Chap 4.4, 4.5
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
2 likes•1,285 views
- The Moody chart shows the relationship between pipe friction factor (f), relative roughness (e/D), and Reynolds number for fluid flow in pipes. It contains four flow regimes: laminar, critical, transitional, and fully turbulent. - Pipe flow problems can be categorized as head loss, discharge, or sizing problems. Head loss problems involve calculating head loss given other known variables. Discharge and sizing problems require iterative, trial-and-error solutions using the Moody chart. - Examples demonstrate using the Moody chart and equations to solve for unknown head loss, discharge, or pipe diameter as required. The iterative process involves making initial f guesses and checking if the obtained f value converges on the Mo
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Friction factor
1) The document discusses methods for calculating the friction factor f in turbulent pipe flow.
2) It provides equations from Swamee-Jain, Haaland, and Churchill that can be used to explicitly calculate f based on parameters like Reynolds number, relative roughness, and pipe diameter.
3) The example problem calculates f for water flowing in a ductile iron pipe, finding f=0.038 using Moody's diagram and the relative roughness of the pipe material.
Hydraulic losses in pipe
This document discusses hydraulic losses that occur in pipes due to fluid viscosity. It introduces the Darcy-Weisbach equation and Moody chart for calculating friction factor based on Reynolds number and relative roughness. Minor losses from fittings are also addressed using loss coefficients. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating head loss, pressure drop, flow rate, and pipe sizing for given system parameters. Key aspects covered include laminar and turbulent flow regimes, friction factor dependence on Reynolds number and roughness, and accounting for losses across full pipe systems.
Pipe Flow Friction factor in fluid mechanics
This slide will explain you the chemical engineering terms .Al about the basics of this slide are explain in it. The basics of fluid mechanics, heat transfer, chemical engineering thermodynamics, fluid motions, newtonian fluids, are explain in this process. ,education ,chemical engineerin ,chemical engineering ,fluid mechanics ,heat transfer ,chemical process principles ,macdonald ,kfc ,mazeo ,chemicals ,engineers ,cv formatin ,law ,laptop.
Flow In Pipes
This document discusses laminar and turbulent flow in pipes. It defines the critical Reynolds number that distinguishes between the two flow regimes. For non-circular pipes, it introduces the hydraulic diameter to characterize the pipe geometry. The document then covers topics such as the developing flow region, fully developed flow profiles and pressure drop, the friction factor, minor losses, pipe networks, and pump selection.
Flow in Pipes
This document provides an overview of fluid mechanics concepts related to conservation of mass, including:
1) It defines key terms like mass flow rate, volume flow rate, and their relationship for both compressible and incompressible flows.
2) It presents the general conservation of mass principle and equation for both closed and open/control volume systems, and for steady and unsteady flows.
3) It provides examples of applying conservation of mass concepts to problems involving things like filling a bucket from a hose or draining a water tank.
flow in pipe series and parallel
1) Flow through pipes connected in series was analyzed. Head loss is calculated as the sum of losses in each pipe plus local losses at connections. Total head loss (H) equals the height difference between reservoirs.
2) Flow through pipes connected in parallel was also examined. The total flow (Q) equals the sum of individual pipe flows (Q1 + Q2). If pipe characteristics are the same, head loss will be equal in each pipe.
3) An example problem demonstrated calculating flow rate (Q) through two pipes in series where diameter changes over length. Q was found to be 0.158 m3/s. A second example calculated flow rates for two parallel pipes and the diameter required to replace
Chapter 8a
1) We discussed fully developed flow conditions for internal flows and defined mean velocities and temperatures. Newton's law of cooling was written using the mean temperature instead of the bulk temperature.
2) An energy balance equation related convection heat transfer to changes in mean temperature between inlet and outlet. Equations were obtained to express variation of mean temperature with tube length for constant heat flux and wall temperature.
3) The equations can be combined with the energy balance to obtain the heat transfer coefficient. The chapter will further focus on obtaining the coefficient for different internal flow situations. Appropriate versions of Newton's law of cooling were written for constant wall temperature and surrounding fluid temperature cases.
Flow in pipes
When fluid flows through pipes, there are two types of losses - minor and major losses. Major losses are due to friction along the pipe walls and are quantified using the Darcy-Weisbach equation. The Darcy friction coefficient f depends on both the Reynolds number Re and the relative roughness κ/D. Plotting log f versus log Re for different pipes allows identification of the three sub-regions of turbulent flow - smooth, rough, and transitional - and how f varies in each sub-region.
Recommended
Friction factor
1) The document discusses methods for calculating the friction factor f in turbulent pipe flow.
2) It provides equations from Swamee-Jain, Haaland, and Churchill that can be used to explicitly calculate f based on parameters like Reynolds number, relative roughness, and pipe diameter.
3) The example problem calculates f for water flowing in a ductile iron pipe, finding f=0.038 using Moody's diagram and the relative roughness of the pipe material.
Hydraulic losses in pipe
This document discusses hydraulic losses that occur in pipes due to fluid viscosity. It introduces the Darcy-Weisbach equation and Moody chart for calculating friction factor based on Reynolds number and relative roughness. Minor losses from fittings are also addressed using loss coefficients. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating head loss, pressure drop, flow rate, and pipe sizing for given system parameters. Key aspects covered include laminar and turbulent flow regimes, friction factor dependence on Reynolds number and roughness, and accounting for losses across full pipe systems.
Pipe Flow Friction factor in fluid mechanics
This slide will explain you the chemical engineering terms .Al about the basics of this slide are explain in it. The basics of fluid mechanics, heat transfer, chemical engineering thermodynamics, fluid motions, newtonian fluids, are explain in this process. ,education ,chemical engineerin ,chemical engineering ,fluid mechanics ,heat transfer ,chemical process principles ,macdonald ,kfc ,mazeo ,chemicals ,engineers ,cv formatin ,law ,laptop.
Flow In Pipes
This document discusses laminar and turbulent flow in pipes. It defines the critical Reynolds number that distinguishes between the two flow regimes. For non-circular pipes, it introduces the hydraulic diameter to characterize the pipe geometry. The document then covers topics such as the developing flow region, fully developed flow profiles and pressure drop, the friction factor, minor losses, pipe networks, and pump selection.
Flow in Pipes
This document provides an overview of fluid mechanics concepts related to conservation of mass, including:
1) It defines key terms like mass flow rate, volume flow rate, and their relationship for both compressible and incompressible flows.
2) It presents the general conservation of mass principle and equation for both closed and open/control volume systems, and for steady and unsteady flows.
3) It provides examples of applying conservation of mass concepts to problems involving things like filling a bucket from a hose or draining a water tank.
flow in pipe series and parallel
1) Flow through pipes connected in series was analyzed. Head loss is calculated as the sum of losses in each pipe plus local losses at connections. Total head loss (H) equals the height difference between reservoirs.
2) Flow through pipes connected in parallel was also examined. The total flow (Q) equals the sum of individual pipe flows (Q1 + Q2). If pipe characteristics are the same, head loss will be equal in each pipe.
