Talcott Parsons was an American sociologist who developed structural functionalism, which views society as a system of interconnected parts that work together to maintain stability and social order. Parsons was influenced by theorists like Durkheim, Weber, Spencer, and Comte. He developed theories of social action, the social system, AGIL functions, and pattern variables. Parsons viewed society as made up of interdependent institutions that help society adapt, attain goals, integrate, and maintain social order. He believed rapid social change could disrupt this equilibrium.
University First Year level revision notes on Classical Sociological Theory. Contains notes on Karl Marx, Max Weber and Emile Durkheim among others. All notes come from university lecture notes and online research. Includes quotes from sociologists, a history of sociology, keywords and theories and ideas.
According to conflict theory, society is made up of groups that compete for limited resources. The document discusses key aspects of conflict theory including Marx's view of the worker-owner relationship under capitalism and the idea of class consciousness and struggle. It also summarizes Marx's view of historical stages involving modes of production and class structures from primitive communism to full communism.
1. Auguste Comte developed the philosophy of positivism and established sociology as a distinct scientific discipline.
2. He proposed that societies and human thought progress through theological, metaphysical, and positivistic stages of development. In the positivistic stage, people seek natural laws through empirical research and theory.
3. Comte separated sociological study into social statics, concerning social structures and their functions, and social dynamics, concerning social change over time through progressive evolution. He analyzed key social structures like the individual, family, language, division of labor, and religion.
C. Wright Mills was a sociologist concerned with how larger societal forces shape individual lives and history. He believed sociology is the intersection of biography and history, where personal experiences meet broader social, economic and political contexts. Mills saw contradictions within social structures as a source of problems, and analyzed the power structures of the military, corporations and government that converged. His work provided perspectives for both understanding society on a macro level and examining human interactions on a micro level.
Emile Durkheim was a French sociologist born in 1858 who is considered the founder of modern sociology. He studied religion from a secular perspective and became interested in using scientific methods to study society. Some of his most important works examined how social forces influence behaviors and beliefs, including his studies of suicide rates, the division of labor in societies, and the functions and effects of religious beliefs on social cohesion. He viewed society as a complex system of interrelated parts that must work together for stability.
This document discusses the definition and characteristics of social change. It defines social change as a change in the structure and functions of society according to several sociologists. Some key characteristics of social change mentioned are:
1) Social change is continuous and ongoing throughout history as societies are constantly evolving.
2) Social change is temporal, occurring through time and is a process rather than a single event.
3) Social change is influenced by and takes place within environmental contexts including physical, geographic, and cultural factors.
4) Social change involves changes in human relationships, institutions, economic systems and ways of living as it refers to human evolution over time.
The conflict perspective views society as made up of groups competing for limited resources that are unevenly distributed, which causes tensions and conflicts that become agents of social change. It was originated by Karl Marx and later expanded on by C. Wright Mills, who argued that societies inherently have conflicts due to unequal distributions of power and wealth where dominant groups control social structures. Mills agreed with Marxist views of the importance of conflict in society.
This document discusses Karl Marx and conflict theory. It provides an overview of Marx's life and ideas, including his view that society is defined by conflicts between social classes competing over scarce resources. It outlines some of Marx's key concepts, such as how the division of labor leads to economic classes and class struggle. The document also discusses early and modern approaches to conflict theory, how it explains social change and inequality, and provides an analysis of how Marx viewed religion in relation to social conflicts.
University First Year level revision notes on Classical Sociological Theory. Contains notes on Karl Marx, Max Weber and Emile Durkheim among others. All notes come from university lecture notes and online research. Includes quotes from sociologists, a history of sociology, keywords and theories and ideas.
According to conflict theory, society is made up of groups that compete for limited resources. The document discusses key aspects of conflict theory including Marx's view of the worker-owner relationship under capitalism and the idea of class consciousness and struggle. It also summarizes Marx's view of historical stages involving modes of production and class structures from primitive communism to full communism.
1. Auguste Comte developed the philosophy of positivism and established sociology as a distinct scientific discipline.
2. He proposed that societies and human thought progress through theological, metaphysical, and positivistic stages of development. In the positivistic stage, people seek natural laws through empirical research and theory.
3. Comte separated sociological study into social statics, concerning social structures and their functions, and social dynamics, concerning social change over time through progressive evolution. He analyzed key social structures like the individual, family, language, division of labor, and religion.
C. Wright Mills was a sociologist concerned with how larger societal forces shape individual lives and history. He believed sociology is the intersection of biography and history, where personal experiences meet broader social, economic and political contexts. Mills saw contradictions within social structures as a source of problems, and analyzed the power structures of the military, corporations and government that converged. His work provided perspectives for both understanding society on a macro level and examining human interactions on a micro level.
Emile Durkheim was a French sociologist born in 1858 who is considered the founder of modern sociology. He studied religion from a secular perspective and became interested in using scientific methods to study society. Some of his most important works examined how social forces influence behaviors and beliefs, including his studies of suicide rates, the division of labor in societies, and the functions and effects of religious beliefs on social cohesion. He viewed society as a complex system of interrelated parts that must work together for stability.
This document discusses the definition and characteristics of social change. It defines social change as a change in the structure and functions of society according to several sociologists. Some key characteristics of social change mentioned are:
1) Social change is continuous and ongoing throughout history as societies are constantly evolving.
