hey there, i am humaira jahan and today my presentation is about august comte.
some can say that if your topic is august comte why have you focused on his theory not his life? the ans is that i believe one's identity is her/his work not their life style.
I hope you guys will like it.
hey there, i am humaira jahan and today my presentation is about august comte.
some can say that if your topic is august comte why have you focused on his theory not his life? the ans is that i believe one's identity is her/his work not their life style.
I hope you guys will like it.
Auguste Comte was best known for the concept positivism. he was a French philosopher and the prominent founder father of sociology. here is some his some his major theories given below with short explanations
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The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
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The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
âą The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
âą The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate âany matterâ at âany timeâ under House Rule X.
âą The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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Herbert Spencer's Theory of Social Evolution & Organic Analogy
1. ï¶Theory of Social
Evolution
ï¶Organic Analogy
Prepared by:
Debolina Ghosh
M.A. (Eng), M.A.(Sociology)
NTA NET Qualified (Sociology)
Contact for U.G. & P.G. Classes:
9836060417
Herbert Spencer
(1820- 1903)
3. âEvolutionary Theoryâ or âThe Laws of Evolutionâ is often
regarded as the greatest contribution of the British
sociologist Herbert Spencer to the realm of social thought.
Though his social theories created many controversies, still
those will not obscure the important role that he had played
in enriching the field of social thought.
4. Evolution â The most exciting concept of the 19th century
Evolution was one of the most exciting ideas of the 19th
century. Itâs most influential sponsor was Charles Darwin.
Darwin developed the concept of âEvolutionâ in his
âOrigin of Species- 1859â. Spencer was highly
influenced by the idea of evolution. He applied the
principle of evolution to the social world and called it
social evolution. He saw social evolution as âa set of
stages through which all the stages moved from simple
to the complex and from the homogeneous to
heterogeneousâ.
5. Meaning of the concept of âEvolutionâ
The term âevolutionâ comes from the Latin word
âevolvereâ, which means âto developâ or to âunfoldâ. It
closely corresponds to the Sanskrit word âVikasâ.
Evolution literally means gradual âunfoldingâ or
âunrollingâ. It indicates changes from âwithinâ and not
from âwithoutâ__ it is spontaneous but not automatic. It
must takes place on its own accord. It implies continuous
change that takes place especially in some structure.
The concept applies more precisely to the internal growth
of an organism.
6. Meaning of Social âEvolutionâ
The term âevolutionâ is borrowed from biological science to sociology.
The term âorganic evolutionâ was replaced by âsocial evolutionâ in
sociology. Where as the term âorganic evolutionâ is used to denote the
evolution of organism, the expression âsocial evolutionâ is used to
explain the evolution of human society. Here the term implies the
evolution of manâs social relations. It was hoped that the theory of
social evolution would explain the origin and development of man.
Anthropologists or Sociologists wanted to find a satisfactory
explanation for social evolution rather than a description. Herbert
Spencer made the concept of âevolutionâ and âsocial evolutionâ , the
central concept of his sociological theories.
7. Spencerâs Theory of Evolution
As L. A. Coser pointed out the âevolutionary principleâ or
âthe law of evolution constitutes the very basis of
Spencerism. Spencerian interpretation relating to
âevolutionâ could be two parts:
A) General Theory of Evolution
B) Theory of Social Evolution
In his book âFirst Principlesâ(1862) we get his views
about the first theory, and information and interpretations
about the second theory are available in sociological
treaties namely, âThe Study of Sociologyâ and âThe
Principles of Sociologyâ.
8. A. General Theory of Evolution
Spencerâs âTheory of Social Evolutionâ is grounded in his âGeneral
Theory of Evolutionâ. But the evolutionary perspective as such.
Spencer borrowed from Charles Darwinâs âTheory of Organic
Evolutionâ.
Spencerâs Concept of âUniversal Evolutionâ:
Spencer made âevolutionâ a universal principle in his treatise âFirst
Principlesâ. According to Spencer, âevolution is a change from a
state of relatively indefinite, incoherent homogeneity to a definite
coherent heterogeneity.â For Spencer, this law of evolution is
universal in character for it is applicable to the physical, organic and
social world. For him, Law of evolution is supreme law of every
becoming. Spencer was of the opinion that this universal process of
evolution would explain the âearliest change which the universe at
large is supposed to have undergone.â It also explains the law of
evolution âas a master key to the riddles of the universe.â
9. Three basic laws and Four propositions:-
Within the framework of universal evolution, Spencer developed his âthree
basic lawsâ and âfour secondary propositionsâ___ each building upon each
and all upon the doctrine of evolution.
The Three Basic Laws:
1. Law of Persistence of Energy or Force: There is a persistence of force
in the world. There is the persistence of some sustaining energy in which
all phenomenon rest. But this force or energy itself lies beyond our
knowledge. This is a major irreducible fact which we can not explain but
which we are obliged to accept.