3) An example problem demonstrated calculating flow rate (Q) through two pipes in series where diameter changes over length. Q was found to be 0.158 m3/s. A second example calculated flow rates for two parallel pipes and the diameter required to replace
Chapter 8a
1) We discussed fully developed flow conditions for internal flows and defined mean velocities and temperatures. Newton's law of cooling was written using the mean temperature instead of the bulk temperature.
2) An energy balance equation related convection heat transfer to changes in mean temperature between inlet and outlet. Equations were obtained to express variation of mean temperature with tube length for constant heat flux and wall temperature.
3) The equations can be combined with the energy balance to obtain the heat transfer coefficient. The chapter will further focus on obtaining the coefficient for different internal flow situations. Appropriate versions of Newton's law of cooling were written for constant wall temperature and surrounding fluid temperature cases.
Flow in pipes
When fluid flows through pipes, there are two types of losses - minor and major losses. Major losses are due to friction along the pipe walls and are quantified using the Darcy-Weisbach equation. The Darcy friction coefficient f depends on both the Reynolds number Re and the relative roughness κ/D. Plotting log f versus log Re for different pipes allows identification of the three sub-regions of turbulent flow - smooth, rough, and transitional - and how f varies in each sub-region.
Thesis Report
This document provides an introduction and overview of a thesis investigating minor water loss and head loss coefficients in locally available PVC pipes with 90-degree bends of different dimensions. It discusses the purpose of determining minor loss coefficients for local pipes, which are not currently available. The document outlines previous related works and the structure of the thesis, which will present experimental results and findings to help establish more convenient use of local pipes in local industries.
Darcy weisbach formula
The document discusses formulas for calculating head loss in pipes due to fluid flow resistance. It describes the Darcy-Weisbach formula, which expresses head loss as a function of friction factor, pipe length and diameter, fluid velocity, and gravity. It also discusses the work of researchers like Darcy, Fanning, Colebrook and White who contributed to developing and refining formulas for calculating friction factors and head loss. The Moody chart enabled determining friction factors graphically based on Reynolds number and relative pipe roughness.
S3 Reynolds Number Presentation
The document discusses the Reynolds number, which is a dimensionless number that can predict whether fluid flow will be laminar or turbulent. It is calculated based on fluid properties like density and viscosity, as well as flow properties like velocity and pipe diameter. A Reynolds number below 2000 indicates laminar flow, while above 4000 indicates turbulent flow. The document also discusses methods for calculating energy losses due to friction in pipes, including Darcy's equation and the Moody diagram.
Hydraulic analysis of complex piping systems (updated)
1. Given: Pipe characteristics (D, L, e), fluid properties (ν), flow conditions (Q or V)
2. Calculate Reynold's number (Re) using the given flow parameters
3. Determine friction factor (f) from Moody diagram or equations based on Re and relative roughness (e/D)
4. Use Darcy-Weisbach equation to calculate head loss (hf) or solve for unknown parameter (Q or V)
1 resistance
When water flows through a pipe, pressure drop occurs due to energy losses from friction along the pipe walls. The pressure drop can be determined using equations that account for factors like flow rate, pipe diameter and roughness, fluid properties, and pipe length. Common methods for calculating pressure losses include using the Darcy-Weisbach equation with the Moody chart or Colebrook-White equation to find the friction factor, or using the Hazen-Williams equation which relates head loss to flow rate, pipe diameter, and a roughness coefficient. Minor losses from components like valves and fittings are also considered.
Hardycross method
The document discusses the Hardy Cross Method for analyzing water distribution systems to determine pressures and flows. It involves the following steps:
1. Assume pipe diameters and initial flows such that the sum of inflows equals outflows at junctions.
2. Calculate head losses in each pipe using the Hazen-Williams equation.
3. Calculate flow corrections using an equation that sets the sum of head losses around loops to zero.
4. Repeat using corrected flows until flow corrections become small.
An example problem applies the method to determine suitable pipe diameters for a branching system given pressure requirements at nodes.
Fluid MechanicsLosses in pipes dynamics of viscous flows
This document discusses fluid flow in pipes. It defines the Reynolds number and explains laminar and turbulent flow regimes. It also covers the Darcy-Weisbach equation for calculating head losses due to pipe friction. The friction factor is determined using Moody diagrams based on Reynolds number and relative pipe roughness. Examples are provided to calculate friction factor, head loss, and flow rate for different pipe flow conditions.
Flow Inside a Pipe with Fluent Modelling
This document describes a numerical simulation of laminar and turbulent flow inside a pipe using Fluent software. The simulation models water flow inside a 1m diameter pipe that is 20m long. Two models are considered: laminar flow at a Reynolds number of 300 and turbulent flow at 8500. Theoretical equations for laminar and turbulent velocity profiles, entrance length, and Reynolds number correlations are presented. The numerical simulation sets up the models with appropriate boundary and material properties to solve the steady-state Navier-Stokes equations and compare results to experimental data.
008
The document discusses flow of fluids in pipelines including:
1. Laminar and turbulent flow and the factors that determine the transition between the two such as Reynolds number.
2. Methods for calculating head losses and pressure drops in pipes due to friction including the Darcy-Weisbach equation.
3. Factors that affect friction losses such as pipe roughness, geometry, and flow characteristics.
4. Analysis of flow in non-circular pipes using concepts like hydraulic diameter.
5. Examples of problems calculating flow characteristics like velocity and pressure changes in series and parallel pipe networks.
S3 Minor Losses Presentation
Minor losses occur in pipes due to fittings, bends, valves, and other sources in addition to friction losses. These losses are usually smaller than friction losses but can be significant for short pipes. The loss depends on the geometry of the fitting and the velocity of flow. It can be calculated using the formula hL=K(v^2/2g) where K is a loss coefficient that is provided for various common fittings. When fluid flows from a smaller to larger pipe, its velocity decreases, creating turbulence and energy loss proportional to the pipe diameter ratio. The hydraulic grade line and total energy line indicate pressure and total energy respectively along the flow path, dipping due to losses.
Unit6 energy loss in pipelines
The document discusses energy losses in pipeline systems. It covers topics such as velocity profiles in pipes, sources of energy loss including shock losses at enlargements and contractions, friction losses, and examples of calculating losses. Bernoulli's equation is applied to analyze pressure and velocity changes between points along pipelines. Key sources of loss are friction against pipe walls and shocks caused by changes in pipe diameter.
Fluid Mech. Presentation 2nd year B.Tech.
This Presentation covers the following topics-
Series,parallel branching pipes,
equivalent pipe length,
moody's chart
for ppt format contact me on gautam.shivam98@yahoo.com
Flow through pipes ppt
This document discusses laminar and turbulent fluid flow in pipes. It defines the Reynolds number and explains that laminar flow occurs at Re < 2000, transitional flow from 2000 to 4000, and turbulent flow over 4000. The entrance length for developing pipe flow profiles is discussed. Fully developed laminar and turbulent pipe flows are compared. Equations are provided for average velocity, shear stress at the wall, and pressure drop based on conservation of momentum and energy analyses. The Darcy friction factor is defined, and methods for calculating it for laminar and turbulent flows are explained, including the Moody chart. Types of pipe flow problems and accounting for minor losses and pipe networks are also summarized.