2) Social change is temporal, occurring through time and is a process rather than a single event.
3) Social change is influenced by and takes place within environmental contexts including physical, geographic, and cultural factors.
4) Social change involves changes in human relationships, institutions, economic systems and ways of living as it refers to human evolution over time.
The conflict perspective views society as made up of groups competing for limited resources that are unevenly distributed, which causes tensions and conflicts that become agents of social change. It was originated by Karl Marx and later expanded on by C. Wright Mills, who argued that societies inherently have conflicts due to unequal distributions of power and wealth where dominant groups control social structures. Mills agreed with Marxist views of the importance of conflict in society.
This document discusses Karl Marx and conflict theory. It provides an overview of Marx's life and ideas, including his view that society is defined by conflicts between social classes competing over scarce resources. It outlines some of Marx's key concepts, such as how the division of labor leads to economic classes and class struggle. The document also discusses early and modern approaches to conflict theory, how it explains social change and inequality, and provides an analysis of how Marx viewed religion in relation to social conflicts.
Max Weber developed the theory of social action to analyze human behavior. Social action involves conscious decision making and is influenced by past experiences. There are four types of social action according to Weber: traditional action based on customs, affective action based on emotions, value-rational action based on beliefs, and instrumental action focused on goals and consequences. Weber's theory emphasizes understanding individuals' perspectives to explain social change. However, it is criticized for not allowing enough freedom and creativity for individuals to shape their own identities.
Auguste Comte was a French philosopher considered the founder of the discipline of sociology. He proposed studying society scientifically through observation and classification of data. Comte believed that human thought progressed through three stages - theological, metaphysical, and positive. In the positive stage, which began around the 19th century, observation took precedence over imagination and the concept of God was replaced by seeking to understand causal relationships through empirical investigation and data. Comte coined the term "sociology" and emphasized the study of social progress and order through his concepts of social statics and dynamics. He developed the "Law of Three Stages" to describe the necessary and progressive evolution of human thought.
Ralf Dahrendorf was a German sociologist known for his work explaining class divisions in modern society. His most influential work, Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society (1959), argued that classes form based on authority rather than wealth. He believed capitalism had changed since Marx, and that the struggle for authority creates social conflict. However, his theory did not significantly address culture, citizenship, and identity.
American schools are struggling with expanding expectations, contradictions in cultural values, and persistent inequalities. Functionalism views schools as contributing to social stability by transmitting social norms and values, and preparing students for their future roles in society's division of labor. However, conflict theory argues that schools reinforce existing social inequalities and serve the interests of elite groups rather than achieving a true consensus. Schools may claim to provide equal opportunities, but factors like class, race and gender still influence student outcomes.
The document defines crime as an action that violates the law and is punishable, while defining deviance as violating social norms. It notes deviance can be criminal or non-criminal, and some deviant acts have become normalized over time. Crime is always against the law. Deviance is controlled socially while crime is controlled through police and courts. Functionalists view deviance as inevitable and serving purposes like clarifying norms. The document discusses types of crimes and deviance in Mauritius like theft and arrest rates, and factors contributing to crime like poverty, drugs, and family issues. Health impacts of crime victimization are also outlined.
Sociology emerged in the 19th century during a time of social upheaval due to revolutions. Early sociologists like Auguste Comte, who coined the term "sociology", and Herbert Spencer shaped the discipline. Comte focused on social order/stability and social change. Spencer proposed social Darwinism. Karl Marx viewed history as class conflict between the bourgeoisie and proletariat. Emile Durkheim is regarded as the founder of functionalism and studied the social causes of suicide. Max Weber critiqued Marx and studied bureaucracies and rationalization. American sociology began at the University of Chicago in the early 20th century and later expanded to other schools.
This document provides an overview of sociology as an academic discipline. It discusses the importance of sociology in making us more understanding and tolerant, and in applying scientific methods to social problems. The document also outlines several key areas of sociology including social organization, social psychology, social change, and population studies. Finally, it discusses several pioneers and forerunners of sociology from the 18th-19th centuries, including Henri Saint-Simon, Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber.
Max Weber analyzed the origins and evolution of Western capitalism. He identified the "spirit of capitalism" as a set of Protestant values like hard work, progress, and the moral sanctioning of wealth accumulation. According to Weber, capitalism emerged from a combination of historical factors in Europe, especially the spread of Calvinism in the 15th-16th centuries. Calvinism's emphasis on worldly "callings" and the sign of salvation through success encouraged the moral energy and drive of capitalist entrepreneurs. Rationalism also contributed to capitalism through the application of science and techniques to production. However, Weber warned that capitalism could become dominated by materialism and dehumanize living conditions.
Karl Marx was a founding father of sociology who studied the impacts of science, technology, and expanding capitalism on society. He introduced concepts like rationalization and the "iron cage" of bureaucracy. According to Weber, bureaucracy involves rigid divisions of labor, chains of command, and hiring based on qualifications. Weber also studied authority, social action, and the sociology of religion. While his works were hugely influential, some criticisms argue he lacked a critical theory and people were confused by some of his concepts like social action. Overall, Weber established sociology as an important field and his ideas remain very significant today.
