Social psychology deals with social interactions and their effects on individuals. Some key concepts include social perception, social influence, attribution theory, attitudes, conformity, obedience, group processes, aggression, and altruism. Attribution theory examines how we make causal explanations for people's behaviors. Fundamental attribution error is the tendency to attribute behaviors to internal factors rather than external situational influences. Social influence can occur through conformity to group norms or obedience to authorities. Groups can influence decision-making and polarization of views. Both biological and psychosocial factors contribute to aggression and helping behaviors.

1. CHAPTER 10
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
GROUP 10
JAY CEMPRON
ERES JANIRE BACO
MARK ANGELO TIMAAN

2. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
-It deals with the social interactions, including their origins
and their effects on the individual.
Key Learning Goals:
*Describe the process of Social Perception
*Describe the process of Social Influence

3. THOUGHTS ABOUT OTHERS
-These logical explanations of someone’s behavior are
known as attribution.
-These attributions may be internal (based on his or her
personal characteristics) or external (based on the persons
situation).

4. FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR
-Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE) is the manner by
which people’s behavior is attributed to people’s behavior
instead of external factors.
-These judgments tend to be more accurate within the
context in which the behavior occurred.
-The context of behavior is called situational influences.

5. A form of Fundamental Attribution Error is called the
saliency bias. Saliency bias is when the most obvious (silent)
factors are focused on especially when explaining the causes
of behavior.
However, when these judgments blame the person, this
Is called dispositional attribution.

6. SELF SERVING BIAS
-This explains the thinking that we take credit for our
success while blame others or the situation for our
failures.

7. CULTURAL AND ATTRIBUTIONAL FACTORS
-Both types of errors also depend on the type of culture
to which an individual belongs.
-Individualistic are characterized by people being defined
apart from other groups. In Western cultures that are
characterized by individualism, people tend to define
themselves and are likely to decide based on what would
benefit them the most.
-People who belong to collectivistic cultures prevalent in
Asia define themselves as a part of a group. They consider
their accomplishments as a beneficial for their groups.

8. ATTITUDES: OUR LEARNED PREDISPOSITIONS TOWARDS
OTHERS
-Attitudes are ways in which we respond. These
predispositions are learned and they also determine how
people will respond effectively, behaviorally, and
cognitively.
-The three components that make up people’s attitudes
are affect (how we feel), behavior (what we do), and
cognition (what we think).

9. ATTITUDE CHANGE THROUGH COGNITIVE
DISSONANCE
-The Cognitive Dissonance Theory was originally proposed
by Leon Festinger and J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959).
-The Cognitive Dissonance Theory proposed that when
people are faced with contradictions between their attitude
and their feelings, they are in cognitive dissonance.

10. FEELINGS ABOUT OTHERS
-People generally have either positive or negative feelings
about others.
-Negative feelings are prejudice and discrimination, while the
positive feelings is attraction.
-Prejudice and discrimination, although used interchangeably,
are actually two different concepts.
-Prejudice is related to one’s attitudes while discrimination is
related to one’s actions regarding the attitudes.

11. PREJUDICE
-Is defined as a negative attitude towards a group of people
only because of their membership in a particular group.
-The three elements which make up prejudice are:
(1)cognitive-as illustrated by stereotypes
(2)affective- as exemplified by emotions
(3)behavioral- as described by a predisposition to
discriminate against a group of people.

12. SOURCES OF PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION
-Gordon Allport’s (1954) The Nature of Prejudice gave the
public an idea of the dynamics behind the social psychology
of prejudice.
-The five major sources of prejudice and discrimination are
learning, personal experience, lack of exposure, displaced
aggression and mental shortcut.

13. DISPLAYED AGGRESSION
-Is sometimes the cause of prejudice when people’s
frustrations are given to scapegoats. Scapegoats are
defined as an available and innocent target.

14. MENTAL SHORTCUT
-A way for most people to understand and contextualized
the social world is through the classification of members into
either ingroups or outgroups.
-Ingroups are groups in which people feel they belong, while
outgroups are any other groups.
-Ingroup favoritism is when people tend to favor those who
belong to their own group.
-Outgroup homogeneity effect is when people sometimes
also tend to see those who belong to the outgroups as all
being the same.

15. DISCRIMINATION
-Is concerned with negative behavior directed against a
group of people who are members of a particular group.

16. INTERPERSONAL ATTRACTION
-Is defined as one’s positive feelings towards other.
-The three factors which attract people to each other are
physical attractiveness, proximity and similarity.
-Physical attractiveness draws people towards one another.
It is the level of one’s physical desirability as determined by
factors such as size, facial features and body shapes.
-Proximity also plays a part in sustaining people’s interest in
each other. Increasing the likelihood of attraction by being at
the same time and at the same place is further explained by
mere exposure.

