1. Orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) are solid dosage forms that disintegrate rapidly, usually within seconds, when placed on the tongue without the need for water.
2. ODTs are appropriate for patients who have difficulty swallowing tablets or capsules, such as elderly patients, children, and bedridden patients. They can improve medication compliance and therapeutic effects.
3. Key factors in developing ODTs include selecting drugs that have appropriate properties, using superdisintegrants and other excipients to enable rapid disintegration, and employing manufacturing techniques like direct compression that avoid moisture.
pharmaceutical technologists have developed a novel oral dosage form known as orally disintegrating tablets (odts) which disintegrate rapidly in saliva, usually in a matter of seconds, without the need to take it water. drug dissolution and absorption as well as onset of clinical effect and drug bioavailability may be significantly greater than those observed from conventional dosage forms ,
pharmaceutical technologists have developed a novel oral dosage form known as orally disintegrating tablets (odts) which disintegrate rapidly in saliva, usually in a matter of seconds, without the need to take it water. drug dissolution and absorption as well as onset of clinical effect and drug bioavailability may be significantly greater than those observed from conventional dosage forms ,
SOLID DISPERSION
Definition: The technology is the science of dispersing one or more active ingredients in an inert matrix in the solid stage.
Need of solid dispersion:
Increases Oral bioavailability of a drug
Increased dissolution rate.
Enhanced release of drugs from ointment.
Improved the solubility & stability.
The concept of solid dispersion was originally proposed by Sekiguchi & obi.
Increasing the dissolution, absorption & therapeutic efficacy of drugs in dosage forms.
Increasing solubility in water.
Improving the oral absorption and bioavailability of BCS Class II drugs.
In recent years many advancement has been made in research and development of Oral Drug Delivery System. Concept of Novel Drug Delivery System arose to overcome the certain aspect related to physicochemical properties of drug molecule and the related formulations.
Purpose of this review is to compile the recent literature with special focus on Gastro Retentive Drug Delivery Systems to give an update
on pharmaceutical approaches used in enhancing the Gastric Residence Time (GRT). Various approaches are currently used including Gastro Retentive Floating Drug Delivery Systems(GRFDDS),swelling and expanding system, polymeric bioadhesive systems, modifiedshape
systems, high density system and other delayed gastric emptying devices. These systems are very helpful to different problem solve during the formulation of different dosage form. The present work also focuses on the polymers used in floating drug delivery systems
mostly from natural origin. Floating drug delivery systems are less dense than gastric fluids; hence remain buoyant in the upper GIT for a
prolonged period, releasing the drug at the desired/ predeterminedrate. This review article focuses on the recent technological development in floating drug delivery systems with special emphasis on the principal mechanism of floatation and advantages of achieving gastric
retention, brief collection on various polymers employed for floating drug delivery systems etc. In addition this review also summarizes the In –Vitro and In -Vivo studies to evaluate their performance and also their future potential.
it provide a brief note on the drug excipient interaction and various technique to find it which is a part of preformulation studies. it gives help to mpharm(pharmaceutics) students. i.
SOLID DISPERSION
Definition: The technology is the science of dispersing one or more active ingredients in an inert matrix in the solid stage.
Need of solid dispersion:
Increases Oral bioavailability of a drug
Increased dissolution rate.
Enhanced release of drugs from ointment.
Improved the solubility & stability.
The concept of solid dispersion was originally proposed by Sekiguchi & obi.
Increasing the dissolution, absorption & therapeutic efficacy of drugs in dosage forms.
Increasing solubility in water.
Improving the oral absorption and bioavailability of BCS Class II drugs.
In recent years many advancement has been made in research and development of Oral Drug Delivery System. Concept of Novel Drug Delivery System arose to overcome the certain aspect related to physicochemical properties of drug molecule and the related formulations.
