This document outlines 14 major theoretical paradigms in sociology:
1. Evolutionary theory views societies as progressing through different stages of development.
2. Structural functionalism sees society as a system whose parts work together to promote stability.
3. Social conflict theory views society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change.
4. Symbolic interactionism sees society as the product of everyday interactions between individuals.
It then provides examples of prominent theorists within each paradigm and compares the different approaches. The major contemporary approaches discussed include neo-positivism, human ecology, sociometry, symbolic interactionism, functionalism, dialectical sociology, phenomenology, ethnomethodology, and various development theories
A discussion about the early history of functionalism and its proponents as well as the concept of structuralism and Merton's concept of Manifest and Latent Functions and Dysfunctions in social elements
A discussion about the early history of functionalism and its proponents as well as the concept of structuralism and Merton's concept of Manifest and Latent Functions and Dysfunctions in social elements
Introduction to the Disciplines of Applied Social SciencesMiss Ivy
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A presentation I made during my college years, Hopefully it will be of service to someone else now. :)
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A document about Philippine Literature Timeline for the subject '21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World' in Senior High School (SHS)
Introduction to the Disciplines of Applied Social SciencesMiss Ivy
** Disclaimer:
All of the pieces of information on this site are the property of the respective owners. I do not hold any copyright in regards to these pictures and information. These pictures have been collected from different public sources including various websites, considered to be in the public domain. If anyone has any objection to display of any picture, image or information, it may be brought to my notice by sending an email (contact me) & the disputed media will be removed immediately, after verification of the claim.
A presentation I made during my college years, Hopefully it will be of service to someone else now. :)
Please let me know if I helped.
Don't forget to say thankyou.
ThankYou ^^
BTW. Some of the fonts I originally used got removed. Soooo feel free to substitute
PDF VERSION HERE (with the original fonts I used) : http://www.slideshare.net/JoanBarcelona/period-of-the-new-society-54071682
A document about Philippine Literature Timeline for the subject '21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World' in Senior High School (SHS)
Introduction to SociologyGUIDELINES FOR PAPER ONEPaper On.docxmariuse18nolet
Introduction to Sociology
GUIDELINES FOR PAPER ONE
Paper One will consist of two parts. PART I should be a contrast/comparison of each of the three major sociological perspectives discussed in class. Please compare/contrast each of the three on the basis of the image of society offered by each, the image of social change, the fundamental elements and questions asked by sociologists within each perspective. Also mention the major classic theorists and some of their contributions. Please discuss how each of the perspectives reflects the time and place in which the theorists were writing, putting their ideas into a social and historical context.
PART II will consist of the APPLICATION part of the paper. Choose some social phenomena (marriage, homelessness, crime , video games--could be ANYTHING that relates to human behavior) and then describe how a sociologist from each of the three perspectives would go about studying the phenomena from that particular perspective. What sorts of questions might he or she ask? How would the phenomena be viewed, what aspects would the sociologist be interested in?
Papers should be 5 to 7 pages in length. You should refer to portions of the text, readings, and/or class notes when describing concepts (and be sure to include a reference page). Citation style may be APA, MLA, or any other format you are familiar with (or that is required for your particular major). Criteria for grading the papers are as follows:
1. Paper must be well written and well organized--it may be helpful to break it down into sections.
2. Responsiveness--don’t just strive to “fill pages”--make sure to respond to the requirements of the assignment, and you will easily have enough pages.
3. Creativity/originality--Expand your mind! Be creative in the examples you use, and/or in the way you apply the theories.
4. Use of text materials and class notes--Good papers will weave together the concepts in the books with “real life” examples. Again, have a reference page.
Three Theoretical Frameworks
Structural Functionalism, Conflict Theory, & Symbolic Interaction
I. STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM
A MACRO level theory –Focuses on large scale structures and institutions
Views a “society” as a “whole” consisting of interdependent and interrelated “parts.” The parts serve “functions” for the benefit of the whole.
One could envision the “parts” of a society as the different social institutions, social classes, or social groups—or, we could even envision PEOPLE as the parts!
Structural functionalists are interested in how to maintain social ORDER and STABILITY.
Image of Society: A living ORGANISM, with each part of the organism fulfilling a vital function for the whole
Image of Social change: Social changes proceeds in a gradual, linear, adaptive fashion—EVOLUTIONARY!
Fundamental Elements: Society is based upon SHARED VALUES—when values begin to deteriorate, so does society!
IMPORTANT EARLY THEORISTS
.