Flow through pipes
This document discusses fluid flow in pipes. It begins by defining average velocity and laminar versus turbulent flow regimes based on the Reynolds number. It then covers topics such as developing flow, fully developed flow profiles, friction factors, pressure drops, pipe networks, and pump selection. The key points are that laminar flow has a parabolic velocity profile while turbulent flow is more complex, friction factors can be estimated using Moody charts or the Colebrook equation, and head losses consider both pipe friction and minor losses from fittings.
S3 Minor Losses Assignment
This document discusses techniques for analyzing energy losses in pipeline systems that contain components like valves, fittings, and changes in pipe size. It begins by introducing the concept of minor losses, which are energy losses caused by components other than pipe friction. Methods are provided for calculating the energy loss associated with specific minor loss elements like sudden pipe enlargements using resistance coefficients. The document lists learning objectives and provides examples of calculating minor losses for water flowing through a pipe enlargement.
Unit4 fluid dynamics
This document discusses fluid dynamics and flow through pipes. It defines types of flow such as steady, uniform, laminar and turbulent. It also defines concepts like discharge, mass flow rate, and the continuity equation. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to use the continuity equation to calculate velocities and flow rates at different points in pipes with changes in diameter or branches.
Pipe sizing
This document provides information on calculating head losses in piping systems. It discusses the use of Bernoulli's equation to relate total head between two points in a piping system. It also covers friction losses using the Darcy-Weisbach equation and the Moody diagram, as well as "minor losses" from fittings, valves, etc. The document presents methods to calculate head loss or flow rate given the other, including iterative techniques. It concludes with an example problem calculating maximum flow between reservoirs considering major and minor losses.
Design of pipe network
The document discusses the design of pipe networks for water distribution. It describes various methods for analyzing pressure in distribution systems, including the equivalent pipe method, Hardy Cross method, and graphical method. The equivalent pipe method involves replacing a complex pipe system with a single hydraulically equivalent pipe. The document provides detailed steps for applying the equivalent pipe method to pipes placed in series and parallel. It also describes the Hardy Cross method which balances heads by iteratively correcting assumed pipe flows until the total head loss equals zero.
Experiment 4 friction factor
This document describes an experiment conducted to determine the friction factor of water flowing through a pipe. The experiment measured the volumetric flow rate, velocity, temperature, and pressure drop of water flowing through a pipe. These measurements were used to calculate the Reynolds number, theoretical friction factor based on equations, and experimental friction factor. The results showed that at higher Reynolds numbers, the friction factor was lower, following trends in friction factor charts. Sources of error included inaccurate measurements of pressure drop and flow time. The experiment demonstrated how friction factor depends inversely on Reynolds number for turbulent flow in a pipe.
Head losses
Head losses
Major Losses
Minor Losses
Definition • Dimensional Analysis • Types • Darcy Weisbech Equation • Major Losses • Minor Losses • Causes Head Losses
3. • Head loss is loss of energy per unit weight. • Head = Energy of Fluid / Weight • Head losses can be – Kinetic Head – Potential Head – Pressure Head 6/10/2015 4Danial Gondal Head Loss
4. • Kinetic Head – K.H. = kinetic energy / Weight = v² /2g • Potential Head – P.H = Potential Energy / Weight = mgz /mg = z • Pressure Head – P.H = P/ ρ g 6/10/2015 5
5. • (P/ ρ g) + (v² /2g ) + (z) = constant • (FL-2F-1L3LT-2L-1T2) + (L2T-2L1T2)+(L) = constant • (L) + (L) + (L) = constant • As L represent height so it is dimensionally L. 6/10/2015 6 Dimensional Analysis
6. • However the equation (P/ ρ g) + (v² /2g ) + (z) = constant Is valid for Bernoulli's Inviscid flow case. As we are studying viscous flow so (P1/ ρ g) + (v1² /2g ) + (z1) = EGL1(Energy Grade Line At point 1) (P2/ ρ g) + (v2² /2g ) + (z2) = EGL2(Energy Grade Line At point 2) 6/10/2015 7 Head Loss
7. • For Inviscid Flow EGL1 - EGL2= 0 • For Viscous Flow EGL1 - EGL2= Hf 6/10/2015 8 Head Loss
8. MAJOR LOSSES IN PIPES
9. •Friction loss is the loss of energy or “head” that occurs in pipe flow due to viscous effects generated by the surface of the pipe. • Friction Loss is considered as a "major loss" •In mechanical systems such as internal combustion engines, it refers to the power lost overcoming the friction between two moving surfaces. •This energy drop is dependent on the wall shear stress (τ) between the fluid and pipe surface. 6/10/2015 10 Friction Loss
10. •The shear stress of a flow is also dependent on whether the flow is turbulent or laminar. •For turbulent flow, the pressure drop is dependent on the roughness of the surface. •In laminar flow, the roughness effects of the wall are negligible because, in turbulent flow, a thin viscous layer is formed near the pipe surface that causes a loss in energy, while in laminar flow, this viscous layer is non-existent. 6/10/2015 11 Friction Loss
11. Frictional head losses are losses due to shear stress on the pipe walls. The general equation for head loss due to friction is the Darcy-Weisbach equation, which is where f = Darcy-Weisbach friction factor, L = length of pipe, D = pipe diameter, and V = cross sectional average flow velocity.
Fluid dynamics
The document discusses Moody's chart, which plots the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor against Reynolds number for various relative roughnesses. It was developed based on over 10,000 experiments to characterize pipe flow. The chart shows laminar flow has a friction factor that decreases with Reynolds number, while turbulent flow's friction factor increases with roughness. It can be used to determine friction losses in pipe flow problems by reading the chart based on flow properties. The document also discusses pumps, pumping power requirements, efficiency, and using pump curves alongside system curves to select an appropriate pump.
Dimensional analysis
This document provides an overview of dimensional analysis, which is a technique used in engineering to relate physical quantities that influence a system. It describes how dimensional analysis identifies the relevant variables and forms dimensionless groups of variables. An example is provided to illustrate how dimensional analysis can be used to determine the unknown powers in an equation relating the force on a propeller blade to variables like its diameter, velocity, fluid density, and viscosity. Buckingham's pi theorems are explained as providing the theoretical basis for dimensional analysis.
More Related Content
What's hot
Thesis Report
This document provides an introduction and overview of a thesis investigating minor water loss and head loss coefficients in locally available PVC pipes with 90-degree bends of different dimensions. It discusses the purpose of determining minor loss coefficients for local pipes, which are not currently available. The document outlines previous related works and the structure of the thesis, which will present experimental results and findings to help establish more convenient use of local pipes in local industries.