Purpose of this review is to compile the recent literature with special focus on Gastro Retentive Drug Delivery Systems to give an update
on pharmaceutical approaches used in enhancing the Gastric Residence Time (GRT). Various approaches are currently used including Gastro Retentive Floating Drug Delivery Systems(GRFDDS),swelling and expanding system, polymeric bioadhesive systems, modifiedshape
systems, high density system and other delayed gastric emptying devices. These systems are very helpful to different problem solve during the formulation of different dosage form. The present work also focuses on the polymers used in floating drug delivery systems
mostly from natural origin. Floating drug delivery systems are less dense than gastric fluids; hence remain buoyant in the upper GIT for a
prolonged period, releasing the drug at the desired/ predeterminedrate. This review article focuses on the recent technological development in floating drug delivery systems with special emphasis on the principal mechanism of floatation and advantages of achieving gastric
retention, brief collection on various polymers employed for floating drug delivery systems etc. In addition this review also summarizes the In –Vitro and In -Vivo studies to evaluate their performance and also their future potential.
it provide a brief note on the drug excipient interaction and various technique to find it which is a part of preformulation studies. it gives help to mpharm(pharmaceutics) students. i.
The role of dissolution in the demonstration of bioequivalenceinemet
PharmaCon2007 Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia "New Technologies and Trends in Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Industry and Education" http://www.pharmacon2007.com
Abstract is available at http://www.pharmaconnectme.com
Adverse Events among HIV/MDR-TB Co-Infected Patients Receiving Antiretroviral...Dr.Samsuddin Khan
Abstract
Background
Significant adverse events (AE) have been reported in patients receiving medications for multidrug- and extensively-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB & XDR-TB). However, there is little prospective data on AE in MDR- or XDR-TB/HIV co-infected patients on antituberculosis and antiretroviral therapy (ART) in programmatic settings.
Methods
Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) is supporting a community-based treatment program for drug-resistant tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients in a slum setting in Mumbai, India since 2007. Patients are being treated for both diseases and the management of AE is done on an outpatient basis whenever possible. Prospective data were analysed to determine the occurrence and nature of AE.
Results
Between May 2007 and September 2011, 67 HIV/MDR-TB co-infected patients were being treated with anti-TB treatment and ART; 43.3% were female, median age was 35.5 years (Interquartile Range: 30.5–42) and the median duration of anti-TB treatment was 10 months (range 0.5–30). Overall, AE were common in this cohort: 71%, 63% and 40% of patients experienced one or more mild, moderate or severe AE, respectively. However, they were rarely life-threatening or debilitating. AE occurring most frequently included gastrointestinal symptoms (45% of patients), peripheral neuropathy (38%), hypothyroidism (32%), psychiatric symptoms (29%) and hypokalaemia (23%). Eleven patients were hospitalized for AE and one or more suspect drugs had to be permanently discontinued in 27 (40%). No AE led to indefinite suspension of an entire MDR-TB or ART regimen.
Conclusions
AE occurred frequently in this Mumbai HIV/MDR-TB cohort but not more frequently than in non-HIV patients on similar anti-TB treatment. Most AE can be successfully managed on an outpatient basis through a community-based treatment program, even in a resource-limited setting. Concerns about severe AE in the management of co-infected patients are justified, however, they should not cause delays in the urgently needed rapid scale-up of antiretroviral therapy and second-line anti-TB treatment
Ideas for pharmacy students on final year project : Possible Research FieldsTareq ✅
A lot of pharmacy students start to worry about what they should do for a Final Year Project (fyp). The aim of the presentation is to provide the basic ideas about FYP based on different courses of pharmacy discipline.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=M4MapX6DM4I
Tablets are solid dosage forms usually obtained by single or multiple compression of powders or granules. In certain cases tablets may be obtained by molding or extrusion techniques. They are uncoated or coated. Tablets are normally right circular solid cylinders, the end surfaces of which are flat or convex and the edges of which may be bevelled. They may have lines or break-marks (scoring), symbols or other markings.Tablets contain one or more active ingredients. They may contain excipients such as diluents, binders, disintegrating agents, glidants, lubricants, substances capable of modifying the behaviour of the dosage forms and the active ingredient(s) in the gastrointestinal tract, colouring matter authorized by the appropriate national or regional authority and flavouring substances. When such excipients are used it is necessary to ensure that they do not adversely affect the stability, dissolution rate, bioavailability, safety or efficacy of the active ingredient(s); there must be no incompatibility between any of the components of the dosage form.
Tablets are single-dose preparations intended for oral administration. Some are intended to be swallowed whole, some after being chewed and some after being crushed, some are intended to be dissolved or dispersed in water before being taken and some are intended to be retained in the mouth where the active ingredient(s) is/are liberated.