Social stratification refers to the hierarchical layers that emerge within society, known as social classes. There are typically upper, middle, and lower classes. Theories of social stratification seek to explain how these classes are determined and how they interact. Functionalism views social status as determined by social roles and positions. Marxism sees class divisions arising from ownership versus non-ownership of property. Weber's theory emphasizes market position and status in addition to property ownership. Social mobility, closure, and studies in the UK provide insights into the fluidity and rigidity of class structures over time.
Charles Wright Mills was a prominent American sociologist born in 1916 in Waco, Texas. He is known for his concept of the sociological imagination and critique of what he termed the "power elite" in the US. Mills argued that the sociological imagination allows one to understand how individual experiences are influenced by broader social and historical forces. He also posited that major decisions in America were increasingly being made by an interlocking network of leaders from the highest levels of business, government, and the military, rather than by a pluralistic system of competing interest groups.
Conflict theory views society as characterized by inequality and power struggles among groups that compete for scarce resources. It was developed as an alternative to functionalism by Marx, Weber, Simmel and later theorists. Marx saw society as divided into two main classes, the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, who struggle over economic resources. Weber and Simmel expanded on this to argue that power can also be gained through social prestige and political influence. Modern conflict theorists like Coser, Dahrendorf, and Mills applied these ideas to analyze power structures and social change in the post-World War II era.
Industrial sociology is the scientific study of human social behavior and interactions within industrial settings, including work organizations, labor markets, and the effects of technological change and globalization. It examines relationships within businesses between owners, managers, and workers, as well as the conditions affecting industries like politics, laws, and economic performance. Industrial relations encompass the whole field of relationships that exist due to necessary collaboration between men and women in industry, including organizations of workers and management, the state, companies, and individual workers. The goal of industrial relations is to avoid disputes and raise productivity through collective bargaining, participation, and mutual trust between unions and management.
This document provides an overview of 5 theories of social change:
1) Cyclic theory proposes societies progress in cycles rather than a linear fashion, with thinkers like Spengler believing cultures have 1000-year life cycles.
2) Linear/evolutionary theory sees progressive development from simple to complex societies, with Comte proposing 3 stages of development.
3) Marx's economic theory argues changes in modes of production lead to changes in social structures and superstructures like beliefs and politics.
4) Functional theory focuses on stability over change and how societies maintain equilibrium through shared norms.
5) Parsons' theory says change comes from internal adjustments or external contact, with differentiation and integration of institutions driving complex societies.
The document discusses conflict theory and its perspective on relationships. Conflict theory views relationships as being organized according to power imbalances rather than functional interdependence. It sees conflict as a natural result of inequality and unmet needs within relationships, and that addressing conflicts is necessary for change.
Auguste Comte was best known for the concept positivism. he was a French philosopher and the prominent founder father of sociology. here is some his some his major theories given below with short explanations
karl marx historial materialism, alienation, mode of production, class struggleskingsly sam zebulun
This document provides background information on Karl Marx and summarizes some of his key theories. It notes that Marx was a German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary socialist who is considered one of the founders of sociology and social science. It then outlines some of Marx's main theories, including historical materialism, modes of production, alienation, and class struggle. Historical materialism refers to Marx's view that economic structures and relations of production determine societal change and development. The document also summarizes Marx's concepts of different modes of production like feudalism and capitalism, as well as how alienation occurs for workers under capitalism. It defines Marxism and class struggle as the conflict between the bourgeoisie and proletariat.
This document provides an overview of social change and its theories. It defines social change as changes that occur in human interactions, relationships, and social organization over time in response to various factors. It then discusses several prominent theories of social change: evolutionary theory proposes societies progress through similar stages of development; functionalist theory focuses on what maintains social equilibrium; cyclical theory views societies having life cycles of rise and fall; and conflict theory emphasizes the role of power and coercion in producing social order and driving changes to correct inequalities.
Functionalism views society as a system of interconnected parts that work together to maintain stability. It was influential in early sociology but lost popularity as other theories emerged. Functionalists see social institutions like the family and religion as fulfilling necessary functions for the benefit of society. However, critics argue it overlooks conflict and power imbalances within societies.
Max Weber developed the theory of social action to analyze human behavior. Social action involves conscious decision making and is influenced by past experiences. There are four types of social action according to Weber: traditional action based on customs, affective action based on emotions, value-rational action based on beliefs, and instrumental action focused on goals and consequences. Weber's theory emphasizes understanding individuals' perspectives to explain social change. However, it is criticized for not allowing enough freedom and creativity for individuals to shape their own identities.
Auguste Comte was a French philosopher considered the founder of the discipline of sociology. He proposed studying society scientifically through observation and classification of data. Comte believed that human thought progressed through three stages - theological, metaphysical, and positive. In the positive stage, which began around the 19th century, observation took precedence over imagination and the concept of God was replaced by seeking to understand causal relationships through empirical investigation and data. Comte coined the term "sociology" and emphasized the study of social progress and order through his concepts of social statics and dynamics. He developed the "Law of Three Stages" to describe the necessary and progressive evolution of human thought.