Darcy weisbach formula
The document discusses formulas for calculating head loss in pipes due to fluid flow resistance. It describes the Darcy-Weisbach formula, which expresses head loss as a function of friction factor, pipe length and diameter, fluid velocity, and gravity. It also discusses the work of researchers like Darcy, Fanning, Colebrook and White who contributed to developing and refining formulas for calculating friction factors and head loss. The Moody chart enabled determining friction factors graphically based on Reynolds number and relative pipe roughness.
S3 Reynolds Number Presentation
The document discusses the Reynolds number, which is a dimensionless number that can predict whether fluid flow will be laminar or turbulent. It is calculated based on fluid properties like density and viscosity, as well as flow properties like velocity and pipe diameter. A Reynolds number below 2000 indicates laminar flow, while above 4000 indicates turbulent flow. The document also discusses methods for calculating energy losses due to friction in pipes, including Darcy's equation and the Moody diagram.
Hydraulic analysis of complex piping systems (updated)
1. Given: Pipe characteristics (D, L, e), fluid properties (ν), flow conditions (Q or V)
2. Calculate Reynold's number (Re) using the given flow parameters
3. Determine friction factor (f) from Moody diagram or equations based on Re and relative roughness (e/D)
4. Use Darcy-Weisbach equation to calculate head loss (hf) or solve for unknown parameter (Q or V)
1 resistance
When water flows through a pipe, pressure drop occurs due to energy losses from friction along the pipe walls. The pressure drop can be determined using equations that account for factors like flow rate, pipe diameter and roughness, fluid properties, and pipe length. Common methods for calculating pressure losses include using the Darcy-Weisbach equation with the Moody chart or Colebrook-White equation to find the friction factor, or using the Hazen-Williams equation which relates head loss to flow rate, pipe diameter, and a roughness coefficient. Minor losses from components like valves and fittings are also considered.
Hardycross method
The document discusses the Hardy Cross Method for analyzing water distribution systems to determine pressures and flows. It involves the following steps:
1. Assume pipe diameters and initial flows such that the sum of inflows equals outflows at junctions.
2. Calculate head losses in each pipe using the Hazen-Williams equation.
3. Calculate flow corrections using an equation that sets the sum of head losses around loops to zero.
4. Repeat using corrected flows until flow corrections become small.
An example problem applies the method to determine suitable pipe diameters for a branching system given pressure requirements at nodes.
Fluid MechanicsLosses in pipes dynamics of viscous flows
This document discusses fluid flow in pipes. It defines the Reynolds number and explains laminar and turbulent flow regimes. It also covers the Darcy-Weisbach equation for calculating head losses due to pipe friction. The friction factor is determined using Moody diagrams based on Reynolds number and relative pipe roughness. Examples are provided to calculate friction factor, head loss, and flow rate for different pipe flow conditions.
Flow Inside a Pipe with Fluent Modelling
This document describes a numerical simulation of laminar and turbulent flow inside a pipe using Fluent software. The simulation models water flow inside a 1m diameter pipe that is 20m long. Two models are considered: laminar flow at a Reynolds number of 300 and turbulent flow at 8500. Theoretical equations for laminar and turbulent velocity profiles, entrance length, and Reynolds number correlations are presented. The numerical simulation sets up the models with appropriate boundary and material properties to solve the steady-state Navier-Stokes equations and compare results to experimental data.
008
The document discusses flow of fluids in pipelines including:
1. Laminar and turbulent flow and the factors that determine the transition between the two such as Reynolds number.
2. Methods for calculating head losses and pressure drops in pipes due to friction including the Darcy-Weisbach equation.
3. Factors that affect friction losses such as pipe roughness, geometry, and flow characteristics.
4. Analysis of flow in non-circular pipes using concepts like hydraulic diameter.
5. Examples of problems calculating flow characteristics like velocity and pressure changes in series and parallel pipe networks.
S3 Minor Losses Presentation
Minor losses occur in pipes due to fittings, bends, valves, and other sources in addition to friction losses. These losses are usually smaller than friction losses but can be significant for short pipes. The loss depends on the geometry of the fitting and the velocity of flow. It can be calculated using the formula hL=K(v^2/2g) where K is a loss coefficient that is provided for various common fittings. When fluid flows from a smaller to larger pipe, its velocity decreases, creating turbulence and energy loss proportional to the pipe diameter ratio. The hydraulic grade line and total energy line indicate pressure and total energy respectively along the flow path, dipping due to losses.
Unit6 energy loss in pipelines
The document discusses energy losses in pipeline systems. It covers topics such as velocity profiles in pipes, sources of energy loss including shock losses at enlargements and contractions, friction losses, and examples of calculating losses. Bernoulli's equation is applied to analyze pressure and velocity changes between points along pipelines. Key sources of loss are friction against pipe walls and shocks caused by changes in pipe diameter.
Fluid Mech. Presentation 2nd year B.Tech.
This Presentation covers the following topics-
Series,parallel branching pipes,
equivalent pipe length,
moody's chart
for ppt format contact me on gautam.shivam98@yahoo.com
Flow through pipes ppt
This document discusses laminar and turbulent fluid flow in pipes. It defines the Reynolds number and explains that laminar flow occurs at Re < 2000, transitional flow from 2000 to 4000, and turbulent flow over 4000. The entrance length for developing pipe flow profiles is discussed. Fully developed laminar and turbulent pipe flows are compared. Equations are provided for average velocity, shear stress at the wall, and pressure drop based on conservation of momentum and energy analyses. The Darcy friction factor is defined, and methods for calculating it for laminar and turbulent flows are explained, including the Moody chart. Types of pipe flow problems and accounting for minor losses and pipe networks are also summarized.
Flow through pipes
This document discusses fluid flow in pipes. It begins by defining average velocity and laminar versus turbulent flow regimes based on the Reynolds number. It then covers topics such as developing flow, fully developed flow profiles, friction factors, pressure drops, pipe networks, and pump selection. The key points are that laminar flow has a parabolic velocity profile while turbulent flow is more complex, friction factors can be estimated using Moody charts or the Colebrook equation, and head losses consider both pipe friction and minor losses from fittings.
S3 Minor Losses Assignment
This document discusses techniques for analyzing energy losses in pipeline systems that contain components like valves, fittings, and changes in pipe size. It begins by introducing the concept of minor losses, which are energy losses caused by components other than pipe friction. Methods are provided for calculating the energy loss associated with specific minor loss elements like sudden pipe enlargements using resistance coefficients. The document lists learning objectives and provides examples of calculating minor losses for water flowing through a pipe enlargement.
Unit4 fluid dynamics
This document discusses fluid dynamics and flow through pipes. It defines types of flow such as steady, uniform, laminar and turbulent. It also defines concepts like discharge, mass flow rate, and the continuity equation. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to use the continuity equation to calculate velocities and flow rates at different points in pipes with changes in diameter or branches.