Thin film drug delivery (Oral dissolve film )Chouthri D
to know about oral dissolving films, ,thin film dds ,oral dissolve films ,oral dispersal film ,api ,advantage for oral thin film ,ingredient using in thin film ,colouring agent used in thin film ,semisolid casting method ,thin film manufacturing mathods ,solvent casting method ,hot melt extrusion ,roiling method ,plasticizer ,water soluble polymers ,comparing between odt and odf ,solid dispersion extrusion ,application of oral dissolving film ,composition of fds,surfactant,saliva stimulating agent,flavouring agent,thi film manufacturing video
Tablets: a.Introduction, ideal characteristics of tablets, Classification of tablets. Excipients, Formulation of tablets, granulation methods, compression and processing problems.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
2. o Introduction
o Objectives of The Study
o Review of literature
o Plan Of Work
o Materials & Methods:
• Pre-formulation
• Formulation &
• Evaluation
o References
3.
4. Def :-
Orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) were defined as a solid dosage
form containing medicinal substances that disintegrate within a
matter of seconds when placed on tongue.
According to EUROPEAN PHARMACOPEIA, ODTs were
defined as orodisperse that can be placed in mouth where it
disperses rapidly before swallowing.
These are appropriate dosage form for older people, children, and
bedridden patients because it can be difficult for these patients to
swallow conventional tablets or capsules.
In these patients, medication compliance and therapeutic effect
could be improved by taking ODTs that can rapidly and easily
disintegrate in oral cavity.
5. What are ODTs?
Solid dosage form
Rapid
Oral route of disintegration
administration on the tongue
Fast Dissolve
Dosage Form
A stable, oral dosage form
with the dosing ease of a liquid
6. Regulatory Definitions
US Definition
• Orally Disintegrating Tablet
• A solid dosage form containing medicinal substances which disintegrates
rapidly, usually within a matter of seconds when placed upon the tongue.
• Tablet weight <500mg. In-vitro USP disintegration test <30 seconds.
• FDA Guidance for Industry -Orally Disintegrating Tablets (Dec 2008)
EU Definition
• Orodispersible tablets
• Orodispersible tablets are uncoated tablets intended to be placed in the mouth
where they disperse rapidly before being swallowed
• Disintegration Test: Orodispersible tablets disintegrate within 3 mins when
examined by the test for disintegratioN.
• European Pharmacopoeia (Ph.Eur.)
7. Why use ODT?
ODT
• Clinical Formulation Marketing
• Pregastric delivery • Compliance • New presentation
• Faster onset • Convenience • Extend exclusivity
• Better S&E • Stability • Broader application
• Bioequivalence • Ease of use • USP
• Local delivery
8. CLASSIFICATION OF ODTs
First generation SECOND THIRD
ODTs generation ODTs generation ODTs
Preparation method • Prepared by freeze – • Wet granulation method • Dry granulation method
drying method. • Drying the drug and • Dry mass including the
• Drug suspension along additives after tabletting drug and saccharides were
with specific additives was their wet mass(TUSHIMA tabletted.
filled into the pockets of 2001).
press through packing.
ADVANTAGES • RAPID • Rapid disintegration of • Rapid disintegration of
DISINTEGRATION of ODTs ODTs
ODTs • Less friable then first
generation ODTs
DISADVANTAGES • Handling was difficult • LOW HARDNESS OF • High porosity
because the tablets were TABLETS • Low hardness
very friable • High porosity • Low density
• Highly sensitive to • Low density
moisture
• No Taste masking
compounds applied for
bitter tasting drugs
•Low density and hardness
9. Need for ODTs
Orally disintegrating dosage forms are particularly suitable for patients
find it inconvenient to swallow traditional tablets and capsules with glass
of water.
Pediatric and geriatric patients
Patients who are unwilling to take solid preparation due to fear of
choking
A patient with persistent nausea, who may be in journey, or has little or
no access to water
Increased bioavailability and faster onset of action are a major claim of
these formulations.
