The document discusses various risk factors related to the effects of disasters on human life from different perspectives. Physical factors refer to infrastructure and availability of safety objects. Psychological factors include mental health and perception. Socio-cultural factors involve beliefs, traditions and social status. Economic factors are assets, income and class. Political factors include government structure and diplomacy. Biological factors involve environment, health and diseases. Severity of exposure, gender, age and lack of support influence recovery. Disasters can cause displacement, health issues like disease, food scarcity, and lasting emotional trauma for children. Physical, psychological, socio-cultural, economic, political and biological perspectives provide different lenses for understanding disaster impacts.
Contents:
1. Concept of Earthquake
2. Hazards Associated to Earthquake
- Ground Shaking
- Ground Rapture
- Tsunami
- Earthquake induced landslide
3. What do to BEFORE, DURING, AFTER Earthquake
Contents:
1. Concept of Earthquake
2. Hazards Associated to Earthquake
- Ground Shaking
- Ground Rapture
- Tsunami
- Earthquake induced landslide
3. What do to BEFORE, DURING, AFTER Earthquake
Crisis InterventionAdaptation and coping are a natural part ofCruzIbarra161
Crisis Intervention
Adaptation and coping are a natural part of life. If children are protected from experiencing negative events and developing coping skills, they may be unable to cope and adapt to crisis situations in later life. Crisis occurs when there is a perceived challenge or threat that overwhelms the capacity of the individual to cope effectively with the event. A crisis disrupts the life of the individual experiencing the event.
In a crisis, the person’s habits and coping patterns are suspended. Often, unexpected emotional (e.g., depression) and biologic (e.g., nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headaches) responses occur. Although a person may become extremely anxious, depressed, or elated, feeling states do not determine whether a person is in a crisis. If functioning is severely impaired, a crisis is occurring (Yeager & Roberts, 2003).
Crisis
A crisis is generally regarded as time limited, lasting no more than 4 to 6 weeks. At the end of that time, the person in crisis should have begun to come to grips with the event and to harness resources to cope with its long-term consequences. By definition, there is no such thing as a chronic crisis. People who live in constant turmoil are not in crisis but in chaos. A crisis can also represent a turning point in a person’s life, with either positive or negative outcomes. It can be an opportunity for growth and change because new ways of coping are learned.
Either internal or external demands that are perceived as threats to a person’s physical or emotional functioning can initiate a crisis. The precipitating event is not only stressful, but unusual or rare. Many life events can evoke a crisis, such as pandemics, natural disasters (e.g., floods, tornadoes, earthquakes) and manmade disasters (e.g., wars, bombings, airplane crashes) as well as traumatic experiences (e.g., rape, sexual abuse, assault). In addition, interpersonal events (divorce, marriage, birth of a child) may create a crisis event in the life of any person.
A crisis is not the same as a psychiatric emergency that requires immediate intervention. A person in crisis may not need an immediate intervention and should not be viewed as having a mental disorder (Roberts, 2005). However, if the person is significantly distressed or social functioning impaired, an Axis I diagnosis of acute stress disorder should be considered (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2000). The person with an acute stress disorder has dissociative symptoms and persistently re-experiences the event (APA).
A. Historical Perspectives of Crisis
The basis of our understanding of the biopsychosocial implications of a crisis began in the 1940s when Eric Lindemann (l944) studied bereavement reactions among the friends and relatives of the victims of the Coconut Grove nightclub fire in Boston in 1942. That fire, in which 493 people died, was the worst single building fire in the country’s history at that time. Lindemann’s goal was to develop prevention approa ...
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
2. PHYSICAL FACTORS
•would pertain to tangible objects or
infrastructure, like the availability of
fire exits, or the sturdiness of the
building, or the presence or absence
of objects that can harm you or help
you, etc.
3. PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS
•include state of mental capacity and
health (e.g. are we dealing with
babies? Kids? Adults? People with
special needs?), perception of self
(e.g. self-assessment of capability to
respond to disasters, fear), etc.