Ralf Dahrendorf was a German sociologist known for his work explaining class divisions in modern society. His most influential work, Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society (1959), argued that classes form based on authority rather than wealth. He believed capitalism had changed since Marx, and that the struggle for authority creates social conflict. However, his theory did not significantly address culture, citizenship, and identity.
American schools are struggling with expanding expectations, contradictions in cultural values, and persistent inequalities. Functionalism views schools as contributing to social stability by transmitting social norms and values, and preparing students for their future roles in society's division of labor. However, conflict theory argues that schools reinforce existing social inequalities and serve the interests of elite groups rather than achieving a true consensus. Schools may claim to provide equal opportunities, but factors like class, race and gender still influence student outcomes.
The document defines crime as an action that violates the law and is punishable, while defining deviance as violating social norms. It notes deviance can be criminal or non-criminal, and some deviant acts have become normalized over time. Crime is always against the law. Deviance is controlled socially while crime is controlled through police and courts. Functionalists view deviance as inevitable and serving purposes like clarifying norms. The document discusses types of crimes and deviance in Mauritius like theft and arrest rates, and factors contributing to crime like poverty, drugs, and family issues. Health impacts of crime victimization are also outlined.
Sociology emerged in the 19th century during a time of social upheaval due to revolutions. Early sociologists like Auguste Comte, who coined the term "sociology", and Herbert Spencer shaped the discipline. Comte focused on social order/stability and social change. Spencer proposed social Darwinism. Karl Marx viewed history as class conflict between the bourgeoisie and proletariat. Emile Durkheim is regarded as the founder of functionalism and studied the social causes of suicide. Max Weber critiqued Marx and studied bureaucracies and rationalization. American sociology began at the University of Chicago in the early 20th century and later expanded to other schools.
This document provides an overview of sociology as an academic discipline. It discusses the importance of sociology in making us more understanding and tolerant, and in applying scientific methods to social problems. The document also outlines several key areas of sociology including social organization, social psychology, social change, and population studies. Finally, it discusses several pioneers and forerunners of sociology from the 18th-19th centuries, including Henri Saint-Simon, Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber.
Max Weber analyzed the origins and evolution of Western capitalism. He identified the "spirit of capitalism" as a set of Protestant values like hard work, progress, and the moral sanctioning of wealth accumulation. According to Weber, capitalism emerged from a combination of historical factors in Europe, especially the spread of Calvinism in the 15th-16th centuries. Calvinism's emphasis on worldly "callings" and the sign of salvation through success encouraged the moral energy and drive of capitalist entrepreneurs. Rationalism also contributed to capitalism through the application of science and techniques to production. However, Weber warned that capitalism could become dominated by materialism and dehumanize living conditions.
Karl Marx was a founding father of sociology who studied the impacts of science, technology, and expanding capitalism on society. He introduced concepts like rationalization and the "iron cage" of bureaucracy. According to Weber, bureaucracy involves rigid divisions of labor, chains of command, and hiring based on qualifications. Weber also studied authority, social action, and the sociology of religion. While his works were hugely influential, some criticisms argue he lacked a critical theory and people were confused by some of his concepts like social action. Overall, Weber established sociology as an important field and his ideas remain very significant today.
Social stratification refers to the hierarchical layers that emerge within society, known as social classes. There are typically upper, middle, and lower classes. Theories of social stratification seek to explain how these classes are determined and how they interact. Functionalism views social status as determined by social roles and positions. Marxism sees class divisions arising from ownership versus non-ownership of property. Weber's theory emphasizes market position and status in addition to property ownership. Social mobility, closure, and studies in the UK provide insights into the fluidity and rigidity of class structures over time.
Charles Wright Mills was a prominent American sociologist born in 1916 in Waco, Texas. He is known for his concept of the sociological imagination and critique of what he termed the "power elite" in the US. Mills argued that the sociological imagination allows one to understand how individual experiences are influenced by broader social and historical forces. He also posited that major decisions in America were increasingly being made by an interlocking network of leaders from the highest levels of business, government, and the military, rather than by a pluralistic system of competing interest groups.
Conflict theory views society as characterized by inequality and power struggles among groups that compete for scarce resources. It was developed as an alternative to functionalism by Marx, Weber, Simmel and later theorists. Marx saw society as divided into two main classes, the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, who struggle over economic resources. Weber and Simmel expanded on this to argue that power can also be gained through social prestige and political influence. Modern conflict theorists like Coser, Dahrendorf, and Mills applied these ideas to analyze power structures and social change in the post-World War II era.
Industrial sociology is the scientific study of human social behavior and interactions within industrial settings, including work organizations, labor markets, and the effects of technological change and globalization. It examines relationships within businesses between owners, managers, and workers, as well as the conditions affecting industries like politics, laws, and economic performance. Industrial relations encompass the whole field of relationships that exist due to necessary collaboration between men and women in industry, including organizations of workers and management, the state, companies, and individual workers. The goal of industrial relations is to avoid disputes and raise productivity through collective bargaining, participation, and mutual trust between unions and management.
This document provides an overview of 5 theories of social change:
1) Cyclic theory proposes societies progress in cycles rather than a linear fashion, with thinkers like Spengler believing cultures have 1000-year life cycles.
2) Linear/evolutionary theory sees progressive development from simple to complex societies, with Comte proposing 3 stages of development.
