The document is a physics investigatory project report by a 12th grade student on transformers. It includes an introduction to transformers, the theory behind their operation, the apparatus used, experimental procedure followed to investigate the relationship between input/output voltage and primary/secondary coil turns, uses of transformers, conclusions drawn, and sources cited. The student successfully completed the project under a teacher's guidance to fulfill curriculum requirements.
TOPIC-To investigate the relation between the ratio of :-1. Input and outpu...CHMURLIDHAR
TOPIC-To investigate the relation between the ratio of :-1. Input and output voltage.2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self made transformer.
TOPIC-To investigate the relation between the ratio of :-1. Input and outpu...CHMURLIDHAR
TOPIC-To investigate the relation between the ratio of :-1. Input and output voltage.2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self made transformer.
This is the investigatory project on aids. for biology class 12. or can be used for educational purpose. this covers all important topics with good images. if you like this follow me on my instagram @vishal2782003
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This is the investigatory project on aids. for biology class 12. or can be used for educational purpose. this covers all important topics with good images. if you like this follow me on my instagram @vishal2782003
Study Of oxalte ion in guava fruit at different stages of ripeningPrince Warade
guava is sweet,juicy,light or dark green coulured fruit.we will learn to test for the presence of oxalate ions in the guava fruit and how its amount varies during different stages of ripening.
Rectifier class 12th physics investigatory projectndaashishk7781
Investigatory project of physics class 12 for helping kendriya vidyalaya students
Project on rectifier whoever taking this project also requires a modal of rectifier
Physics investigatory project for class 12 on the topic " to estimate charge induced on two styro foam / pith balls separated by a distance "
Just change the name and cover page.
chemistry project for class 12 on analysis of honeyRadha Gupta
this is a project for class 12 boards for chemistry subject on analysis of honey.it will be very helpful for students who are searching for chemistry project
It is based on current transformer description
It's working and applications are present in it ,it also includes videos of it's windings and it's inrush ability of transformer, and also about instrument transformer and it's working with applications.Current transformers are used-in measuring high currents and connected with it in parallel to it
The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or vice-versa. A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction according to this principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f is induced in the neighbouring coil.
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Dengue viruses are the arboviruses capable of infecting humans and causing disease.
It is a arthropod borne viral disease. Of all the arthropod borne diseases dengue fewer is most commonCBSE class 12th physics Investigatory ProjectAlso called: break bone fever
Dengue viruses are the arboviruses capable of infecting humans and causing disease.
It is a arthropod borne viral disease. Of all the arthropod borne diseases dengue fewer is most common
https://www.slideshare.net/EligetiVishnu/physics-investigatory-electromagnetic-inductionhttps://www.slideshare.net/EligetiVishnu/physics-investigatory-electromagnetic-inductionhttps://www.slideshare.net/EligetiVishnu/physics-investigatory-electromagnetic-inductionhttps://www.slideshare.net/EligetiVishnu/physics-investigatory-electromagnetic-inductionvvhttps://www.slideshare.net/EligetiVishnu/physics-investigatory-electromagnetic-inductionhttps://www.slideshare.net/EligetiVishnu/physics-investigatory-electromagnetic-inductionvhttps://www.slideshare.net/EligetiVishnu/physics-investigatory-electromagnetic-induction Area 51 is the common name of a highly classified United States Air Force (USAF) facility within the Nevada Test and Training Range. A remote detachment administered by Edwards Air Force Base, the facility is officially called Homey Airport (ICAO: KXTA, FAA LID: XTA)[1] or Groom Lake (after the salt flat next to its airfield). Details of its operations are not made public, but the USAF says that it is an open training range,[2] and it is commonly thought to support the development and testing of experimental aircraft and weapons systems.[3][2] The USAF and CIA acquired the site in 1955, primarily for flight testing the Lockheed U-2 aircraft.[4]
The intense secrecy surrounding the base has made it the frequent subject of conspiracy theories and a central component of unidentified flying object (UFO) folklore.[5][6] It has never been declared a secret base, but all research and occurrences in Area 51 are Top Secret/Sensitive Compartmented Information (TS/SCI).[7] The CIA publicly acknowledged the base's existence on 25 June 2013, following a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request filed in 2005 and declassified documents detailing its history and purpose.[8]
Area 51 is located in the southern portion of Nevada, 83 miles (134 km) north-northwest of Las Vegas. The surrounding area is a popular tourist destination, including the small town of Rachel on the "Extraterrestrial Highway".Area 51 is the common name of a highly classified United States Air Force (USAF) facility within the Nevada Test and Training Range. A remote detachment administered by Edwards Air Force Base, the facility is officially called Homey Airport (ICAO: KXTA, FAA LID: XTA)[1] or Groom Lake (after the salt flat next to its airfield). Details of its operations are not made public, but the USAF says that it is an open training range,[2] and it is commonly thought to support the development and testing of experimental aircraft and weapons systems.[3][2] The USAF and CIA acquired the site in 1955, primarily for flight testing the Lockheed U-2 aircraft.[4]
The intense secrecy surrounding the base has made it the frequent subject of conspiracy theories and a central component of unidentified flying object (UFO) folklore.[5][6] It has never been declared a secret base, but all research and occurrences in Area 51 are Top Secret/Sensitive Compartmented Information (TS/SCI).[7
transformers is a project based on physics which explores its working, uses, loses and many more.... please do visit the project for good sense of understanding
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
1. M.B.S PUBLIC SCHOOL
2014-15
PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
TRANSFORMERS
BY:-
AYASHKANT MISHRA.