Pipe sizing
This document provides information on calculating head losses in piping systems. It discusses the use of Bernoulli's equation to relate total head between two points in a piping system. It also covers friction losses using the Darcy-Weisbach equation and the Moody diagram, as well as "minor losses" from fittings, valves, etc. The document presents methods to calculate head loss or flow rate given the other, including iterative techniques. It concludes with an example problem calculating maximum flow between reservoirs considering major and minor losses.
Design of pipe network
The document discusses the design of pipe networks for water distribution. It describes various methods for analyzing pressure in distribution systems, including the equivalent pipe method, Hardy Cross method, and graphical method. The equivalent pipe method involves replacing a complex pipe system with a single hydraulically equivalent pipe. The document provides detailed steps for applying the equivalent pipe method to pipes placed in series and parallel. It also describes the Hardy Cross method which balances heads by iteratively correcting assumed pipe flows until the total head loss equals zero.
Experiment 4 friction factor
This document describes an experiment conducted to determine the friction factor of water flowing through a pipe. The experiment measured the volumetric flow rate, velocity, temperature, and pressure drop of water flowing through a pipe. These measurements were used to calculate the Reynolds number, theoretical friction factor based on equations, and experimental friction factor. The results showed that at higher Reynolds numbers, the friction factor was lower, following trends in friction factor charts. Sources of error included inaccurate measurements of pressure drop and flow time. The experiment demonstrated how friction factor depends inversely on Reynolds number for turbulent flow in a pipe.
Head losses
Head losses
Major Losses
Minor Losses
Definition • Dimensional Analysis • Types • Darcy Weisbech Equation • Major Losses • Minor Losses • Causes Head Losses
3. • Head loss is loss of energy per unit weight. • Head = Energy of Fluid / Weight • Head losses can be – Kinetic Head – Potential Head – Pressure Head 6/10/2015 4Danial Gondal Head Loss
4. • Kinetic Head – K.H. = kinetic energy / Weight = v² /2g • Potential Head – P.H = Potential Energy / Weight = mgz /mg = z • Pressure Head – P.H = P/ ρ g 6/10/2015 5
5. • (P/ ρ g) + (v² /2g ) + (z) = constant • (FL-2F-1L3LT-2L-1T2) + (L2T-2L1T2)+(L) = constant • (L) + (L) + (L) = constant • As L represent height so it is dimensionally L. 6/10/2015 6 Dimensional Analysis
6. • However the equation (P/ ρ g) + (v² /2g ) + (z) = constant Is valid for Bernoulli's Inviscid flow case. As we are studying viscous flow so (P1/ ρ g) + (v1² /2g ) + (z1) = EGL1(Energy Grade Line At point 1) (P2/ ρ g) + (v2² /2g ) + (z2) = EGL2(Energy Grade Line At point 2) 6/10/2015 7 Head Loss
7. • For Inviscid Flow EGL1 - EGL2= 0 • For Viscous Flow EGL1 - EGL2= Hf 6/10/2015 8 Head Loss
8. MAJOR LOSSES IN PIPES
9. •Friction loss is the loss of energy or “head” that occurs in pipe flow due to viscous effects generated by the surface of the pipe. • Friction Loss is considered as a "major loss" •In mechanical systems such as internal combustion engines, it refers to the power lost overcoming the friction between two moving surfaces. •This energy drop is dependent on the wall shear stress (τ) between the fluid and pipe surface. 6/10/2015 10 Friction Loss
10. •The shear stress of a flow is also dependent on whether the flow is turbulent or laminar. •For turbulent flow, the pressure drop is dependent on the roughness of the surface. •In laminar flow, the roughness effects of the wall are negligible because, in turbulent flow, a thin viscous layer is formed near the pipe surface that causes a loss in energy, while in laminar flow, this viscous layer is non-existent. 6/10/2015 11 Friction Loss
11. Frictional head losses are losses due to shear stress on the pipe walls. The general equation for head loss due to friction is the Darcy-Weisbach equation, which is where f = Darcy-Weisbach friction factor, L = length of pipe, D = pipe diameter, and V = cross sectional average flow velocity.
What's hot (20)
Hydraulic analysis of complex piping systems (updated)
Hydraulic analysis of complex piping systems (updated)
Fluid MechanicsLosses in pipes dynamics of viscous flows
Fluid MechanicsLosses in pipes dynamics of viscous flows
Viewers also liked
Fluid dynamics
The document discusses Moody's chart, which plots the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor against Reynolds number for various relative roughnesses. It was developed based on over 10,000 experiments to characterize pipe flow. The chart shows laminar flow has a friction factor that decreases with Reynolds number, while turbulent flow's friction factor increases with roughness. It can be used to determine friction losses in pipe flow problems by reading the chart based on flow properties. The document also discusses pumps, pumping power requirements, efficiency, and using pump curves alongside system curves to select an appropriate pump.
Dimensional analysis
This document provides an overview of dimensional analysis, which is a technique used in engineering to relate physical quantities that influence a system. It describes how dimensional analysis identifies the relevant variables and forms dimensionless groups of variables. An example is provided to illustrate how dimensional analysis can be used to determine the unknown powers in an equation relating the force on a propeller blade to variables like its diameter, velocity, fluid density, and viscosity. Buckingham's pi theorems are explained as providing the theoretical basis for dimensional analysis.
Fm 6
This document discusses flow in conduits and pipes, including dimensional analysis, laminar and turbulent flow, shear stress distribution, criteria for determining laminar or turbulent flow, and factors that contribute to head losses such as entrance and exit effects, expansions and contractions, bends and fittings, and valves. It notes that for complex pipe system geometries, experimental data and loss coefficients are required to analyze losses from factors other than friction.
Flow in pipe (vertical)
This document discusses different types of flow in pipes:
- Laminar flow occurs in a continuous and orderly manner from left to right with no mixing between layers.
- Transition flow contains both laminar and turbulent regions as instability begins to form.
- Turbulent flow is completely chaotic with no observable pattern and mixing occurring throughout.
The Reynolds number, which is a dimensionless parameter, can be used to characterize these different flow regimes in pipes.
Engin22 1
This document provides a Moody diagram, which is used to determine friction factors for pipes of any type and size based on the relative roughness of the pipe wall and Reynolds number. The diagram was from an engineering manual published in 1961 by the Hydraulic Institute in New York. It can be used to analyze pressure losses from fluid flow in pipes.
Flow through circular tube
This document summarizes laminar flow of a fluid through a circular tube. It describes the assumptions of steady, laminar flow down a vertical tube with constant density and viscosity. It then presents the momentum balance equations for a cylindrical shell section of the tube. By applying the boundary conditions of no shear stress at the center axis and zero velocity at the tube wall, it arrives at equations for the velocity profile, maximum velocity, average velocity, and mass flow rate through the tube.
Fm 3
The document discusses several key properties of fluids relevant for fluid mechanics, including:
1) Fluids can be modeled as continua when the number of molecules is sufficiently large at any point.
2) For static fluids, the only stress is normal stress since shear stress would induce motion.