3) Marx's economic theory argues changes in modes of production lead to changes in social structures and superstructures like beliefs and politics.
4) Functional theory focuses on stability over change and how societies maintain equilibrium through shared norms.
5) Parsons' theory says change comes from internal adjustments or external contact, with differentiation and integration of institutions driving complex societies.
The document discusses conflict theory and its perspective on relationships. Conflict theory views relationships as being organized according to power imbalances rather than functional interdependence. It sees conflict as a natural result of inequality and unmet needs within relationships, and that addressing conflicts is necessary for change.
Auguste Comte was best known for the concept positivism. he was a French philosopher and the prominent founder father of sociology. here is some his some his major theories given below with short explanations
karl marx historial materialism, alienation, mode of production, class struggleskingsly sam zebulun
This document provides background information on Karl Marx and summarizes some of his key theories. It notes that Marx was a German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary socialist who is considered one of the founders of sociology and social science. It then outlines some of Marx's main theories, including historical materialism, modes of production, alienation, and class struggle. Historical materialism refers to Marx's view that economic structures and relations of production determine societal change and development. The document also summarizes Marx's concepts of different modes of production like feudalism and capitalism, as well as how alienation occurs for workers under capitalism. It defines Marxism and class struggle as the conflict between the bourgeoisie and proletariat.
This document provides an overview of social change and its theories. It defines social change as changes that occur in human interactions, relationships, and social organization over time in response to various factors. It then discusses several prominent theories of social change: evolutionary theory proposes societies progress through similar stages of development; functionalist theory focuses on what maintains social equilibrium; cyclical theory views societies having life cycles of rise and fall; and conflict theory emphasizes the role of power and coercion in producing social order and driving changes to correct inequalities.
Functionalism views society as a system of interconnected parts that work together to maintain stability. It was influential in early sociology but lost popularity as other theories emerged. Functionalists see social institutions like the family and religion as fulfilling necessary functions for the benefit of society. However, critics argue it overlooks conflict and power imbalances within societies.
Modern TheoriesTalcot Parsons and Wright Mills.pptxQAISAR ABBAS
The document discusses modern sociological theories, including those of Talcott Parsons and C. Wright Mills. It provides summaries of Parsons' and Mills' backgrounds and major works. Parsons developed a theory of social action and argued that societies strive for equilibrium and stability. He viewed society as a system with four prerequisites. Mills emphasized the need for sociologists to consider larger social forces and structures, rather than blame individuals. The document also discusses functionalist theory and how it views societal needs for adaptation, goal attainment, integration and pattern maintenance.
Fundamentos de Sociología, presentación adaptada a mis necesidades.
Clase de Sociología sobre los inicios y temas relevantes para conocer los fundamentos de esta ciencia.
The document discusses several major sociological theories related to education:
1. Consensus theory sees shared values as fundamental to society, while conflict theory examines power struggles between social groups. As applied to education, consensus theory looks at how schools contribute to social stability, while conflict theory examines how they perpetuate inequality.
2. Structural functionalism views society as a system of interconnected institutions that work to maintain social stability. Talcott Parsons applied it to education, arguing schools socialize students and maintain social order.
3. Symbolic interactionism views the self and society as socially constructed through interaction. It examines how meanings and roles are negotiated in schools through labeling and other everyday processes.
The document provides an overview of sociology, discussing how sociologists study human society and social behavior through various theoretical perspectives and research methods. It covers the development of sociology from early European scholars to modern sociological research approaches. Key topics include the functionalist, conflict, and interactionist perspectives as well as research process, ethics, and current studies regarding topics like the spread of hip-hop culture.
Here are the answers to determine the Pillar of Education emphasized in each statement:
- Material development at the expense of human development points to the need to do more learning to be in school;
- The specialization required of every professional teacher for him/her to be competent is in line with learning to do;
- Teaching students and adults the art of dialogue is in accordance with learning to live together;
- Inculcating the spirit of empathy among learners fulfills learning to live together;
- Developing an understanding of life, the world around us and other people is the concern of learning to know;
- Transforming certified skills into personal competence is the concern of learning to be.
Structural functionalism views society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability. It focuses on how social institutions like the family, education, religion, etc. function to meet social needs and maintain social order. According to Talcott Parsons, a society achieves equilibrium when its social institutions fulfill four essential functions: adaptation, goal attainment, integration, and pattern maintenance. Structural functionalism emphasizes that society's institutions are interdependent and work together to ensure society's survival.
This document provides an overview of the key thinkers and concepts in the development of sociology. It discusses the three main theoretical perspectives in sociology - functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. For each perspective, it outlines the key assumptions, sociological methods used, and some of the important early theorists who helped develop and apply each perspective such as Durkheim, Marx, and Mead.
This slide is prepared on Sociological Perspectives that is going to be beneficial to the students of sociology in UG and PG and aspirants for competitive exams.
Conflict theory and functionalist theory provide different perspectives on society. Conflict theory, developed by Marx, views society as consisting of groups that compete over scarce resources, leading to conflict and struggle. Functionalist theory, developed by Durkheim, views society as a system of interrelated parts that work together to maintain stability and equilibrium. Private schools can be seen through either lens - conflict theory may see them as perpetuating class divisions, while functionalism may see them as fulfilling important social functions and helping to socialize children.
