity.
Should have compound ability.
3/29/2023 CHAPTER 21 RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS_PHARM D
36. 36
Certain precautions must be taken:
3/29/2023
(i)Radioactive material should never be touched with
hands but handled by means of forceps.
(ii)Food contaminated with radioactive material can
cause serious damage to internal organs, so avoid any
food intake, drinking and smoking within the lab.
(iii)Sufficient protective clothing or shielding must be
used while handling the material.
.
CHAPTER 21 RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS_PHARM D
37. 37
Certain precautions must be taken:
3/29/2023
(iv)Radioactive material should be kept in
labelled containers and must be shielded.
(v)Area of storage must be under proper
supervision.
(vi)Disposal of radioactive material is done with
great care.
. CHAPTER 21 RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS_PHARM D
38. 38
Labelling
3/29/2023
Every radiopharmaceutical preparation must comply with the
labelling requirements established under Good Manufacturing
Practice
The label on the primary container should include: Document
•A statement that the product is radioactive or the international
symbol for radioactivity
• the name of the radiopharmaceutical preparation;
• where appropriate, that the preparation is for diagnostic or for
therapeutic use;
• the route of administration;
• CHAPTER 21 RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS_PHARM D
39. 39
Labelling
3/29/2023
• the total radioactivity present at a stated date and, where
necessary, time; for solutions, a statement of the
radioactivity in a suitable volume may be given instead;
• the expiry date and, where necessary, time;
• the batch (lot) number assigned by the manufacturer;
• for solutions, the total volume.
CHAPTER 21 RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS_PHARM D
40. 40
SODIUM IODIDE (I131)
3/29/2023
Synonym: Radioactive iodine
Out of all radioactive isotopes of Iodine, I131 is most commonly used.
It is used as an aqueous solution of sodium iodide having sodium thiosulphate
in addition as a reducing agent
Method of Preparation:
Most I-131 is prepared in nuclear reactor
Standards: It should not contain less than 90% and not more than 110% of
labelled amount of Iodine-131 as iodide at the time indicating in the labelling.
CHAPTER 21 RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS_PHARM D
41. 41
SODIUM IODIDE (I131)
3/29/2023
Properties:
It forms a colorless solution.
I131 have half-life of 8.4 days and emits beta and gamma
radiations.
Its solution is having pH range of 7 to 10.
Hyperthyroidism Treatment by I131:
Iodide inhibits the release of thyroid hormone and forms the basis for
its use in hyperthyroidism. All the isotopes of iodine are rapidly taken up by
thyroid follicles. Radioactive iodine i.e. I131 is available as Na I131 solution and
is administered orally.
CHAPTER 21 RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS_PHARM D
42. 42
SODIUM IODIDE (I131)
3/29/2023
Uses:
•Radioactive iodine is mainly used for the diagnosis
of disorders of thyroid function.
•It is also used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.
•Radioactive iodine is also used in the treatment of
Grave’s disease
•It is also used in radiotherapy of thyroid cancer.
CHAPTER 21 RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS_PHARM D
43. 43
SODIUM IODIDE (I131)
3/29/2023
Packaging and Storage Condition:
The solution has to be prepared in single dose or multiple dose
containers that have been previously treated to prevent absorption.
So as to avoid absorption of radionuclides on the wall of the
container including laboratory vessels, it has been recommended that
containers used to handle sodium iodide
I-131 solution, should be first of all rinsed with a solution having
approximately 0.8% of sodium bisulphate and 0.25% of sodium iodide and
then water until the last rinsing has been neutral to litmus.
CHAPTER 21 RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS_PHARM D
45. 3/29/2023 45
(i) Radioisotopes in Diagnosis:
1. Chromium in the form of sodium chromate attaches strongly to the
hemoglobin of red blood cells. This makes radioactive chromium-
151 an excellent isotope for determining the flow of blood through
the heart.
2. Ferric citrate (59Fe) injection finds the use in hematological
disorders.
3. Colloidal gold (198Au ) has been used in studying the blood
circulation in Liver.
4. Sodium iodide (131I) injection is used to study the functioning of
Thyroid gland.
CHAPTER 21 RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS_PHARM D
46. 3/29/2023 46
(ii) Radioisotopes in Therapy
Iodine-131 is used to treat the thyroid for cancers and abnormal
conditions such as hyperthyroidism.
Phosphorus-32 is used to control the excess of RBC production in
bone marrow .
Boron-10 is used in the treatment of tumor. Boron-10 gets
concentrated in tumor and on irradiation with neutrons, it
produces high energy α-particle which kills the cancer.
Lead-212 can be attached to monoclonal antibodies for cancer
treatment.
CHAPTER 21 RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS_PHARM D
47. 3/29/2023 47
(iii) In Research:
Excellent biological and medicinal study can be carried out
with radioactive isotopes as tracers. Generally Carbon-14 are most
commonly used.
(iv) Sterilization:
Thermolabile substances like vitamins, hormones, antibiotics
can be safely sterilized by strong radiation sources. e.g. Cobalt-60
may be used for sterilizing surgical instrument.
CHAPTER 21 RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS_PHARM D
48. 3/29/2023 48
Sr. No. Radio-isotope Applications/Uses
1. Calcium-44, 45 (Ca-44,45) Study of bone structure and bone cancer
2. Carbon-14(C-14) Emit β-radiations, used in medical and
pharmaceutical research
3. Strontium-90(Sr-90) Pure β-emitter, used in radiotherapy of superficial
carcinoma.
4. Cobalt-60(Co-60) γ-emitter, radiotherapy , sterilization of heat labile
substances, study of vitamin B12
5. Cobalt-57(Co-57) Used in diagnosis of pernicious anemia
CHAPTER 21 RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS_PHARM D
49. 49
Measurement of Radioactivity
3/29/2023
•The measurement of nuclear radiation and detection is
an important aspect in the identification of type of
radiations (, , ) and to assay the radionuclide emitting
the radiation, suitable detectors are required.
•The radiations are identified on the basis of their
properties.
CHAPTER 21 RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS_PHARM D
50. 50
CLASSIFICATION
3/29/2023
A)Based on measuring discharge current due to ionization
current
e.g. Geiger–Müller counter, proportional counter
B) Based on visualization of track of ions
e.g. bubble chamber, Cloud chamber
C) Based on Light emission
e.g. Scintillation counter
CHAPTER 21 RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS_PHARM D