3) Pressure in static fluids varies only with elevation and is constant at any horizontal plane.
4) Pressure measurement devices like manometers use fluid statics principles to determine pressure differences.
Free Ebooks Download
1. Dimensional analysis and the concept of similitude allow experiments using scale models to be used to study full-scale systems. Dimensional analysis uses Buckingham pi theorem to determine the minimum number of dimensionless groups needed to describe a phenomenon in terms of the variables involved.
2. For a model to accurately simulate a prototype system, the dimensionless pi groups that describe the phenomenon must be equal between the model and prototype. This establishes the modeling laws or similarity requirements that a model must satisfy.
3. Common dimensionless groups in fluid mechanics include the Reynolds number, Froude number, Strouhal number, and Weber number. These groups arise frequently in analyzing experimental data from fluid mechanics problems.
Fluid mechanics
Pumps and turbines are fluid machines that either add energy to or extract energy from a fluid. Pumps add energy by doing work on the fluid, while turbines extract energy from the fluid as it does work on the turbine. Specifically, centrifugal pumps have an impeller and casing. The impeller adds energy to the fluid by increasing pressure and velocity as it rotates and throws the fluid outward. The casing then converts the kinetic energy into increased pressure before the fluid exits.
Characteristics of boundary layer flow
This document discusses characteristics of boundary layer flow and turbulence in the planetary boundary layer. It describes how turbulence is generated mechanically by wind shear and thermally by unstable stratification. Turbulence results in strong vertical mixing that creates nearly uniform wind profiles in the daytime boundary layer. At night, turbulence dies down, resulting in a shallow stable layer near the surface. Turbulence involves a wide range of length and time scales that must be parameterized in models.
DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS (Lecture notes 08)
This document discusses dimensional analysis, which is a mathematical technique used in fluid mechanics to reduce the number of variables in a problem by combining dimensional variables to form non-dimensional parameters. Dimensional analysis allows problems to be expressed in terms of non-dimensional parameters to show the relative significance of each parameter. It has various uses including checking dimensional homogeneity of equations, deriving equations, planning experiments, and analyzing complex flows using scale models. The Buckingham π theorem states that any relationship between physical quantities can be written as a relationship between dimensionless pi groups formed from the variables. Dimensional analysis is applied by setting up a dimensional matrix to determine the minimum number of pi groups needed to describe the relationship.
Boundary layer equation
1) The document discusses different definitions of boundary layer thickness, including nominal thickness, displacement thickness, momentum thickness, and energy thickness. Equations are provided for calculating each type of thickness.
2) Key assumptions of boundary layer theory are that the boundary layer is thin compared to the body and flow is two-dimensional and steady. The Prandtl boundary layer equations are derived using control volume analysis and assumptions of constant density and viscosity.
3) The Prandtl boundary layer equation equates forces within the boundary layer, including pressure and shear stress, to the net rate of momentum change and forms the basis for boundary layer analysis.
Pumps
Pumps convert mechanical energy to fluid energy and come in various types. The main types are positive displacement pumps, centrifugal pumps, axial flow pumps, and mixed flow pumps. Centrifugal pumps are frequently used in water distribution systems and work by spinning an impeller to push water outward. Axial flow pumps have flow entering and leaving along the pump axis. Multiple impellers can be arranged in series for higher head applications. Pump performance is characterized by curves showing how head and efficiency vary with flow. Total dynamic head and net positive suction head are important concepts for pump sizing and operation. Cavitation can occur if net positive suction head drops too low. Pumps can be arranged in series or parallel to meet different flow
Boundary Layer Displacement Thickness & Momentum Thickness
This document defines and compares three types of boundary layer thickness:
1. Boundary layer thickness is the distance from the surface where the flow velocity is 99% of the free-stream velocity.
2. Displacement thickness is a theoretical thickness where displacing the surface would result in equal flow rates across sections inside and outside the boundary layer.
3. Momentum thickness is a measure of boundary layer thickness defined as the distance the surface would need to be displaced to compensate for the reduction in momentum due to the boundary layer. It is often used to determine drag on an object.
Fluid properties
Fluid properties such as density, specific volume, specific weight, specific gravity, compressibility, viscosity, and surface tension are discussed. Density is defined as the mass of a substance per unit volume. Specific volume is defined as the volume of substance per unit mass. Specific weight is the weight of substance per unit volume. Specific gravity is the ratio of density of a substance to the density of water. Compressibility refers to the change in volume of a fluid with changes in pressure. Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to shear forces and depends on factors like cohesion and molecular momentum. The falling sphere viscometer is used to measure viscosity and involves dropping a sphere in a fluid and measuring its velocity over
pipe line calculation
This document provides guidance on designing irrigation systems. It discusses key concepts like water flow in pipes, hydrostatic pressure, pressure head, total head, head loss, and lateral pipe characteristics. The document presents examples of calculating water velocity, flow rate, pipe diameter, and pressure at different points in an irrigation system. It also discusses alternatives for designing manifolds and ensuring even distribution of pressure and water across subplots. The overall aim is to provide practical methods for designing efficient pressure irrigation systems.
10. fm dimensional analysis adam
The document discusses dimensional analysis and modeling. It covers:
1) The seven primary dimensions used in physics - mass, length, time, temperature, current, amount of light, and amount of matter. All other dimensions can be formed from combinations of these.
2) Dimensional homogeneity, which requires that every term in an equation must have the same dimensions.
3) Nondimensionalization, which involves dividing terms by variables and constants to render the equation dimensionless. This produces dimensionless parameters like the Reynolds and Froude numbers.
4) Similarity between models and prototypes in experiments, which requires geometric, kinematic, and dynamic similarity achieved by matching dimensionless groups.
Hydraulic similitude and model analysis
The document discusses dimensional analysis, similitude, and model analysis. It provides background on how dimensional analysis and model testing are used to study fluid mechanics problems. Dimensional analysis uses the dimensions of physical quantities to determine which parameters influence a phenomenon. Model testing in a laboratory allows measurements to be applied to larger scale systems using similitude. Buckingham's π-theorem is introduced as a way to non-dimensionalize variables when there are more variables than fundamental dimensions. Rayleigh's and Buckingham's methods are demonstrated on an example of determining the resisting force on an aircraft.
8. fm 9 flow in pipes major loses co 3 copy
This document provides an overview of fluid mechanics concepts related to flow in pipes over 3 weeks. It discusses laminar and turbulent flow, identifies the types of flow using the Reynolds number, and explains major and minor losses for flow in pipes. The key points are:
- There are two types of flow - internal (in pipes) and external (over bodies). Internal flow examples include water pipes, blood flow, and HVAC systems.
- Flow can be laminar, turbulent, or in transition as determined by the Reynolds number. The continuity, Bernoulli, and momentum equations govern pipe flow.
- Major losses are pressure/head losses due solely to pipe friction. They can be calculated using the Darcy-
Fluid MechanicsVortex flow and impulse momentum
1. The momentum equation relates the total force on a fluid system to the rate of change of momentum as fluid flows through a control volume.