10. Advantages of ODT’s
1. Good for patients with swallowing difficulties.
2. Good for paediatric compliance
3. Convenient to administer during travelling or working without need of water
4. The pre-gastric drug absorption avoids the first-pass metabolism.
5. Pregastric absorption leading to increased bioavaibility/ rapid absorption of drugs
from mouth, pharynx and oesophagus as saliva passes down to stomach, also
avoids hepatic Metabolism.
6. Convenient for administration to traveling patients and busy people who do not
have accesses to water.
7. Excellent mouths feel property produced by use of flavours and sweetners help to
change the perception of “medication as bitter pill” especially in pediatric
population.
8. Fast disintegration of tablets leads to quick dissolution and rapid absorption which
may produce rapid onset of action.
9. ODTs offer all the advantages of solid dosage forms and liquid dosage forms.
10. Convenience of administration and accurate dosing compared to liquids.
11. Drug selection criteria
The ideal characteristics of a drug for oral dispersible tablet include:
Ability to permeate the oral mucosa.
At least partially non-ionized at the oral cavity pH.
Have the ability to diffuse and partition into the epithelium of the
upper GIT.
Small to moderate molecular weight.
Low dose drugs preferably less than 50mg.
Short half life and frequent dosing drugs are unsuitable for ODT.
Drug should have good stability in saliva and water.
Very bitter or unacceptable taste and odor drugs are unsuitable for
ODT.
12. IMPORTANT CRITERIA FOR EXCIPIENTS USED IN THE
FORMULATION OF ODTs:
• It must be able to disintegrate quickly.
• Their individual properties should not affect the ODTs.
• It should not have any interactions with drug and other excipients.
• It should not interfere in the efficacy and organoleptic properties of the product.
• When selecting binder a (single or combination of binders) care must be taken in the
final integrity and stability of the product.
• The binders may be in liquid, semi liquid, solid or polymeric mixtures11.
(Ex: Polyethylene glycol, coca butter, hydrogenated vegetable oils)
14. Formulation of ODT’s
Disintegrating agents:
Starch and modified starches (e.g. – Primogel, Carboxy methyl Starches,
Pregelatinized, Starch USP, Starch 1500 )
Cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone (eg. Povidone).
Modified celluloses such as cross-linked sodium carboxymethylcellulose
(eg. Ac-Di-Sol)
Alginic acid and sodium alginate
Microcrystalline cellulose e.g. - Avicel DG, Avicel PH-101.
Super disintegrants - Crosscarmellose®
Ac-Di-Sol® Swelling is in two dimensions.
-Direct compression or granulation
Primellose® -Starch free
Vivasol®
Water insoluble and spongy in
Crosspovidone - nature so get porous tablet
Sodium Starch Glycolate -
Soy polysaccharides Rapid dissolving.
Emcosoy Does not contain any starch or
sugar. Used in nutritional products.
15. Formulation of ODT’s
Binders :
SMCC (Silicified microcrystalline cellulose )
SMCC1 SMCC2 SMCC3
Starch paste , Natural Gums, Liquid Glucose , etc. )
Flavors:
A bitter product - mint, cherry or anise may be used
A salty product – peach, apricot or liquorice may be used
A sour product - raspberry or liquorice may be used
An excessively sweet product - vanilla may be used
16. TECHNOLOGIES FOR PREPARING ODT’S
The various technologies adopted to prepare ODTs are:
a)Freeze drying / Lyophilization
b)Moulding
c)Sublimation
d)Spray drying
e)Mass extrusion
f)Direct compression
17. Direct compression
• Easiest way to manufacture tablets is direct compression
.
• Low manufacturing cost, conventional equipments and limited number of processing steps led
this technique to be a preferable one. However disintegration and dissolution of directly
compressed tablets depend on single or combined effect of disintegrant, water soluble
excipients
and effervescing agents.
• It is essential to choose a suitable and an optimum concentration of disintegrant to ensure quick
disintegration and dissolution.
• Superdisintegrants are newer substances which are more effective at lower concentrations with
greater disintegrating efficiency and mechanical strength.
• On contact with water, the superdisintegrants swell, hydrate, change volume or form and
produce a disruptive change in the tablet. Effective superdisintegrants provide improved
compressibility, compatibility and have no negative impact on the mechanical strength of
formulations containing high dose drugs.
18. • The type of disintegrants and its proportion are of prime importance.