Conflict theory views society as consisting of groups that compete over scarce resources. Marx saw society as divided into two main classes - the bourgeoisie who own capital, and the proletariat who must sell their labor. This leads to conflict and political/economic oppression as the bourgeoisie use the state to protect their interests. Functionalism views society as a system of interrelated parts that work together to maintain stability and equilibrium. When change occurs, other parts adjust to bring society back into balance. Both theories see the economic base as determining social and political structures.
The document summarizes key concepts in sociological theory and the history of the field. It discusses symbolic interactionism, functionalism, and conflict theory as the three main theoretical perspectives in sociology. It also outlines the development of the field in North America, including early figures like Harriet Martineau, W.E.B. Du Bois, and Jane Addams. The document notes ongoing debates around the proper goals of sociology, between social reform versus social analysis.
This document outlines the key concepts and lessons for Unit 1 of a sociology course. The unit will examine the foundations and origins of sociology, the three major theoretical perspectives in sociology, and how sociological research is conducted. Students will learn about the development of sociology as an academic discipline in response to social changes in Europe. They will also explore the functionalist, conflict, and interactionist perspectives and how sociologists use various methods like surveys, experiments, and observation to study social phenomena scientifically.
The document discusses several dominant approaches in the social sciences including:
1) Microlevel approaches like rational choice theory and symbolic interactionism that focus on individual behavior.
2) Macrolevel approaches like structural functionalism and institutionalism that examine larger social systems and structures.
3) Interdisciplinary approaches such as the human-environment system that integrate ideas across fields.
It then provides more details on specific theories under the microlevel and macrolevel categories.
Sociology is the scientific study of social behavior and human groups. There are three main sociological theories: structural-functionalism which sees society as interrelated parts working together; conflict theory which views society as groups competing for limited resources; and symbolic interactionism which focuses on how people attach meaning to symbols and interactions. Founders of sociology included Auguste Comte, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, Harriet Martineau, Max Weber, and W.E.B. Du Bois.
The sociological perspective allows us to understand ourselves and society in new ways. It helps assess social opportunities and constraints, and empowers active participation. Micro sociology studies small-scale human interactions, while macro sociology analyzes large-scale social systems and populations. The development of sociology was influenced by the industrial revolution, French revolution, and enlightenment. Early founders included Comte, Spencer, Durkheim, Marx, and Weber.
This document provides an overview of sociological theory, outlining its early origins with thinkers like Auguste Comte, Emile Durkheim, Karl Marx, and Max Weber. It then discusses later developments with George Herbert Mead and Talcott Parsons, before examining present-day approaches including the continuation of functionalism, structuralism, symbolic interactionism, and Marxism. Key concepts from different theorists are summarized for each approach.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
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2. Background
• Born in 1902 in Colorado Springs, Colorado.
• Youngest of five children.
• He came from religious family that valued
education.
• His father was a congregational minister and
professor at Colorado College.
• His mother was a progressivist and a suffragist.
3. Background
• His father was dismissed from Colorado College, he
moved family to New York City.
• Parson spent his last two years of high school at the
Horace Mann School for Boys.
• Talcott was accepted into Amherst College.
• Began his career as a biologist and later became
interested in economics and sociology.
• Talcott graduated from Amherst in 1924 and a year
later entered the London School of Economic.
4. Background
• He studied with Bronislaw Malinowski, L.T. Hobhouse,
and Morris Ginsberg.
• Received scholarship from the University of
Heidelberg, Where he first learned of the works of Max
Weber.
• He was greatly influenced by Weber.
• He was teaching at Amherst and later on appointed as a
nonfaculty instructor of economics at Harvard
University.
• Also he worked in the department of sociology.
5. Background
• After leaving the sociology department, he would work
with Gordon Allport, Henry Murray, and Clyde
Kluckhohn, would join Parsons in 1945 to establish the
Department of Social Relations.
• Department would become famous and Talcott worked
as chair of the department for first ten years, remained
active in the department until its dissolution in 1972.
• A year later he retired as Emeritus Proffesor.
6. Background
• Parsons Work
• The Structure of Social Action (1937)
• The Social System and Toward a General Theory
of Action (1951)
• Essay in Sociological Theory (1949, 1954)
• Working Papers in the Theory of Acton (1953)
• Structure and Process in Modern Society (1960)
7. Functionalism Background
• In 1950s and 1960 Functionalism reigned as the
dominant theoretical perspective in sociology.
• Is often referred to as structural functionalism
because of its dual focus on the structural forces
that shape human behavior and the attention
given to system needs.
8. Functionalism Background
• Two leading structural functionalist were Talcott
Parsons (grand theory) and Robert Merton
(middle range theory.
• The most significant intellectual forerunners of
functionalism were Auguste Comte, Herbert
Spencer, Emile Durkheim, And Max Weber.