9. SEVERITY OF EXPOSURE
•The amount of exposure to the disaster
is highly related to risk of future mental
problems. At highest risk are those that
go through the disaster themselves. Next
are those in close contact with victims.
At lower risk of lasting impact are those
who only had indirect exposure, such as
news of the severe damage.
10. GENDER AND FAMILY
• Disaster recovery is more stressful when
children are present in the home. Women with
spouses also experience more distress during
recovery. Having a family member in the home
who is extremely distressed is related to more
stress for everyone. Marital stress has been
found to increase after disasters. Also,
conflicts between family members or lack of
support in the home make it harder to recover
from disasters.
11. AGE
• Adults who are in the range of 40 – 60 are
likely to be more distressed after disasters.
The thinking is that if one is in that age range,
he / she has more demands from job and
family. Research on how children react to
natural disasters is still limited at this point in
time. In general, children show more severe
distress after disasters than adults do. Higher
stress in the parents is related to worse
recovery in children.
12.
13. OTHER FACTORS SPECIFIC TO THE
SURVIVOR
oNot functioning well before the disaster.
oHave had no experience dealing with
disasters.
oMust deal with other stressor after the
disaster.
oHave poor self – esteem.
oThink they are uncared by others.
oThink they have little control over what
happens to them.
oLack the capacity to manage stress
14. OTHER FACTORS
oBereavement (death of someone close).
oInjury to self or another family member.
oLife threat.
oPanic, horror, or feelings like that during the
disaster.
oBeing separated from family (especially
among youth).
oGreat loss of property.
oDisplacement (being force to leave home)
15. DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
•There is a strong body of evidence that these
risk factors can be made worse if the disaster
occurs in a developing country. Disasters in
developing countries, like Philippines, have
more severe mental health impact than
disasters in developed countries. This is true
even with less serious disasters.
16. LOW OR NEGATIVE SOCIAL
SUPPORT
•the support of others can be both a
risk and a resilience factor. Social
support can weaken after disasters.
This may be due to stress and the
need for members of the support
network to get on with their own
lives.
18. DISPLACED POPULATIONS
• One of the most immediate effects of natural
disasters is population displacement. When
countries are ravaged by earthquakes or other
powerful forces of nature like floods and super
typhoons, many people must abandon their
homes and seek shelter in other regions. A
large influx of refugees can disrupt
accessibility of health care and education, as
well as food supplies and clean water.
19.
20. HEALTH RISKS
• Aside from the obvious immediate danger
that natural disasters present, the
secondary effects can be just as damaging.
Severe flooding can result in stagnant water
that allows breeding of waterborne bacteria
and malaria-carrying mosquitoes. Dengue
fever is another serious health problem
cause by mosquitoes (aegis egypti). Without
emergency relief from international danger
has passed.
21. Food Scarcity
After natural disasters, food often becomes scarce.
Thousands of people around the world go hungry
because of destroyed crops and loss of agricultural
supplies, whether it happens suddenly in a storm or
gradually in a drought.
As a result, food prices rise, reducing
families’ purchasing power and increasing the risk of
severe malnutrition. The impacts of hunger following
an earthquake, typhoon or hurricane can be
tremendous, cause lifelong damage to children’s
development.
22.
23. EMOTIONAL AFTERSHOCKS
• Natural disasters can be particularly
traumatic for young children. Confronted
with scenes of destruction and the deaths of
friends and loved ones, many children
develop Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
(PTSD), a serious psychological condition
resulting from extreme trauma. Left
untreated, children suffering from PTSD can
be prone to lasting psychological damage
and emotional distress.