• Also factors to be considered are particle size distribution, contact angle, pore size distribution
and water absorption capacity.
• Studies revealed that the water insoluble superdisintegrants like sodium starch glycolate and
Croscarmellose sodium show better disintegration property than the slightly water soluble
agents like Crospovidone, since they do not have a tendency to swell.
• Superdisintegrants that tend to swell show slight retardation of the disintegration property due
to formation of viscous barrier. There is no particular upper limit regarding the amount of
superdisintegrant as long as the mechanical properties of the tablet are compatible with its
intended use. The superdisintegrant may be used alone or in combination with other
superdisintegrants.
19. Freeze Drying
A process in which water is sublimated from the product after freezing.
Lyophilization is a pharmaceutical technology which allows drying of heat sensitive
drugs and biological at low temperature under conditions that allow removal of water
by sublimation.
Lyophilization results in preparations, which are highly porous, with a very high
specific surface area, which dissolve rapidly and show improved absorption and
bioavailability.
Moulding
In this method, molded tablets are prepared by using water-soluble ingredients so that
the tablets dissolve completely and rapidly.
The powder blend is moistened with a hydro-alcoholic solvent and is molded into
tablets under pressure lower than that used in conventional tablet compression.
The solvent is then removed by air-drying. Molded tablets are very less compact than
compressed tablets. These possess porous structure that enhances dissolution.
20. • Sublimation
The slow dissolution of the compressed tablet containing even highly water-
soluble ingredients is due to the low porosity of the tablets. Inert solid
ingredients that volatilize readily (e.g. urea, ammonium carbonate,
ammonium bicarbonate, camphor etc.) were added to the other tablet
ingredients and the mixture is compressed into tablets.
The volatile materials were then removed via sublimation, which generates
porous structures.
Additionally, several solvents (e.g. cyclohexane, benzene) can be also used
as pore forming agents.
21. Patented Technologies For Fast Dissolving
Tablets
Zydis Technology
A Zydis tablet is produced by lyophilizing or freeze-drying the drug in a matrix
usually consisting of gelatin.
The product is very lightweight and fragile, and must be dispensed in a special
blister pack.
Patients should be advised not to push the tablets through the foil film, but instead
peel the film back to release the tablet.
The Zydis product is made to dissolve on the tongue in
2 to 3 seconds.
Feldene Melt (Piroxicam 20 mg )
Claritin Reditab (Loratidine 10 mg )
22. • Durasolv Technology
The tablets made by this technology consist of a drug, fillers and a
lubricant.
Tablets are prepared by using conventional tableting equipment and
have good rigidity.
These can be packed into conventional packaging system like blisters.
Durasolv is an appropriate technology for products requiring low
amounts of active ingredients.
Parcopa® (levodopa and carbidopa)
NuLev® (hyoscyamine)
• Orasolv Technology
In this system active medicament is taste masked.
It also contains effervescent disintegrating agent.
Tablets are made by direct compression technique at low compression
force in order to minimize oral dissolution time.
Conventional blenders and tablet machine is used to produce the tablets.
The tablets produced are soft and friable and packaged in specially
designed pick and place system.
FazaClo® (clozapine)
Orapred ODT®** (prednisolone sodium phosphate)
23. Drugs Formulated Into ODT’s
• Analgesics and Anti-inflammatory Agents:
e.g. Azapropazone, Meclofenamic Acid, Indomethacin, Phenylbutazone,
etc.
• Anthelmintics
e.g. Albendazole, Mebendazole, Dichlorophen, etc.
• Anti-coagulants:
e.g.Dicoumarol, Nicoumalone, Phenindione, etc.
• Anti-bacterial Agents:
e.g. Penicillin, Ciprofloxacin, Clarithromycin, Clofazimine, Cloxacillin,
Demeclocycline, Doxycycline, Erythromycin, Ethionamide,
24. • Anti-Epileptics:
e.g. Carbamazepine, Clonazepam, Ethotoin, Methoin, etc.
• Anti-Fungal Agents:
e.g. Amphotericin, Clotrimazole, Econazole Nitrate, Fluconazole,
Fiucytosine, Griseofulvin, Itraconazole, Ketoconazole, Miconazole,
Natamycin, Nystatin. Etc.