STD:-XII
SEC:-A
ROLL NO :-
2. M.B.S Public school
Department of physics
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Ayashkant Mishra, a student of class XII-A has successfully completed the research on the below mentioned project under the guidance of Mr. Manas Naik ( Subject Teacher ) during the year 2014-15 in partial fulfillment of physics practical examination conducted by AISSCE, New Delhi.
Signature of external examiner Signature of physics teacher
3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Primarily I would thank God for being able to complete this project with success. Then I would like to thank my physics teacher Mr. Manas Naik , whose valuable guidance has been the ones that helped me patch this project and make it full proof success his suggestions and his instructions has served as the major contributor towards the completion of the project.
Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who have helped me with their valuable suggestions and guidance has been helpful in various phases of the completion of the project.
Last but not the least I would like to thank my classmates who have helped me a lot.
Ayashkant Mishra
4. INDEX
1. CERTIFICATE OF EXCELLENCE
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3. AIM OF PROJECT
4. INTRODUCTION
5. THEORY
6. APPARATUS REQUIRED
7. PROCEDURE FOLLOWED
8. USES OF TRANSFORMERS
9. CONCLUSION
10. PRECAUTIONS
11. SOURCES OF ERROR
12. BIBILIOGRAPHY
5. AIM OF THE PROJECT
To investigate the relation between the ratio of –
1. Input and output voltage.
2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil of
a self made transformer.
6. Introduction
The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or vice-versa.
A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction according to this principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f is induced in the neighboring coil.
A transformer is an electrical device which is used for changing the A.C. voltages. A transformer is most widely used device in both low and high current circuit. As such transformers are built in an amazing strength of sizes. In electronic, measurement and control circuits, transformer size may be so small that it weight only a few tens of grams where as in high voltage power circuits, it may weight hundred of tones.
In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one circuit to another circuit takes place without the use of moving parts.
A transformer which increases the voltages is called a step- up transformer. A transformer which decreases the A.C. voltages is called a step-down transformer.
Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of apparatus both for high and low current circuits.
7. theory
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an alternating current starts falling in it. The altering current in the primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces altering voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary. In a good-transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary is also linked with the secondary, and then the induced e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary is equal to that induced in each turn of the primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s induced in the primary and the secondary and Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils of the transformer and
dф / dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff the coil at this instant, we have
Ep = -Np dф/dt _______________ (1)
and
Es = -Ns dф/dt _______________ (2)
Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing 2 by 1, we get
Es / Ep = - Ns / Np ______________ (3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is
8. due to the difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous values of the
applied and back
e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil, then the
instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by
Ip = E – Ep / Rp
E – Ep = Ip Rp
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence equation 3 can be written as
Es / Ep = Es / E
= output e.m.f / input e.m.f
= Ns / Np = K
Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.
9. IN A STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER
Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np
If
Ip = value of primary current at the same instant
And
Is = value of secondary current at this instant, then
Input power at the instant = Ep Ip
And
Output power at the same instant = Es Is
If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then
Input power = output power
Or
Ep Ip = Es Is
Or
Es / Ep = Ip / Is = K
11. IN A STEP UP TRANSFORMER
Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np As, k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip
i.e. current in secondary is weaker when secondary voltage is higher.
Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in the same ratio.
Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down transformer, whatever we lose in voltage, we gain in current in the same ratio.
Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the current &a step down transformer steps up the current.
13. EFFICIENCY
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to the input power.
i.e.
η = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip
Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power losses
, η = 1.
But in actual practice, there are many power losses; therefore the efficiency of transformer is less than one.
14. ENERGY LOSSES
Following are the major sources of energy loss in a transformer:
1. Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the copper coils of a transformer. This is due to joule heating of conducting wires.
2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron core of the transformer. This is due to formation of eddy currents in iron core. It is minimized by taking laminated cores.
3. Leakage of magnetic flux occurs inspite of best insulations. Therefore, rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of S1S2 is less than the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of P1P2.
4. Hysteresis loss is the loss of energy due to repeated magnetization and demagnetization of the iron core when A.C. is fed to it.
5. Magneto striation i.e. humming noise of a transformer
17. PROCEDURE FOLLOWED
1.Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a large number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say 60). This constitutes primary coil of the transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick copper wire on it. This constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step down transformer.
3. Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage and current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through s1and s2.
5. Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again measure voltage and current through primary and secondary coil of step up transformer.
6. Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by changing number of turns in primary and secondary coil.
18. USES OF TRANSFORMERS
1. In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air conditioner, etc.
2. A step down transformer is used for welding purposes.
3. A step down transformer is used for obtaining large current.
4. A step up transformer is used for the production of X-Rays and NEON advertisement.
5. Transformers are used in voltage regulators and stabilized power supplies.
6. Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c. over long distances.
7. Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones, loud speakers and electric bells etc
19. CONCLUSION
1. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input voltage
2. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/N p) with respect to the input voltage
3. There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a transformer.
20. PRECAUTIONS
1. Keep safe yourself from high voltage.
2. While taking the readings of current and voltage the A.C should remain constant.
SOURCES OF ERROR
1. Values of current can be changed due to heating effect.
2. Eddy current can change the readings.
21. BIBILIOGRAPHY
1) NCERT textbook class 12
2) NCERT physics lab Manuel
3) INTERNET
4) www.yahoo.com
5) www.scribd.com
6) www.google.com