2. Forces can be resolved into components in different directions for multi-dimensional flows. The total force is equal to the sum of pressure, body, and reaction forces.
3. Examples of applying the momentum equation include calculating forces on a pipe bend, nozzle, jet impact, and curved vane due to changing fluid momentum. Setting up coordinate systems aligned with the flow is important for resolving forces into components.
Viewers also liked (20)
Boundary Layer Displacement Thickness & Momentum Thickness
Boundary Layer Displacement Thickness & Momentum Thickness
Similar to Chap 4.4, 4.5
010a (PPT) Flow through pipes.pdf .
This document discusses flow through pipes. It provides information on:
(1) Major losses in pipe flow are due to friction. These losses can be calculated using the Darcy-Weisbach equation or Moody's chart, which relates friction factor to Reynolds number and relative roughness.
(2) For laminar flow (Re < 2000), the friction factor can be determined from an equation. For turbulent flow (Re > 4000), the friction factor must be obtained from Moody's chart based on Reynolds number and relative roughness.
(3) Common pipe flow problems involve calculating pressure drop, flow rate, or pipe diameter given other parameters like length, diameter, flow rate, or pressure drop.
L21 MOS OCT 2020.pptx .
This document discusses stresses in thin cylinders subjected to internal fluid pressure. It defines a thin cylinder as having a wall thickness less than 1/20 the internal diameter. It describes the circumferential (hoop) stress and longitudinal stress induced in thin cylinders. It provides the equations to calculate maximum shear stress, strains, and changes in diameter, length and volume due to stresses. It also includes example problems calculating stresses, strains and dimensions for given cylinder dimensions and pressures.
Laminar turbulent
The document discusses laminar and turbulent flows in pipes and how they influence energy losses. Laminar flow occurs at low velocities, with fluid moving in separate layers without mixing. Turbulent flow occurs at high velocities with considerable mixing. The Reynolds number characterizes the transition between laminar and turbulent flow, and is used to determine head losses, which vary based on flow type. Head losses are also influenced by pipe roughness and can be calculated using methods like Darcy-Weisbach or Hazen-Williams equations. Pumps add head while motors remove it, and the efficiency of these devices relates their power to the hydraulic power of the system.
Pipeline design for water supply
The Hazen-Williams formula and Darcy-Weisbach formula are commonly used to calculate flow velocity and head loss in pipes. The Hazen-Williams formula uses coefficients related to pipe material and condition to calculate velocity. The Darcy-Weisbach formula uses the friction factor, which varies based on pipe diameter and condition, to calculate head loss. Example calculations are provided applying these formulas to different pipe diameters, flows, and system lengths and slopes for the Kathmandu water supply system. Charts also show performance curves for submersible pumps under varying flow rates and heads.
Ejercicio 1. Ecuación Darcy W.
This document summarizes a problem involving the analysis of a centrifugal pump system. The pump impels 300 L/min of water at 20°C through 500m of piping with elbows. The following key values are given: pump speed of 1490 rpm, total head of 56.79 m, total efficiency of 75%, and outlet pressure of 5.5 bar. The problem involves calculating: (1) the power imparted to the water, (2) the drive power required by the pump, (3) the drive torque, and (4) the pressure at a point 24m after the piping. A series of fluid mechanics equations are used, including Bernoulli's equation and equations for friction loss, to
friction loss along a pipe
,friction pipe ,friction loss along a pipe ,pipe ,along a ,loss along ,loss along a ,friction loss ,friction loss along a ,loss along a pipe ,along a pipe ,friction loss alon ,friction loss along a p ,loss along a pip
A109212102 mechanicsoffluids1
This document contains 8 questions related to mechanics of fluids for an aeronautical engineering exam. The questions cover topics like Darcy's formula for head loss in pipes, Bernoulli's equation, boundary layers, stagnation properties, viscosity, venturimeters, and more. Students are asked to solve problems and derive equations related to fluid flow concepts.
Quishpe mireya practica6
This document describes an experiment conducted to determine pressure losses in pipes and fittings. It provides objectives, equations, technical data, theoretical background, and test results. The specific objectives were to determine variation in friction factor for straight pipes, the relationship between total head loss and flow rate for fittings, and loss coefficients for each fitting. Tables show pressure loss data and calculations of friction factor, head losses in elbows, expansions/contractions, and loss coefficients for valves and fittings.
Gate 2017 me 1 solutions with explanations
The document contains information about a test series conducted by KAME Classroom and Online Test Series. It provides the date and time of the GATE 2017 Mechanical Engineering exam, and requests candidates to share their expected GATE scores. It also contains sample questions and answers from the GATE 2017 Mechanical Engineering exam.
Gate 2017 me 1 solutions with explanations
The document contains information about a test series conducted by KAME Classroom and Online Test Series. It provides the date and time of the GATE 2017 Mechanical Engineering exam, and requests candidates to share their expected GATE scores. It also contains sample questions and answers from the GATE 2017 Mechanical Engineering exam.
Coiled tubing calculations.pdf
This document provides information on calculating various parameters related to coiled tubing operations. It includes formulas and examples for:
1. Calculating the reel capacity of coiled tubing based on dimensions like flange height and width. An example calculates the reel capacity as 16,353 feet.
2. Determining internal and external volumes and displacements of tubing using formulas and reference tables. An example calculates displaced volume of 2000 feet of 1.5" tubing as 4.3 barrels.
3. Calculating annular volumes between coiled tubing and casing/tubing using formulas and reference tables. An example finds the annular volume between 5000 feet of coiled tubing and 3
FINAL
The document provides information on the design of electrical systems for residential buildings according to British standards. It includes sections on generation, transmission, distribution and residential modeling. It also covers topics like sockets, lighting circuits, power factor calculations, voltage drop analysis, short circuit calculations and street lighting design parameters. Diagrams and examples are provided to illustrate how to calculate the number of lights and sockets needed, size circuit breakers and cables based on load calculations.
EE301 Lesson 15 Phasors Complex Numbers and Impedance (2).ppt
This document covers phasors, complex numbers, and their application to representing alternating current (AC) signals. It defines phasors as rotating vectors used to represent sinusoids, and complex numbers as numbers with real and imaginary parts that allow representing phasors. The document explains how to convert between polar and rectangular complex number forms, and how to perform operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division on complex numbers. It then discusses using phasors to model AC voltages and currents by transforming them into the frequency domain using complex numbers. Finally, it covers topics like phase difference between waveforms and using phasors to understand phase relationships between AC signals.
Ans1
This document contains worked solutions to three hydraulics problems. In problem 1, the author calculates flow rates and forces in a channel. They find a flow rate of 58.8 m/s and a force of 538 N. Problem 2 involves calculating velocities and pressures in a siphon, finding velocities of 7.67 m/s and a gauge pressure of -54.9 kPa. For part b, they calculate the exit level is 25.8 m below the surface. Problem 3 parts a and b involve calculating flow rates in pipes, finding rates of 71.6 L/s and 0.05 m3/s respectively, and the head required by a pump of 61.6 m.