Introduction to SociologyInstructor Glenna L. SimonsGUIDEL.docxmariuse18nolet
Introduction to Sociology
Instructor: Glenna L. Simons
GUIDELINES FOR PAPER ONE
Paper One will consist of two parts. PART I should be a contrast/comparison of each of the three major sociological perspectives discussed in class. Please compare/contrast each of the three on the basis of the image of society offered by each, the image of social change, the fundamental elements and questions asked by sociologists within each perspective. Also mention the major classic theorists and some of their contributions. Please discuss how each of the perspectives reflects the time and place in which the theorists were writing, putting their ideas into a social and historical context.
PART II will consist of the APPLICATION part of the paper. Choose some social phenomena (marriage, homelessness, crime , video games--could be ANYTHING that relates to human behavior) and then describe how a sociologist from each of the three perspectives would go about studying the phenomena from that particular perspective. What sorts of questions might he or she ask? How would the phenomena be viewed, what aspects would the sociologist be interested in?
Papers should be 5 to 7 pages in length. You should refer to portions of the text, readings, and/or class notes when describing concepts (and be sure to include a reference page). Citation style may be APA, MLA, or any other format you are familiar with (or that is required for your particular major). Criteria for grading the papers are as follows:
1. Paper must be well written and well organized--it may be helpful to break it down into sections.
2. Responsiveness--don’t just strive to “fill pages”--make sure to respond to the requirements of the assignment, and you will easily have enough pages.
3. Creativity/originality--Expand your mind! Be creative in the examples you use, and/or in the way you apply the theories.
4. Use of text materials and class notes--Good papers will weave together the concepts in the books with “real life” examples. Again, have a reference page.
GOOD LUCK AND HAVE FUN WITH THIS ---GET CREATIVE! J
Three Theoretical Frameworks
Structural Functionalism, Conflict Theory, & Symbolic Interaction
I. STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM
A MACRO level theory –Focuses on large scale structures and institutions
Views a “society” as a “whole” consisting of interdependent and interrelated “parts.” The parts serve “functions” for the benefit of the whole.
One could envision the “parts” of a society as the different social institutions, social classes, or social groups—or, we could even envision PEOPLE as the parts!
Structural functionalists are interested in how to maintain social ORDER and STABILITY.
Image of Society: A living ORGANISM, with each part of the organism fulfilling a vital function for the whole
Image of Social change: Social changes proceeds in a gradual, linear, adaptive fashion—EVOLUTIONARY!
Fundamental Elements: Society is based upon SHARED VALUES—wh.
I have forgot to put my other reference that help me in this presentation. She is Josephine Pineda Dasig that have made also a presentation about social dimension of education. Thank You so much Ma'am...
The advent of Sociology as social science marked a change in the way of thinking about social reality, separating itself from previous speculative and metaphysical concerns and differing progressively from other sciences as a rational and systematic way of understanding society. As a science, Sociology begins to follow the same general principles applied to all scientific knowledge branches, despite the peculiarities of social phenomena when compared to the phenomena of nature.
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2. Theoretical Paradigms
THEORY
- Is a statement how and why specific
facts are related.
- It refers to an organized body of ideas
as to the truth of something
- Usually derived from study of facts
related to it
- Sometimes, results from exercising
speculative imagination
- The branch of a science or art consisting of
its explanatory statements, accepted
principles, and methods of analysis.
3. Theoretical Paradigm
A basic image of society that guides sociological thinking and research.
Example
Viewing different dimensions of society. (e.g.:)
- 1.) As a stable system
- 2.) As a changing system
- 3.) As a system in conflict
- 4.) As a social interacting system
4. Four general theoretical
paradigms and their proponents
1. The Evolutionary Theory
- Proposes that societies undergo different
stages in the development cycle and pass
through different phases of growth and
development, from simple primitive archaic
society to complex-modern society
- Looks for patterns of change. It offers
satisfying explanation how societies come to
exist, grow and develop
5. 2. Structural-Functional Paradigm
- Framework for building theory that envisions
society as a complex system whose parts
works together to promote solidarity and
stability.
- Views society as an organized network of
cooperating groups operating in an orderly
manner according to generally accepted social
norms.
- Members share sets of rules and values and
maintains a balance harmonious system. It
also recognizes that our lives are guided by
social structures.
6. 2. Structural-Functional Paradigm
PROPONENTS:
1. Auguste Comte – stressed social integration
2. Herbert Spencer – “Social Darwinism” (society is
a social organism with independent parts
performing specific system functions)
3. Talcott Parsons – Society as a social system with
basic tasks to perform
4. Emile Durkheim – “mechanical solidarity and
organic solidarity” holds society together.
5. Robert Merton – Social Functions (Manifest and
Latent) are consequences of social pattern.