25. • Formulation and evaluation of oral disintegrating tablets of Sertraline :
Suhas M. Kakade1*, Vinod S. Mannur1,Ravindra V. Kardi1, Ketan B. Ramani1, Ayaz A. Dhada11, Department of
Pharmaceutics, K.L.E. University’s college of pharmacy, J.N.M.C. Campus, Belgaum – 590010, India.
Orally disintegrating tablets prepared by direct compression and using super disintegrants like
crospovidone, croscarmellose sodium and sodium starch glycolate designate, designated as three different
groups of formulation ( A, B and C) respectively were prepared and evaluated for the pre-compression
parameters such as bulk density, compressibility, angle of repose etc.
• Formulation and evaluation of oral disintegrating tablets of Ondasetron hydrochloride
using natural superdisintegrants:
Nitin Bansal*, Govind Sharma, College of Pharmacy, IPS Academy, Indore (M. P.),India.
Tablets containing the drug were prepared by dry granulation method using different concentrations of
superdisintegrants such as modified gum karaya, modified natural agar, crosscarmellose sodium and sodium
starch glycollate. The formulations were evaluated for weight variation, hardness, friability, drug content,
wetting time, in vitro disintegration time and in vitro dissolution study.
• Formulation and evaluation of oral disintegrating tablets of Salbutamol sulphate by cost-efficient |
direct compression method :
Reeta Rani Thakur*1, Vipin Sardana1, M.M College of Pharmacy, M.M. University, Mullana,
Ambala-133001, India
Disintegrating Tablet of Salbutamol sulphate was selected as model drug In the present study, an attempt
had been made to prepare oral disintegrating tablets of the drug using various superdisintegrates
crospovidone, sodium starch glycolate, crosscarmellose sodium following bydirect compression
technique. Nine formulations having different superdisintegrants atdifferent concentration levels were
prepared to assess their efficiency and criticalconcentration level.
26. • Formulation and In-vitro Evaluation of Orally Disintegrating Tablets of Olanzapine-2-
Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex :
Kulkarni Ajit Shankarrao*, Ghadge Dhairysheel Mahadeo and Kokate Pankaj Balavantrao, Depatment of Pharmaceutics,
Satara College of Pharmacy, Satara, M.S. India.
The aim of this study was to design orally disintegrating tablets of Olanzapine and to complex Olanzapine
with 2-hydroxypropyl-β- cyclodextrin with special emphasis on disintegration and dissolution studies.
• Formulation and In-vitro Evaluation of taste masked oral disintegrating tablets of
predisolone :
V. Ananda, *, R. Kandarapub, S. Gargc, Department of Pharmaceutics, Seth G. L. Bihani S. D. College of Technical
Education, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, India b Research and Development, Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Ltd. (Generics),
Bachupally, Hyderabad, India c School of Pharmacy, University of Aukland, New Zealand Received 20 June 2007;
Revised
18 September 2007; Accepted 13 October 2007
To prepare taste-masked orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) of prednisolone (PDL) by incorporation of
microspheres in the tablets for use in specific populations viz. pediatrics, geriatrics and patients
experiencing difficulty in swallowing.
• Formulation and evaluation of Rizatriptan Benzoate Orally Disintegrating Tablets :
Mothilal. M*, Srikanth Kota, Sivagirish babu G, Gnanendra Kumar,
Manimaran. V and Damodharan. N Department of Pharmaceutics, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM University,
Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India.
Orally disintegrating benzoate were prepared by direct compression method to provide faster relief from
pain to migraine sufferers. About twelve formulations for tablets of Rizatriptan
27. • Formulation, Evaluation and Optimization of Orally Disintegrating Tablet of Piroxicam :
*Bhupendra G.Prajapati, Bhaskar Patel, S.K.Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research,Ganpat University,
Kherva-382711, Mehsana, Gujarat State, INDIA
Objective of this study was to formulate directly compressible orally disintegrating tablets of piroxicam
with sufficient mechanical integrity, content uniformity, and acceptable palatability to assist patients of any
age group for easy administration. Effect of varying concentrations of different superdisintegrants such as
crospovidone, croscarmellose sodium, and sodium starch glycolate on disintegration time was studied.
