Social psychology is the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by others. Attitudes are learned evaluations that influence thought and action. The cognitive dissonance theory proposes that people are motivated to reduce inconsistencies between their attitudes and behaviors. Attitudes have cognitive, affective, and behavioral components and are acquired through social learning, social comparison, genetics, and self-experience. Groups influence individuals through conformity, groupthink, social facilitation, and de-individuation. Compliance results from persuasion techniques like reciprocity and the foot-in-the-door technique.
Introduction to Social Psychology
I used local and foreign books. Some concepts are not mentioned here in my slides but will be discussed during our session.
If you want to know the resources feel free to comment below.
According to psychologist Gordon Allport, social psychology is a discipline that uses scientific methods "to understand and explain how the thought, feeling and behavior of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined or implied presence of other human beings" (1985).
Briefly this field has been discussed.
Introduction to Social Psychology
I used local and foreign books. Some concepts are not mentioned here in my slides but will be discussed during our session.
If you want to know the resources feel free to comment below.
According to psychologist Gordon Allport, social psychology is a discipline that uses scientific methods "to understand and explain how the thought, feeling and behavior of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined or implied presence of other human beings" (1985).
Briefly this field has been discussed.
Human psychology an intriguing subject in which a very important aspect is how we recognize and tend to form impressions about our environment and other individuals in the social world is brilliantly explained in this chapter summarized in a visual format.
Biography
Basic Assumptions
Human Needs
Burden of Freedom
Character Orientations
Personality Disorders
Psychotherapy
Methods of Investigation
Critique of Fromm
Concept of Humanity
Human psychology an intriguing subject in which a very important aspect is how we recognize and tend to form impressions about our environment and other individuals in the social world is brilliantly explained in this chapter summarized in a visual format.
Biography
Basic Assumptions
Human Needs
Burden of Freedom
Character Orientations
Personality Disorders
Psychotherapy
Methods of Investigation
Critique of Fromm
Concept of Humanity
Social PsychologyWe cannot live for ourselves alone. Al.docxjensgosney
Social Psychology
We cannot live for ourselves alone. All of our lives are connected by a thousand invisible threads…..
What is Social PsychologySocial Psychology: The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.
Social Psychologists: Explore the connections between people by scientifically studying how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.
Attribution TheoryPeople usually attribute others’ behavior either to their internal dispositions or to their external situation (is the behavior due to the person’s situation or disposition).
A teacher may wonder if a child’s hostility reflects an aggressive personality or a reaction to stress or abuse.
Problem: Fundamental Attribution Error (overestimating the influence of personality and underestimating the influence of situations)
Republican vs. Democrat (people vs. society / Katrina)
Attitudes and ActionsAttitudes are feelings, based on our beliefs, that predispose our reactions to objects, people, and events.
If we believe someone is mean, we may feel dislike for the person and act unfriendly.
Attitudes Affect Action and Vice VersaOur attitudes often affect our actions.
Example of Attitude affecting Action:
Democratic leaders didn’t agree with President Bush’s decision to attack Iraq but voted in support of it anyway because of overwhelming public support for Bush.
Similarly, our actions often affect our attitudes.
Example of Action affecting Attitude:
Cult involvement (Brainwashing)
Initially you disagree but you become involved and feel acceptance based on the actions of the cult leaders and end up forming a positive opinion of the cult.
Foot-In-The-Door PhenomenonThe tendency for people who agree to a small action to comply later with a larger one.
To get people to agree to something big, start small and build.
A small thing makes the next one, although slightly larger, seem “not so bad” (i.e. stealing / gangs).
Works for good things, too (contributions).
Role playing affects attitude (you’re a parent/student now)
Zimbardo Experiment of 1972
Social InfluenceWhy do things like suicides and school violence (Columbine, etc.) come in groups?
Answer…Conformity and Obedience:
Behavior is contagious (yawn/traffic gawkers)
We are natural mimics (our attempt at feeling the way others do – this is how we learn empathy)
We’re happy around happy people and sad around sad people.
Group Pressure and ConformityDefinition of Conformity: Adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.
Conditions that strengthen conformity:
When you are made to feel incompetent/insecure
When a group has at least three people
When the group is unanimous
When one admires the group’s status
When others in the group observe one’s behavior
i.e. sorority
Why Do We Conform?Normative Social Influence:
We are sensitive to social norms – understood rules for accepted and expected behavior – because the price we pay for being d.