2. The Law of indestructibility of matter: The basic elements of matter and
energy neither created nor destroyed, but conserved. It means there is basic
indestructibility of the elements of matter.
3. The Law of Continuity of Motion: There is a continuous motion in the
world. In case of matter, motion can not be stopped. When form of matter
changes, motion also changes. Energy passes from one form to another. It
always persists and never disappears.
10. In relation to the evolutionary process, Spencer has mentioned four
secondary propositions or laws in addition to the three basic laws. The
Four Secondary Propositions are:-
1. Uniformity of Law: There is a persistence of certain relationship
among the forces in the world. The world is in order of elements.
Recurring manifestations of events in the natural world, the forces,
elements of matter, and relations of motion existing among them
have a definite regularity.
2. Law of Transformation and Equivalence of Forces: The force,
the elements of matter, the motion are never lost or dissipated
entirely in a process of change. They are merely transformed into the
manifestation of some other event or some other form of existence.
3. The Law of Least Resistance and Great Attraction: There is
tendency of everything (all forces and elements) to move along the
line of least resistance and of greatest attraction.
4. The Principle of Alteration or Rhythm of Motion: All phenomena
in nature have their own particular rate and rhythm of movement, of
duration and development. Force, matter and motion each of these
has its appropriate pattern of transformation.
11. Evolutionary Theory- A Joint Product of the Seven Laws:-
It is significant to note that Spencer derived from these basic
propositions his âlaw of evolutionâ. According to Spencer, all the
phenomena of nature and all the changing psychological and
sociological process of human experience and behaviour followed
this pattern of change. All process of change are similar, in that
they emerge out of the world.....in this condition of organised
complexity; from a condition of indefiniteness to a condition of
definiteness. This was how Spencer made evolution a universally
applicable system of analysis. Spencer thus made applicable the
law of evolution to analyse the development and evolution of the
human society. In this context he gave birth to âThe Theory of
Evolutionâ.
12. B. Theory of Social Evolution
Two of Spencerâs main books namely, The Study of Sociology and
The Principles of Sociology provide us more details about his
âtheory of social evolutionâ. Just as the âTheory of Organic Evolutionâ
analyses the birth, development and death of the organism, in the
same manner, âThe Theory of Social Evolutionâ analyses the
genesis, evolution and finally the decay of the society. Spencerâs
opinion was that human society can be treated as an organism. Both
the organism and the society grow from simple to complex and from
homogeneous to heterogeneous.
Abraham and Morgan have pointed out that Spencerâs Theory of
Evolution involves two interrelated trends of thoughts.
(i) Change from simplicity to complexity or movement from
simple society to various levels of compound societies; and
(ii) Change from military society to industrial society
13. (i) Change from simplicity to complexity or movement from simple
society to various levels of compound societies
Spencer repeatedly argued all phenomena in all fields proceed
from simplicity to complexity. Societies also undergo evolutionary
stages of development. Spencer identified four types of societies in
terms of stages of their evolutionary development. These stages
are discussed below:-
a) Simple Society:- This is the most primitive society without any
complexities and consisting of several families.
b) Compound Society:- A large number of above mentioned
simple societies make a compound society. This is clan society.
c) Doubly Compound Society:- These societies consist of
several clans compounded into tribes or tribal society.
d) Trebly Compound Society:- Here the tribes are organised into
nation states. This is the present form of the world. The master
trend in this process of universal evolution is the increased
differentiation of social structures which leads inevitably to
better integration and adaption to environment.
14. (ii) Change from military society to industrial society
According to Spencer, evolution proceeds from military society to industrial
society. The types of social structure depends on the relation of a society to
other societies in itâs significant characteristics.
a) Thus while the military society is characterised by compulsory
cooperation, industrial society is based on voluntary cooperation.
b) While the military society has a centralised government, the industrial
society has a decentralised government.
c) Military society has economic autonomy but it is not found in industrial
society.
d) Domination of the state over all other social organization is found in the
military society. In the industrial society the industrial society the
functions of the states are very much limited.
Spencer stated that societies need not necessarily pass through the
identical stages of evolution or exactly become one like the other. He
maintained there are differences between individual societies due to
disturbances which interfered with the straight line of evolution.
15. He refers to possible disturbances which are as
follows:-
i) Somewhat different original endowment of the races.
ii) The effect due to the impact of the immediately
preceding stage of evolution.
iii) Peculiarities of habits.
iv) The position of a given society in the framework of a
larger community of socirties and
v) The impact of the mixture of races.
16. Some observations relating to Spencerâs âTheory
of Social Evolutionsâ:-
1. Social Evolution is also as rigid as Organic Evolution
It can be said that Spencer had a belief in the unilinear evolution
of mankind. It means, âThe mankind progress through stages of
development is as rigidly determined as the evolution of
individuals from childhood to maturityâ. âAs between infancy and
maturity there is no short cut so there is no way from the lower
forms of social life to the higher, but one passing through small
successive modification. The process can not be abridged and
must be gone through with due patience.â__ Spencer wrote in his
âStudy of sociologyâ.