• Formulation And Evaluation Of Enalapril Maleate Orodispersible Tablet :
S.Jayaprakash, K.Kulathuran Pillai, S.Mohamed Halith*, Ganesh Doifode, Abirami, P.U.Mohamed Firthouse Department
of Pharmaceutics, K.M.College of Pharmacy, Madurai-625107, Tamilnadu, India.
In the present work Enalapril maleate tablet have been developed in an orodispersible tablets formulation
(ODT). Which was designed to facilitate tablet disintegration and drug dispersion. Orodispersible tablet of
Enalapril maleate which, when placed in the tongue disintegrates or dissolve rapidly in the saliva without
water.
28. To formulate Oral disintegrating tablets for new generation drugs of Anti-
migraine for treating migraine.
Formulation Designing : 2n factorial design technique was used for formulation
designing. In this “2” is factor i.e. combination of two super disintegrants at a time and “n”
indicates level i.e. higher and lower concentration
To Characterize interaction between the drugs & the excipients used.
To Evaluate the prepared Oral disintegrating tablets.
To Select an optimized formulation and compare it with the marketed products &
find the F2 value.
30. Avitriptan
IUPAC Name –
1-[3-[3-[4-(5-methoxypyrimidin-
4yl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl]-1H-indol-5-yl]-N-
methyl-methanesulfonamide .
Molecular formula - C22H30N6O3S
Molecular Weight - 458.577
Catergory - Indolylpiperazine compound with abortive antimigraine properties.
I
MOA - Avitriptan interacts with vascular 5-HT11-like receptors to constrict cerebral blood
vessels and reduce carotid artery blood flow by closing AV anastomoses (AV
shunts)that have been implicated in causing migraine pain .
The drug was rapidly absorbed after oral administration, with peak plasma concentrations
occurring at 0.5 hr postdose. Absolute bioavailability was 19.3% in rats and 17.2% in
humans.
31. Clonidine Hydrochloride
IUPAC Name –
N-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-
imidazol-2-amine
Molecular formula - C9H10Cl3N3 Hcl
Molecular Weight - 266.5548
Catergory - Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists.
MOA - Stimulates central alpha-adrenergic receptors to inhibit sympathetic
cardioaccelerator and vasoconstrictor centers.
T1/2 - 6-20 hours; 40-60% is excreted in urine unchanged, 20% is excreted in feces. Less
than 10% is excreted by p-hydroxyclonidine.
Bioavailability - 75-95%
32. Ergotamine Tartrate
IUPAC Name –
(6aR,9R)-N-((2R,5S,10aS,10bS)- 5-benzyl-10b-
hydroxy-2-methyl- 3,6-dioxooctahydro-2H-
oxazolo[3,2-a] pyrrolo[2,1-c]pyrazin-2-yl) -7-
methyl-4,6,6a,7,8,9-hexahydroindolo[4,3-fg]
quinoline-9-carboxamide
Molecular formula - C33H35N5O5)2, C4H6O6
Molecular mass - 1312.4 g/mol
Catergory - Vasoconstrictor Agents, Sympatholytics, Adrenergic, alpha-Agonists,
Analgesics, Non-Narcotic
.
MOA - Avitriptan interacts with vascular 5-HT11-like receptors to constrict cerebral blood
vessels and reduce carotid artery blood flow by closing AV anastomoses (AV
shunts)that have been implicated in causing migraine pain .
T1/2 - Is approximately 2 h; 90% of metabolites are excreted in the bile. Unmetabolized
ergotamine is erratically excreted in the saliva, and trace amounts are excreted in the
feces and urine.
Bioavailability - Intravenous: 100%, Intramuscular: 47%, Oral: <1% (Enhanced by co-
administration of caffeine
33. Naratriptan
IUPAC Name –
N-methyl-2-[3-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-1H-
indol-5-yl]ethanesulfonamide
Molecular formula - C17H25N3O2
Molecular Weight - 335.465 [[gram g/mol
Catergory - 5HT (serotonin) agonist.
MOA - Endogenous compounds and drugs that specifically stimulate SEROTONIN 5-
HT1 RECEPTORS. Included under this heading are agonists for one or more of
the specific 5-HT1 receptor subtypes.
Bioavailability - 74%
Metabolism - Hepatic
T1/2 - 5-8 hours
Excretion - Renal