Talks about Personality and Individual Behavoiur for educational purposes.
* Personality
* Components of Personality
* Nature of Personality
* Framework Of Personality
** Iceberg Theory
** Psychoanalytic Theory
** The Myers Brigg Type Indicators
** The Big 5 Model
* Determinants of Personality
** Biological Factors
** Social Factors
** Cultural Factors
** Situational Factors
* Individual Behaviour
** Individual Behaviour Framework
* Causes of Individual Behaviour
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2. Social Psychology
Social psychology is the study of how people and
groups interact.
Social psychology is the scientific study of how
people's thoughts , feelings , and behaviors are
influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied
presence of others.
3. AttitudesIn social psychology, attitudes are defined
as learned, global evaluations of a person, object,
place, or issue that influence thought and action. Put
more simply, attitudes are basic expressions of
approval or disapproval, favorability or unfavorability,
likes and dislikes
3. THEORIES OF ATTITUDE
Theory of cognitive dissonance:
The theory of cognitive dissonance proposes that people
have a motivational drive to reduce dissonance by
changing their attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors, or by
justifying or rationalizing their attitudes, beliefs, and
behaviors.
4. THEORIES OF ATTITUDE
Attitude Formation :
In Social Psychology attitudes are defined as positive
or negative evaluations of objects of thought.
Attitudes typically have three components.
The cognitive component is made up of the thoughts
and beliefs people hold about the object of the
attitude.
The affective component consists of the emotional
feelings stimulated by the object of the attitude. The
behavioral component consists of predispositions to
act in certain ways toward an attitude object.
5. Contd…
Attitudes are acquired through:
1. social learning
2. social comparison
3. genetic factors (not all agree on this)
4. Self experiences
6. Factors of Attitude Change
The Communicator credibility
expertise,
Trustworthiness
and attractiveness
7. Measurement of attitude
Scales by Thurstone
The Thurstone scale was the first formal technique for
measuring an attitude .
It was developed by Louis Leon Thurstone , as a means of
measuring attitudes towards religion .
It is made up of statements about a particular issue, and
each statement has a numerical value indicating how
favorable or unfavorable it is judged to be. People
check each of the statements to which they agree, and
a mean score is computed, indicating their attitude.
8. Thurstone Scale
Put a check mark in the blank if you agree with the item.
____ 1. Blacks should be considered the lowest class of human
beings. (scale value = 0.9)
2. Blacks and whites must be kept apart in all social affairs where
they might be taken as equals. (scale value =
3. I am not interested in how blacks rate socially. (scale value =
5.4)
4. A refusal to accept blacks is not based on any fact of nature,
but on a prejudice which should be overcome. (scale value = 7.9)
5. I believe that blacks deserve the same social privledges as
whites. (scale value = 10.3)
9. Bogardus Social Distance Scale :
The Bogardus Social Distance Scale is a psychological
testing scale created by Emory S. Bogardus to
empirically measure people's willingness to participate
in social contacts of varying degrees of closeness with
members of diverse social groups, such as other racial
and ethnic groups
10. Likert scale
It is a psychometric scale commonly used in
questionnaires , and is the most widely used scale in
survey research. When responding to a Likert
questionnaire item, respondents specify their level of
agreement to a statement.
11. Guttman Scale
On a Guttman scale, items are arranged in an order so
that an individual who agrees with a particular item
also agrees with items of lower rank-order.
For example, a series of items could be (1) I am willing
to be near ice cream
(2)I am willing to smell ice cream
(3)I am willing to eat ice cream
(4)I love to eat ice cream
Agreement with any one item implies agreement with
the lower-order items.
12. Prejudice :
Prejudice is a negative attitude about members of a group.
Prejudice translated into behavior is called discrimination ,
behaving differently, usually unfairly, toward group members.
Prejudice often develops through stereotypes , fixed, simplistic
(usually wrong) conceptions of traits, behaviors, and attitudes of
a particular group of people.
13. Group dynamics :
A group can be defined as two or more individuals
that are connected to each another by social
relationships . Groups tend to interact, influence each
other, and share a common identity.
14. Group Conformity Conformity is the process by which
an individual's attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors are
influenced by other people. This influence occurs in
both small groups and society as a whole, and it may
be the result of subtle unconscious influences, or
direct and overt social pressure .