9. Intellectual Influences
• American who studied in the United States and Europe
– Americans concerned with specific/limited studies
– Europeans focused on macroanalysis
• Converted to social sciences at Amherst
• Few references to American sociologists
– Merton, Homans, Sorokin, Veblen
• Mead and Cooley (American)
– Insight about problems for intimate interaction
– Criticizes their failed development of solid program of
detailed research
10. Intellectual Influences
• London School of Economics
– Hobhouse
• Evolution of Morality
– Ginsberg
• Economic institutions of preliterate societies
– Malinowski
• Structural-functional analysis in anthropology
• Parsons’ integration of all social sciences into one of human action
• Strong European influence
– Two particular influences
• Max Weber
• Emile Durkheim
11. Intellectual Influences
Max Weber
• Greatest influence on Parsons
• Dissertation, “Concept of Capitalism”, based primarily
on Weber’s work
• Marx’s Reductionist Approach
– Tied strictly to economics
– Overly simplistic and unrealistic
• Favored Weber’s unwillingness to simplify complexity
of the social system
– First major link of value systems and social structures
12. Intellectual Influences
• Ideas” behind interpretation of “representations”
– Form ultimate realities that are not themselves such realities
– Behavior influenced by social system
• Parsons concluded that social system is made from the
interaction of humans
– Affected by social environment
• Wanted to describe logical types of social relations
applicable to all groups (small and large)
– System created based on social action
– The Structure of Social Action (1937)
13. Intellectual Influences
Emile Durkheim
• Parsons valued broad comparative studies
– Study of suicide rates
– Study of aboriginal Australian society
• Suicide Rates Study
– “intermediate between the broad comparative method and
what might be called the ‘meticulous’ ideal of operational
procedure”
– Revealed suicide rates based on religions that held up cross-
culturally
– Parsons criticized the attempt at statistical method
– Parsons appreciated variety of significant combinations of
data
14. Intellectual Influences
Emile Durkheim
• Aboriginal Australian Study
– The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life (1915)
– Documented “pan-religionism” of primitive societies
• “Primitive societies are permeated with religious sentiments and activities ruled by
the prominence of religio-magical belief systems and the prevalence of ritual
activities” (Delaney, 238)
– Sociocultural system linked to kinship system
– Parsons saw validity in a structural, functioning system linked
through kinship and working toward the greater good for the
whole of society
• Functionalism
15. Intellectual Influences
of Functionalism
• Max Weber and Emile Durkheim
• Auguste Comte
– Social statics and social dynamics
• Society is changing, but change is subject to social laws
• Evolutionary process
• Herbert Spencer
– Requisite Functionalism
• Organic (individual) and Superorganic (society) must fulfill universal
requisites to adapt to their environment
– Differentiation
• Increase in both Organic and social aggregates directly related to
increase in complexity of their structure
16. Philosophy- Talcott Parsons
• Realism v. Idealism
– Idealist - An act is always a process in time, and that the
concept “end” always implies a future reference to a state or
situation that does not exist yet
• Realism v. Nominalism
– Realism – The relations between actors are essentially the
structure of the social system
• Idealism v. Materialism
– Materialist – Interrelated parts contribute to the functioning
of the whole system
17. Concepts and Contributions
• Attempted to generate a “grand theory” of
society that explained all social behavior,
everywhere, throughout history and the end
result was Structure Functionalism
18. Functionalism
• Views society as having interrelated parts that
contribute to the functioning of the whole
system
• Macrosociological theory: focuses on large-scale
social patterns and social systems
19. Functionalism
• Functionalism has two basic assumptions:
1- Interdependent parts: this is society’s
institutions (religion, education, politics, etc.)
that are all linked together. A change in one
institution leads to a change in other parts. In
order to function properly the system will seek
equilibrium, or stability.
20. Functionalism
• 2- General Consensus on Values: members of
society must have a general agreement on issues
of right and wrong, basic values, and morality
issues in order to function properly.
21. Functionalism
• Functionalism explains social change as a result
of such variables as population growth and
increased technology.
• Rapid change within the system is not
something the functionalist approach is geared
to handle.
• Society’s institutions then try to restore
themselves to a state of equilibrium.
22. Social Action Theory
• Social Action Theory begins with a biological-
sociological conceptualization of the basic unit
of study as the “unit act”.
• An “act” involves the following:
– An agent or actor
– Must have an end or goal
– Must be in a situation which differs from state of
affairs the action is oriented
– There exists alternative meanings to the end
23. Social Action Theory
• An act is always a process in time.
• “End” implies a future reference or state that
does not exist yet.
• Actions consist of structures and processes by
which humans form meaningful intentions and
implement them.
• Social action is preformed by an actor either as
an individual or a group
24. Social Action Theory
• Parsons theory had four steps:
– Actors are motivated to action (education)
– Actor must find the means to attain goal ($)
– Actor must deal with hindering conditions (crisis)
– Actor must work within the social system (rules)
25. Social System
• Parson’s described a system as a “complex unit
of some kind with boundaries, within which
parts are connected, and within which
something takes place.
• The social system is an arrangement between
parts and elements that exist over time, even
while some elements change.
26. Social System
• Parson’s general assumptions:
– Systems are made of order and the interdependence of parts
– The system, and all the sub-systems, strive for equilibrium
– Systems are generally static, or move in a deliberate manner
– A disruption in the normal flow of one subsystem can cause a
disturbance throughout the whole system.
– Systems have boundaries, which may involve actual physical
space, or time and distance.