17. 2. Is Evolution Bound to move towards Progress?
Spencer had claimed that the ever- present process of evolution
was inevitably leading towards progress. He believed that man by
nature was pre- destined to progressâ. Spencer in his earlier writings
describes the process of evolution as unremitting, unrelenting and
ever present. âThe change from the homogeneous to the
heterogeneous is displayed in the progress of civilisation as a
whole, as well as in the progress of every nation; and it is still going
on with increasing rapidityâ. Though he very strongly asserted in the
beginning that evolution is inevitably and unremittingly heading
towards progress, the political developments that took place in
England at the end of the 19th century made him suspect the power
of evolution to promise progress always. He felt that evolution is not
always endless progress. There is a limit to it after which
disintegration and death take place. Moreover, disintegration is also
gradual and involves a process of evolution in reverse. Evolution is
thus cyclical in nature.
18. 3. The process of Equilibrium involved in
Evolution:-
According to Spencer, evolution is a process leading towards
equilibrium. He wrote: âA social organism like an individual
organism undergoes modification until it comes into equilibrium
with environing conditions; and thereupon continues without
further change of structureâ. The so called equilibrium will be
established through what Darwin called âThe struggle for
existenceâ. Once the equilibrium is established societies will
obtain greater freedom and peace. Since societies and
institutions are subject to the âautomatic processâ of evolution,
they do not have the capacity to alter the conditions but will have
to adjust to the conditions.
19. Critical Remarks on Spencerâs Theory of Evolution_Comments
in Appreciation:-
1. As Bogardus has pointed out, âSpencer emphasized the laws of
evolution and natural causation. He described social evolution as
a phase of natural evolution.â
2. Spencer has made the principles of evolution universal in
character.
3. Spencerâs work inspired British social thought to a great extent.
4. According to Bogardus, Spencer deserves credit, however, for
developing the concept of social evolution as a phase of natural
evolution and for stressing the idea of natural sequences in social
matters.â
5. Abraham and Morgan have rightly commented: No one after
Spencer ever matched either the sheer volume of sociological
writing nor made more significant contributions to the science of
human society.
20. Critical Remarks on Spencerâs Theory of Evolution_Comments
against Spencerâs view:-
1. No modern sociologists subscribes to the theory of social evolution.
His attempt to equalise evolution with progress is totally rejected. But
itâs modified form known as âTheory of Neo- Evolutionismâ
advocated by the anthropologists like Leslie A White, V. Gordon Childe
and others are getting some publicity in anthropological circles.
2. Bogardus is unhappy with Spencerâs theory of social evolution for it
underestimates the importance of man. He writes: â the emphasis upon
âmanâ as a primary unit neglects the importance of the âgroupâ in the
social evolutionary process. Moreover, Spencer underrated the
intellectual nature of primitive man; he denied the early man the
qualities involving exclusiveness of thought, imagination and original
ideas.
3. Spencer had spoken of uniformity in the process of evolution. He did
not realise that societies at the same stage of evolution do not
necessarily possess identical politics, ethic, art and religion.
4. While Spencer believed that social part exists for the social whole,
today, society is believed to exist for the welfare of the individuals.
22. Spencer took great pain to elaborate in great detail the
organic analogy which is the identification of a society
with biological organism. He regarded the recognition of
the similarity between society and organism as the first
step towards a general theory of evolution.
In the words of Spencer, â Society organised on the same
system as an individual, that we may perceive something
more than an analogy between them, the same definition
of life applies to bothâ.
23. Spencer noted several similarities between biological and
social organisms:-
i) Both society and organism are distinguished from inorganic
matter by visible growth during the greater part of their
existence.
ii) As societies and organisms, grow in size, they also increase in
complexity of structure.
iii) Both in societies and organisms, progressive differentiation of
structure is accompanied by progressive differentiations of
functions.
iv) Evolution establishes for both societies and organisms
differences in structure and function that make each other
possible.
v) Just as a living organism may be regarded as a nation of units
that live individually, so a nation of human beings may be
regarded as an organism.
24. After describing the analogy, Spencer also described the
differences between the society and organism. According to him
the parts of an animal form a concrete whole but the parts of
society form a whole which is discrete. While the living units
composing the society are free, are not in contact and are more
or less dispersed. Spencer continued to use the organic analogy
as a scientific premise to build his theory of evolution.
Spencer tried to pinpoint the similarities and differences between
organic and social life but denied that held the doctrine of
organic analogy. In his words, âI have used the analogies, but
only as a scaffolding to help in building up a coherent body of
sociological induction. Let us take away the scaffolding: the
induction will stand by themselves.â However, Spencer
consistently used the terminology of organism in his writings.