25. PHYSICAL PERSPECTIVES
- describes observable objects in a building/infrastructure which include
durability of building, fire exits availability, and absence or presence of an
important objects that would help or harm you in any ways. Example:
houses and environmental sources of living. Physical effects are the most
visible and quantifiable effects of a disaster. In considered in data
recording. Assessment of disaster is focused on the following questions:
• How many families are affected? (displacement, injury, death)
• How many houses are damaged or washed out? (in case of super
typhoons)
• How many buildings collapsed or are damaged? (in case of an
earthquake)
• How many roads, bridges, dams and other infrastructures are
damaged? (in case of floods, lahar flows and earthquakes)
• What is the extent of damage in agricultural industry? (crop, losses,
26. PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
- pertains to the mental capacity and health of an
individual to deal with disasters. Age, perception, and
self-capacity are some of the point of considerations.
In other word, a disaster is something that could
happen within a hazard rather than the hazard itself.
Hence, one very important component of the recovery
phase, aside from relief services is debriefing of
psychological support system.
27.
28. OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF
A DISASTER ARE THE FOLLOWING:
a. Emotional effects: Shock, terror, irritability, blame, anger, guilt, grief or sadness,
numbing, helplessness, loss of pleasure derived from familiar activities, difficulty feeling
happy, difficulty feeling loved.
b. Cognitive effects: impaired concentration, impaired decision-making ability, memory
impairment, disbelief, confusion, nightmares, decreased self-esteem, decreased self-
efficacy, self-blame, intrusive thoughts, memories, dissociation, (e.g.,tunnel vision,
dreamlike or ‘spacey’ felling).
c. Physical effects: fatigue, exhaustion, insomnia, cardiovascular strain, startle response,
hyper arousal, increased physical pain, reduced immune response, headaches,
gastrointestinal upset, decreased appetite, decreased libido, vulnerability to illness.
d. Interpersonal effects: Increased relational conflict, social withdrawal, reduced relational
intimacy, alienation, impaired work performance, decreased satisfaction, distract,
externalization of blame, externalization of vulnerability, feeling abandoned.
29. SOCIO-CULTURAL
PERSPECTIVES
- it involves people’s beliefs, religion, traditions, social status, and
perceptions within a community with respect to considering their
response to disaster.
- What the people living at risk know and do about natural hazards
and disaster risks is mediated by a range of factors including
social conditions (such as age, gender, wealth, ethnicity) and
cultural settings (language, beliefs, traditions, customs). In most
places people are also more or less exposed by information and
ideas coming from the “outside”—the world outside their own
cultural setting. At the same time, the field of natural hazards and
disasters has developed its own debates, framework, and notions
such as vulnerability, resilience, and ‘risk’. But communities may
have different priorities and notions of natural hazards and
disaster risk. People’s socio-cultural background may affect their
response to disasters at the different stages of disaster
management.
30. ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES
• it involves income, assets and liabilities, and economic
class of an individual or a community in the society.
From an economic perspective, a natural disaster can
be defined as a natural event that causes a
perturbation to the functioning of the economic
system, with a significant negative impact on assets,
production factors, output, employment, and
consumption. One salient component of assessing the
impact of disaster impact from this view is defining
direct economic cost and indirect losses.
31. POLITICAL PERSPECTIVES
• it involves structure of the government, issues in
diplomacy, etc. in dealing with disasters. From this
view, natural disasters are commonly thought to be
less politically contentious than armed conflicts.
Yet, a closer look reveals that politics are deeply
wedded to both the impact of a natural disaster and
the subsequent delivery of humanitarian assistance.
Political considerations before, during, and after a
natural disaster can determine who is most at risk,
who can intervene, what actions will be taken, and
who will benefit from those actions.
32. BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
– it involves the role of flora (plants) and fauna
(animals) in the environment, diseases, health,
etc. Disasters are not random an do not occur
by accident. They are the convergence of
hazards and vulnerable conditions. Disasters
not only reveal underlying social, economic,
political, and environment problems, but
unfortunately contribute to worsening them.
Such events pose serious challenges to
development, as they erode hard-earned gains
in terms of political, social and educational
progress, as well as infrastructure and
technological development