• Manifest: recognized and intended consequences of social
pattern
• Latent: largely unrecognized and unintended consequences
7. 3. The Social-Conflict Paradigm
• This is a framework for building theory that envisions
society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict
and change.
• The approach views class conflict and class exploitation
as the prime moving force in mankind’s history, and that
the struggle for power and wealth as a continuous
process between and among categories of people.
8. The proponents of this approach include:
• Karl Marx- stressed class struggles.
• W.E.B. Du Bois- pointed out racial conflict ;
Racism.
• Coser and Dahrendorf- advanced that prejudice
and discrimination conflicts with seemingly
organized cooperative groups brought about by
power relations.
9. 4. Symbolic-Interaction Paradigm
• This paradigm is a theoretical
framework that envisions society as the
product of the everyday interactions of
individuals.
• The symbolic-interactions paradigm
includes such other approaches as
dramaturgy, ethno methodology and
social exchange.
10. The proponents of the symbolic-interactions paradigm
includes:
• George Herbert Mead(1934)- He believed that our
thoughts and feelings are not directly accessible to other
people.
• W.I. Thomas(1937)- He pointed out that we continuously
size up the “here and now” context in which we find
ourselves and assign meaning to it. Thomas calls this
process the “definition of situation”
11. The proponents of the symbolic-interactions paradigm
includes:
• Erving Goffman (1959)- He advanced dramaturgy
as a related theory to the symbolic-interactionist
paradigm. He views social interaction from the
perspective of a theatrical performance.
• Harold Garfinkel (1967)- He focused attention on the
taken-for-granted routine activities of our daily lives
and the understandings that lie behind them. He
termed his approach “ethno methodology”
12. The proponents of the symbolic-interactions paradigm
includes:
• Peter M. Blau (1964) and
George C. Homans (1947) – This theory helps to explain
the idea behind the “norm of reciprocity”. Expectations
that we should give and return equivalently in our
relations with one.
13. Comparison of the Theoretical Paradigms
The different Theoretical paradigms presented by social
scientists provide a rich background in understanding a society
behavior.
However, no particular theory's is sufficient to fully explain the
diverse and complex social phenomena.
In using the theories as framework for analyzing particular social
conditions, one must distinguish which theory would apply to
analyze a specific condition.
Thus, the eclectic approach seems to be the better and safer way
to explain society and social behavior.
14. MAJOR CONTEMPORARY
APPROACHES TO SOCIOLOGICAL
THEORY
1. Neo-positivism
a. George Lundberg- (1895-1966) Espoused qualification,
behaviorism and operationalism.
b. Stuart Dodd- (1990) Contributed the S theory as a qualitative
systematic theory of society. The symbol S representing situation.
Situations are of 4 components; time , space, population, and
characteristics.
c. George Zipf-(1902-1950)The guiding postulate of his theory is the
“principle of least effort”- that is , in situations allowing alternatives,
people choose those procedures that result in the “ least average
rate of probable work”
15. d. William Ogburn- (1886-1959) Contributed the “hypothesis or
theory of culture lag”- the lag between the adaptive culture (
non material culture) and the more advanced material culture.
2.Human Ecology
a. Robert Parks –(1864-1959, American ) Introduce the term
human ecology competition as the basic process in human
relationships; biotic factors as the proper field of study in human
ecology.
b. Ernest Burgess – (1886-1996, American) Introduced the
Concentric Zones Theory in the development of cities.
c. Amos Hawley- His “ecological theory” proposes five ecological
processes which bring about changes in the pattern of
relationships: concentration expansion or centralization,
contraction or decentralization, segregation and conversion
16. d.Walter Firey- Advanced the socio-cultural ecology; posited the
theory that space may have symbolic value; cultural definition and
cultural values in the giving of meaning to space.
e. Eugene Odum- Advanced the “equilibrium theory” or a balanced
development, that is ,maintaining a proper ecological system, His
idea is in the line with the concept of sustainable development
3. Sociometry and Microsociology
a. Jacob Moreno-(1890-1974),Rumanian) – Chief promoter of
sociometry as a theory about the informal structure , includes
sociogram; psychodrama and socio-drama
b. Robert Bales-(1916)- proponent of microsociology and the study
of small groups; developed the method for studying small groups
called “interactions process analysis.”
17. 4. Symbolic-Interactionism
• George Herbert Mead – Pioneer of Social Interactionism;
social action is seen as symbolic behavior and interaction
is based on shared symbolic meanings learned through
socialization.
• Charles Cooley – “organic theory of society” – the relation
of the individual society; developed the concept of
“looking-glass self” – the ability to visualize oneself
through the eyes of other people.