15. Group cohesiveness :It is the force bringing group
members closer together. Cohesiveness has two
dimensions: emotional (or personal) and task -related.
The emotional aspect of cohesiveness, which was
studied more often, is derived from the connection
that members feel to other group members and to
their group as a whole.
16. Group thinking :Groupthink is a type of thought
exhibited by group members who try to minimize
conflict and reach consensus without critically testing,
analyzing, and evaluating ideas. Individual creativity,
uniqueness, and independent thinking are lost in the
pursuit of group cohesiveness, as are the advantages
of reasonable balance in choice and thought that
might normally be obtained by making decisions as a
group.
17. De-individuation :
De-individuation is the situation where anti-normative
behavior is released in groups in which individuals are
not seen or paid attention to as individuals. Simply put,
de-individuation is immersion in a group to the point
of which the individual ceases to be seen as such.
18. LEADERS
Lewin's leadership styles
Autocratic
In the autocratic style, the leader takes decisions without
consulting with others.
Democratic
In the democratic style, the leader involves the people in
the decision-making, although the process for the final
decision may vary from the leader having the final say
to them facilitating consensus in the group.
19. Behavior in Groups:
The Impact of Others Hawthorne Effect (Observer
Effect): is a type of reactivity in which individuals modi
fy or improve an aspect of their behavior in response t
o their awareness of being observed.
Social
Facilitation: presence of others increases our performa
nce on simple tasks Ex.
Being watched while doing task vs. being alone when
doing task better on simple tasks worse on c
omplex tasks Social Impairment:
presence of others worsens our performance.
SocialLoafing:tendency to put less effort in when work
ing with others
20. Behavior in Groups:
Decision Making
•Group Polarization - when group discussion leads to a
more “polarized” point of view by the group
•Groupthink - when feel pressure to conform to the
group, stops critical thinking to avoid dissention in the
group
21. Behavior in Groups:
Group Polarization
Conformity:
Chameleon Effect: our tendency to unconsciously mimic
those around us
Conformity: Asch Line Study
• Conformity - yielding to social pressure • Asch’s
Conclusions
1) subjects often conform to a group, even when the
group states clearly inaccurate conclusions
2) conformity to a group increases with the size of the
group, up to five or six, but only when the group is
unanimous in its beliefs
22. Compliance:
Persuasion Techniques •Limited time offer •Everyone
is buying!!! •DEAL!!!
•Reciprocation
•Foot –in-the-door(first small request then big request)
•Door-in-the-face (big – large)
•Lowball(after commitment, cost is increased)
23. Contributors to Attraction • Proximity: Physical
closeness (mere exposure)
• Physical Attractiveness: Pleasant physical appearance
(often different depending on culture),
signs of health such as symmetry (universal) •
Similarity: Commonalities between two people •
Opposites?: Complementary Qualities • Reciprocity:
The tendency to like those who like you
24. Aggression & Altruism
Aggression: Any form of behavior intended to harm or
injure another living being Where does aggression come
from? - Instincts - Genes - Brain & Nervous System -
Substance Abuse - Mental Disorders - Hormones & NTs -
Aversive Stimuli (e.g. noise, heat, pain, bullying,
frustration), culture & learning, Violent media/video
games Altruism: Actions designed to help others with no
obvious benefit to the helper Why are we altruistic?
Evolutionary Perspective: favors survival of genes Egoistic
Model: motivated by anticipated gain Empathy-Altruism
Hypothesis: sometimes for selfish gains, other times truly
selfless & motivated by concern for others Kitty Genovese
Story…diffusion of responsibility
25. Components of Attitudes
Cognitive Dissonance Definition: Sense of discomfort
or distress that occurs when a person’s behavior does
not correspond to that person’s attitudes.
Social Categorization and ImplicitSocial Categorization
and Implicit Personality TheoryPersonality Theory •
Social Categorization:: assignment of a person one has
just met to a category based on characteristics in
common with people you have experienced in the
past
26. Components of Attitudes
Attribution Theory (Heider, 1958) Definition: Inferences
that people draw about the causes of events, others’
behavior, and their own behavior Dispositional
Attribution: we attribute a person’s behavior to an
internal state (personality, abilities, etc.) Situational
Attribution: attributing a person’s behavior to an
external state (stress, abuse, hardship, wealth, etc.) •
Function: People like to explain and understand
behavior and the events that impact their lives •
Attributions are made when an event is unusual and
personal • “Just world” phenomenon