27. Sociobiology
• Differences between biological systems and
social systems:
– Growth: biologically an individual grows to a certain
point and stops. A social system may be static for
some time and then grow, or it may simply continue
to grow
– Spatial: Biological systems are bounded. Social
systems boundaries are not as fixed or limited.
28. Sociobiology
– Time: A biological unit has limits, mortality. Social
units can survive for centuries.
– Parts/subparts: Biological systems are often
specialized and dependent on the whole for its
survival. Within social systems parts are easily
replaceable and the systems moves on.
29. Sociobiology
• The roles of the actor allowed Parsons to create
three distinct units within the social system
– The act is a unit in the social system as it interacts
with its author and other actors
– Status roles are units of the social system.
– The actor himself is a unit. It is the actor that holds a
status and performs a role
30. Systems Levels
• Social systems must be structured in a way as
not to impede the action
• Parsons organized four distinct system levels:
– Social Systems: interaction between actors
– Personality Systems: optimization of gratification
– Cultural Systems: value and meaning to actor
– Behavioral Systems: physical aspect
31. Pattern Variables
• Categorize expectations and the structure of
relationships
• Allows for comparison between relationships
• Three primary thoughts when developing these
variables:
– General enough to permit comparison
– Should show relevance to action
– Categorizations of decisions
32. Pattern Variables
• Affectivity-Affectivity Neutrality
– Expectation of emotional component
• Diffuseness- Specificity
– Range of demands expected in a relationship
• Universalism- Particularism
– Fair Treatment or priority status?
33. Pattern Variables
• Achievement- Ascription
– Interactions based in who they are or inborn quality
• Collectivity- Self Orientation
– Motivation: actions directed at a person or
collectivity
34. AGIL
• Parsons’ hypothesis that process in any social
system is subject to four independent functional
imperatives or problems which must be met
adequately if equilibrium or existence of the
system is to be maitained
35. AGIL
• Adaptation:
– Secure & distribute sufficient resources or adapt to
changes
• Goal Attainment:
– Must establish clear goals. This is primary to political
system
36. AGIL
• Integration:
– Regulation and coordination of actors and systems
• Latency:
– Tension maintenance and pattern maintenance
– Sufficient motivation for actors
– Social institutions are key (family, peers, education)
37. The Social Structure of Systems
• The social system is a differentiated system in
terms of roles and the distribution process.
• Parsons classifications of internal differentiation
of social systems:
– Relational Institutions
– Regulative Institutions
– Cultural Institutions
– Relational and Regulative Institutions
38. Structure of Systems
• Principle Types of Social Structure:
– Universalistic- Achievement Patterns
– Universalistic- Ascription Patterns
– Participation- Achievement Patterns
– Particularistic- Ascriptive Patterns
39. Social Structure of Systems
• Structural Components
– Kinship systems
– Instrumental Achievement Structures and
Stratifications
– Territoriality, Force, and the Integration of the
Power System
– Religion and Value-integration
40. Organizations
• Parsons defines the term as a broad type of
collectivity which has assumed a particular
important place in modern society
• Goal attainment is the defining characteristic of
and organization
41. Organizations
• Types of Organizations:
– Oriented toward economic production
• Business and production
– Oriented toward political goals
• Refers to government and banking
– Integrative organizations
• Legal system and courts, goal to ease conflicts
– Pattern-maintenance organizations
• Informing of basic moral beliefs
42. Evolutionary Theory
• Parsons model of evolutionary theory:
– Differentiation
• Many sub-systems
• Change in one affects many others
• New parts develop to take on those roles
– Integration
• Inclusion
• Growing complexity demands larger supplies of people
• Mobilization and coordination are critical
– Value Generalization
• Adaptation of value system
43. Race, Class and Gender
• Race:
– Parsons suggested that the survival of the system was
dependent on a new level of institutionalization of values of
equality.
• Class:
– Parsons saw class inequality as failure of a social system to
properly integrate all members. Class struggle creates
motivation
• Gender:
– Traced differences in gender roles to the family
– Predicted that the greater number of women seeking careers
outside the family would alter the structure of the family
44. Relevancy
• Although Functionalism has come under attack
it still remains in the “Big Three”
• Society and social systems are comprised of
interdependent parts, a major failure or
breakdown in one part can cause harm to the
entire system.
– Ex: Enron caused major effects throughout the
financial industry. Thus the social system had to
react to Enron to find equilibrium.
45. Relevancy
• 9-11 is another example
• An example of Parsons Evolution Theory is the
technological advancement of the cell phone.
They change the aspects of everyday life and
society has to adapt
46. Additional Information
• The most significant intellectual forerunners of
functionalism were Auguste Comte, Herbert
Spencer, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber.
• Robert Merton also had a functionalistic
approach.
47. Robert Merton
• Merton’s Theories were Functionalistic in perspective.
• His best known theories were:
– Theories of Middle Range
• Roles sets, function, codification
– Anomie Thoery
• Condition of normalness
– Manifest and Latent Functions
• Too much attention to intended and not unintended consequences
– Dysfunctions
• System disrupting consequences
48. Additional Contributors to
Functionalism
• Niklas Luhmann
– Systems Theory
• Anthony Giddens
– Theory on Structuration
• Jeffery Alexander
– Coined the term neofunctionalism
• Neil Smelser
– Top theorist in neofunctionalism