2 compression
This document discusses compression testing and summarizes:
1. It describes the barrel shape of compressed specimens and types of failure under compression.
2. It outlines limitations of compression tests and precautions needed for the tests.
3. It provides information on specimen size, shape, and dimensions for different test purposes and defines terms like elastic limit stress, ultimate compressive strength, and modulus.
Tce presentation
This document discusses various topics related to earthing design including:
1. Calculating the necessary cross-sectional area of conductors to carry grid fault current and prevent dangerous surface potentials.
2. Factors that influence surface current density such as soil resistivity, time to clear faults, and temperature limits.
3. Formulas to evaluate the cross-section of conductors based on mechanical and electrical requirements.
4. Techniques for measuring soil resistivity like taking readings in multiple directions to generate a polar curve and account for variability.
RESISTENCIA DE MATERIALES
1. The document contains two engineering problems involving the calculation of stresses in mechanical parts.
2. The first problem calculates the increase in a circular tube's torque capacity if its semicircular cross section is inverted. The capacity increases by a factor of 1.66.
3. The second problem determines the stress in a simply supported floorboard experiencing bending from a moment applied 3 degrees off the z-axis. It finds the stress is 925 psi, higher than the 800 psi if applied along z, and calculates the neutral axis angle as -25.3 degrees.
Four probe Method.pptx
The document describes the four probe method used to measure the resistivity and determine the band gap of a semiconductor sample (germanium crystal). It discusses the history of the four probe technique and limitations of the two probe method. The experimental procedure, apparatus used, formulas, observations, calculations and results are presented. The band gap of the germanium sample is determined to be 0.68eV from the linear relationship between the log of resistivity and inverse temperature. Applications and references are also listed.
design of chock coil
1) The document discusses the design of choke coils, which use self-inductance to oppose applied voltages.
2) It outlines the steps to design choke coils with no air gap or with adjustable air gaps, including determining the number of turns, conductor size, and mechanical dimensions.
3) The key design considerations are the magnetic circuit properties, electric circuit properties, and mechanical dimensions needed to accommodate the coil within the available window space.
Design of transformer and chock coil
This document provides information on the design of single phase and three phase variable air-gap choke coils. It discusses the key components of a choke coil including the copper wire winding and laminated iron core. The design procedure involves determining the required magnetic flux, current, turns, conductor size, and mechanical dimensions. Key steps include calculating the ampere-turns for the iron and air gaps, selecting the conductor size based on current density, and determining the coil window size and spacing to accommodate the windings. Design values such as resistance, inductance, and impedance are also calculated.
Similar to Chap 4.4, 4.5 (20)
EE301 Lesson 15 Phasors Complex Numbers and Impedance (2).ppt
EE301 Lesson 15 Phasors Complex Numbers and Impedance (2).ppt
Chap 4.4, 4.5
- 2. Moody Chart • Figure 8.11 – Moody chart for pipe friction factor (Stanton diagram - The plot of the airflow friction coefficient against the Reynolds number) • Four zone of pipe flows: (i) Laminar flow (ii) Critical zone (iii) Transition flow (iv) Complete turbulence (fully rough pipe flow)
- 3. Moody Chart • Thomas Edward Stanton (1865–1931) • The value of f independent of Reynolds number and relative roughness, • Moody chart D e
- 5. Categories of most single pipe flow problems are:- Type Find Given Remark Head loss problem hf D, Q or V, L, e, v The simplest, can be solved directly. Discharge problem Q or V D, hf, L, e, v Quite difficult, direct solution is not possible, require trial & error method, assume the initial f. Sizing problem D Q, hf, L, e, v Quite difficult, direct solution is not possible, require trial & error method, assume the initial f.
- 6. Type 1 Problem Exercises (pg 284) • 8.13.2 Oil (s = 0.94) with viscosity 0.0096 N.s/m2 flows in a 90 mm diameter welded steel pipe (see Table 8.1) at 7.2 L/s. What is the friction head loss per meter pipe?
- 7. • Solution sm D Q A Q V /13177.1 1090 102.744 23 3 2 40001097.9 0096.0 090.013177.1100094.0 Re 3 VD The flow is turbulent! From Table 8.1: for welded steel pipe, e = 0.046 mm
- 8. 000511.0 90 046.0 D e From Moody chart, f 0.032 mm gD fV L hf /02321.0 090.062.19 13177.1032.0 2 22
- 9. Type 2 Problem • Example 8.4 Sebatang paip yang bergarispusat dan panjang masing-masingnya 100 mm dan 120 m mengalirkan minyak pada jumlah turus 5 m. Tentukan kadaralir minyak melalui paip besi tuangan itu. Ambil v = 1 x 10-5 m2/s.
- 10. • Solution D = 100 mm = 0.1 m L = 120 m hf = 5 m v = 1 x 10-5 m2/s From Table 8.1, for cast iron pipe, e = 0.25 mm
- 11. 0025.0 100 25.0 D e Assume the flow is turbulent. gD fLV hf 2 2 ff V 28592.0 120 1.062.195 V V v VD 000,10 101 1.0 Re 5
- 12. Use trial and error Try f V (m/s) Re Obtained f Remark 0.025 1.80831 1.81 x 104 0.0305 Try again 0.0305 1.63717 1.64 x 104 0.0301 Try again 0.0301 1.64801 1.65 x 104 0.0301 Converged! smAVQ /01294.064801.1 4 1.0 3 2 Therefore, This f is obtain from your trial value This f is obtain from moody graph
- 13. Type 3 Problem • Example 8.5 Tentukan garispusat paip besi galvani yang diperlukan untuk mengalirkan air sejauh 180 m pada kadaralir 85 L/s dengan kehilangan 9 m. Ambil v = 1.14 mm2/s.
- 14. Solution L = 180 m hf = 9 m Q = 85 L/s = 0.085 m3/s v = 1.14 mm2/s = 1.14 x 10-6 m2/s From Table 8.1, for galvanized iron pipe, e = 0.15 mm DD e 00015.0 Assume the flow is turbulent.
- 15. 222 10823.0085.044 DDD Q V D D Dv VD 52746.94934 1014.1 10823.0 Re 62 52 2 2 22 2 16 22 Dg fLQ gDA fLQ gD fLV hf
- 16. f f hg fLQ D f 01193958.0 962.19 085.018016 2 16 2 2 2 2 5 51 41248.0 fD Start by assuming a mid range value of f Try f D (m) e/D Re Obtained f Remark 0.030 0.20456 0.00073 4.641 x 105 0.0188 Try again 0.0188 0.18631 0.00081 5.096 x 105 0.0195 Try again 0.0195 0.18767 0.00080 5.058 x 105 0.0195 Converged! This f is obtain from your trial value This f is obtain from moody graph
- 17. Therefore, accept D = 0.18767 m = 187.67427 mm