• W.I Thomas – introduced the situational approach or
behavioral approach; behavior as conditioned by one’s
“definition of the situation”
18. • Herbert Blumer – theorized that meaning does not
inhere in objects but derives from uses people make
of objects, he distinguished “definitive concepts” and
“sensitizing concepts”
• Erving Goffman – posited dramaturgical approach as
a special variation of symbolic interactionism
5. Functional Approach
• Florian Znaniecki – posited the postulate of universal
cultural order which is essential in social
comprehension and cultural phenomena.
19. • Talcott Parsons – posited the “theory of actions”;
constructed three analytical systems namely – the
social system, the personality system and the cultural
system
• Robert Merton – made a distinction between
“manifest and latent function”, concept of disfunctions
– implies the concept of strain, stress and tension of
structural level
6. Dialectical Sociology
• George Gurvitch – advanced the “hyper emperic
dialetics” – the dialectic method grounded in
emperical reality; distinction b/n macro and micro
sociology
20. • Luigi Struzo – advanced the “theory of social
harmonism” – relationship between society and
individual
• Ralf Dahrendorf – advanced the “theory of conflict
dialectics”
• C. Wright Mills – founder of “radical sociology” and
the concept of “sociological imagination”
• Alvin Gouidner – posited “reflexive sociology”
• Lewis Coser – emphasized the “functions of conflict
in social life”
21. 7. Phenomenology Sociology
• Alfred Vierkandt - advanced the use of
“phenomenological method or “ideational abstraction”
• Alfred Schutz – advanced philosophical
phenomenology and analysis od “intersubjective
consciousness”
• Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann – advanced the
Sociology of Knowledge concerned with the “social
construction of reality” – common sense knowledge
provides a sense of ordered reality in a person’s daily
life
22. 8. Ethno Methodology
• Harold Garfinkel – he coined the term “ethno
methodology” meaning the study of folk or common
sense methods and maintaining social reality’
9. Sociology of Knowledge
• Karl Mannheim – advanced the influence of the entire
social situation in shaping beliefs
10. Exchange Theory
• George Homans – Developed “psychological
exchange theory” which views human interaction as
essentially an exchange of rewards and punishments
23. • Peter Blau – attempted synthesis elements of
functional analysis, conflict dialectics and symbol
interactionism in individual exchange relationships
11. Developmental Theories
• Gunnar Myrdal – studied about the poverty of six
Southeast Asian Nations, the Philippine included.
• W.W Rostow – “capitalist theory of development” or
theory of economic growth
• Don Santos – states that underdevelopment of 3rd
world countries is a resuly of a capitalistic
development known as dependent capitalism
24. • Andre Frank – advanced the “theory of development
of undedevelopment”
• Samir Amin – advanced the “unequal development
theory”
• Immanuel Wallerstein – extended Frank’s
dependency theory and proposed a more general
theory which he called “world system theory”
25. 12. Sociology
Edward O. Wilson (1975- American)
• He advanced the “theory of sociobiology”
to explain scientifically the basic reasons
behind social phenomena
Sociobiology means the systematic study
of the biological basis of all social behavior.
26. 13. Postmodernism
- A term usually contrasted with modernity; it
designates a new condition which contemporary
advanced industrial societies are alleged to have
reached.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Social
Cultural
Economic
Political
27. Postmodernists include:
1. Foucault says that he only wants to talk about society
as a whole when it comes time to destroy it.
2. Baudrillard – If the “social” ever existed as an object of
representation, study, or collective action, it no longer
does, or else it has been transformed into an object of
manipulation.
3. Lyotard develops a richer and more positive
conception of politics, justice, and community than most
postmodernists.
28. 4. Bell defines some features of postmodern
society; to him, economics is based on a service
economy.
-Society will give pre-eminence to professional
and technical elite and will be based on a
reinvigorated meritocracy.
- Society will be based on the axial principle: the
centrality of theoretical knowledge as the source
of innovation and policy formulation.
- Central technology and technology assessment
will be based on future orientation.
- Experts will make decision; an “intellectual
technocracy” will emerge.
29. 14. Contemporary Feminist Theory
Patricia M. Langermann and Jill N. Brantly
- advocates of feminist theory – that system of
general ideas designed to describe and explain social
life and human experience from a woman – centered
vantage point; the feminist theory posits that
women’s location in, and experience of, most
situations is different from and unequal to that of
men, and in terms of a direct power relationship
between men and women, women are oppressed, that
is, restrained, subordinated, molded, used and
abused by men. Thus, the feminist theory can be
classified as a “theory of difference”, or of inequality,
or of oppression.