17. -Similarity also seals the deal, so to speak. Men and women
tend to choose someone who is physically similar to them
in terms of attractiveness.

18. LOVE
-Robert J. Sternberg proposed the Triangular Theory of Love.
-The three different types of Love depending on the degree
of three main factors are intimacy, passion and commitment.
-The most extreme types of love are the Consummate Love
and the Empty Love.
-Based on Sternberg’s theory, a crush would be considered as
an infatuation because of the absence of commitment and
intimacy and the presence of passion alone.

19. -Intimacy is defined as the specialness of the relationship. It
is “feelings of closeness, connectedness and bondedness in
loving relationships”.
-Passion is the degree of excitement or energy of the
relationship, further describe as “the drives that lead to
romance, physical attraction, sexual consummation and
related phenomena”.
-Commitment is the degree to which the partners are invested
in the relationship. Commitment is “the decision that one’s loves
someone else and… the commitment to maintain that love”.

20. -Consummate Love is characterized by a high degree of
passion, intimacy and commitment.
-Empty Love is characterized by the presence of just one
factor, commitment.
CONSUMMATE
LOVE
INTIMACY + PASSION +COMMITMENT
Liking
INTIMACY
Companionate
INTIMACY + COMMITMENT
Romantic Love
PASSION + INTIMACY
Fatuous Love
PASSION + COMMITMENT
Empty Love
COMMITMENT
Infatuation
PASSION

21. SOCIAL INFLUENCE: CONFORMITY AND OBEDIENCE
-Social influence comes in two forms, namely, obedience
and conformity.

22. CONFORMITY
-Is defined as the changing of behavior because of group
pressure, whether the pressure is real or imagined.
-The three have an effect on whether a person will conform
or not, these are through a process of normative social
influence, informational social influence and reference group.

23. -Normative social influence is a factor which determines
compliance based on what the majority is doing.
-Informational social influence is influence based on how
much other people know about something.
-Reference groups are composed of those that people
admire and idolized. These reference groups can influence
others on the basis of their status.

24. OBEDIENCE
-One of the most famous studies done on obedience was
by Stanley Milgram who tested the extent to which a
participant would go in administering electric shocks to the
learner. He discovered that obedience occurred as a result
of following , “legitimacy and closeness of the authority
figure, remoteness of the victim, assignment of responsibility,
and finally, modelling or imitating others”.

25. GROUP PROCESSES:
GROUP MEMBERSHIP
-Membership in a group cannot be avoided. There are
informal groups such as families, and there are also formal
groups with rules and regulations.

26. DEINDIVIDUATION
-Being individuated implies that one loses his or her sense
of self, becomes less inhibited, and feels less personally
responsible in a group than when alone.

27. GROUP DECISIONMAKING:
GROUP POLARIZATION
-The group’s tendencies actually determine whether the
decision they make will be risky or conservative.
-Group polarization is when the opposite will happen if the
group’s tendency is to be conservative.
-Groupthink is another phenomenon related to group
polarization . It was proposed by Irving Janis and it suggests
that groups that suffer from groupthink have an “us against
them” mentality.

28. AGGRESSION
-Is “any form of behavior in which the intention is to harm or
injure another”.
-There are different ways to look at aggression- from a
biological perspective and from a psychological perspective.

29. BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF AGGRESSION
-Genetics may also determine whether an individual is
predisposed to being aggressive or not.
-Alcohol has been found to be one of the substances
that have an effect on aggression.
-Mental disorder such as schizophrenia and antisocial
disorders may also have a strong like with aggression.
-Hormones, specially testosterone, have been linked to
aggression. Violent behavior was also found to have a linked
with lower levels of neurotransmitters, specially serotonin and
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid).

30. PSYCHOSOCIAL BASIS OF AGGRESSION
-Among the psychological factors that have been linked to
psychological behavior are environmental factors such as
noise and heat; psychosocial factors such as bullying and
Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis.
-This hypothesis suggest that frustration which leads to
anger can result to aggression.

31. ALTRUISM
-Are actions which are meant to each others with no benefit
to the helper.
-The three models that have been proposed in relation to
altruism are evolutionary, egoistic and empathy.
-There are some instances when helping is not activated.
-It also sparked research on the diffusion of responsibility
which suggests that the more people there are in a crowd,
the less chances there are that the person who needs help
will be helped.

32. -Evolutionary perspective, altruism promotes the ultimate
survival of one’s genes. It is evident in one’s altruistic
behavior towards one’s family and relatives.
-Egoistic suggest that altruistic behavior is motivated by
what one can gain from it.
-Empathy-altruism hypothesis is suggest that when people
see someone suffering or hear that someone needs help,
this stirs up empathy. Empathy is also defined as a
“subjective grasp of that person’s feelings or experiences”.

33. THE END
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