This document discusses social stratification and the caste system in India. It covers the origins and theories around the development of caste, key features as identified by Ghurye, the concept of untouchability and segregation, contrasting views of Gandhi and Ambedkar on caste reform, and the intersection of caste and politics in modern India. The caste system stratified Indian society in a rigid hierarchy for over 3000 years and continues to influence social inequality and political mobilization along caste lines today.
This ppt is about political sociology and discusses the caste and class system in India. caste (Jaati) and class (Varna) in the Indian Hindu system. This ppt is useful for students of Indian political sociology - course.
ABOUT UNTOUCHABILITY AND THE PROBLEMS FACED BY THEM ...
EVEN SMALL CHILDREN UNKNOWN OF THE FACT OF THE SAME CAST BEAR ALL SITUATIONS .. THE SOCIETY SHOULD KNOW IT AND SHOULD RESPECT ALL THE TYPE OF PEOPLE AND SHOULD LEARN TO KNOW IT...
"STRIKE A BLOW TO CHANGE THE WORLD"
Here is the ppt on Casteism and untouchability.
I hope this ppt will be useful to all of you who wish to learn more about casteism and how it affects the individual who belongs to the lower caste.
It is very much important that we raise our voice against such evils which is the drawback of our society.
Social Stratification – Meaning and functions, Caste, Class and Race, Social Mobility – Concept and types of social mobility - Social Institutions - Marriage, Family, Education, Religion – Meaning, Types and Functions - Political Institutions - Concept of State, Government, Democracy
Socio – Economic Mobility among Schedule Caste: A Study of Village Mugalmagri...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT : Caste is a powerful organization in Indian society. It provided a structure for arranging and organizing social groups in terms of their statuses and positions in the social and economic system. It predetermined individuals into the structure of social hierarchy on the basis of their birth. In the hierarchical order Brahmins were at the top of the social ladder, and the ‘Untouchables’, people who were at the bottom of the ladder. They were considered to be inferior in all respects by the higher castes and were placed at the bottom of ritual and social hierarchies of the Caste and Varna system and had been subjected to varieties of disabilities, deprivations and oppression under the traditional system. They were not considered human beings and were exploited and discriminated in many spheres of life. After Independence there has been a growing awareness and concern for the degraded socio-economic condition of the Scheduled Castes . For this, efforts are being made in collaboration with different organizations and institutions to inculcate and encourage them to merge with the socio - economic fabric of the country . In turn, they have experienced a modicum of social mobility and there has been an unprecedented rise in the political consciousness among them. The caste system in India which is based on the principle inequality whether those inequalities (Social and Economical) are going too diminished or perpetuated further in the period of globalization? Are they being able to compete with the changing scenario? What will happen with their occupations? Are they able to get quality education? What changes has come into their lifestyles? Do they have new skills so as to get the benefits mobility? Is there any social and occupational mobility among them in view of globalization, education, occupation or are they stagnated? Etc. needs to be answered if they have to become a citizen of a global community- dreamed as a knowledge society.
So, keeping all these questions in mind the researcher want to express the social mobility among schedule castes of village mugalmagri in district rupnagar . We always judge the things from the upper level but what about the bottom? That is why the main objective of the present study is to analysis the mobility from the bottom level among schedule caste through education, income, occupation, inter-caste marriages and through religious conversions. For this, I have taking 100 respondents from the rural area how were schedule castes.
This ppt is about political sociology and discusses the caste and class system in India. caste (Jaati) and class (Varna) in the Indian Hindu system. This ppt is useful for students of Indian political sociology - course.
ABOUT UNTOUCHABILITY AND THE PROBLEMS FACED BY THEM ...
EVEN SMALL CHILDREN UNKNOWN OF THE FACT OF THE SAME CAST BEAR ALL SITUATIONS .. THE SOCIETY SHOULD KNOW IT AND SHOULD RESPECT ALL THE TYPE OF PEOPLE AND SHOULD LEARN TO KNOW IT...
"STRIKE A BLOW TO CHANGE THE WORLD"
Here is the ppt on Casteism and untouchability.
I hope this ppt will be useful to all of you who wish to learn more about casteism and how it affects the individual who belongs to the lower caste.
It is very much important that we raise our voice against such evils which is the drawback of our society.
Social Stratification – Meaning and functions, Caste, Class and Race, Social Mobility – Concept and types of social mobility - Social Institutions - Marriage, Family, Education, Religion – Meaning, Types and Functions - Political Institutions - Concept of State, Government, Democracy
Socio – Economic Mobility among Schedule Caste: A Study of Village Mugalmagri...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT : Caste is a powerful organization in Indian society. It provided a structure for arranging and organizing social groups in terms of their statuses and positions in the social and economic system. It predetermined individuals into the structure of social hierarchy on the basis of their birth. In the hierarchical order Brahmins were at the top of the social ladder, and the ‘Untouchables’, people who were at the bottom of the ladder. They were considered to be inferior in all respects by the higher castes and were placed at the bottom of ritual and social hierarchies of the Caste and Varna system and had been subjected to varieties of disabilities, deprivations and oppression under the traditional system. They were not considered human beings and were exploited and discriminated in many spheres of life. After Independence there has been a growing awareness and concern for the degraded socio-economic condition of the Scheduled Castes . For this, efforts are being made in collaboration with different organizations and institutions to inculcate and encourage them to merge with the socio - economic fabric of the country . In turn, they have experienced a modicum of social mobility and there has been an unprecedented rise in the political consciousness among them. The caste system in India which is based on the principle inequality whether those inequalities (Social and Economical) are going too diminished or perpetuated further in the period of globalization? Are they being able to compete with the changing scenario? What will happen with their occupations? Are they able to get quality education? What changes has come into their lifestyles? Do they have new skills so as to get the benefits mobility? Is there any social and occupational mobility among them in view of globalization, education, occupation or are they stagnated? Etc. needs to be answered if they have to become a citizen of a global community- dreamed as a knowledge society.
So, keeping all these questions in mind the researcher want to express the social mobility among schedule castes of village mugalmagri in district rupnagar . We always judge the things from the upper level but what about the bottom? That is why the main objective of the present study is to analysis the mobility from the bottom level among schedule caste through education, income, occupation, inter-caste marriages and through religious conversions. For this, I have taking 100 respondents from the rural area how were schedule castes.
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Speech On Caste Discrimination
Change is one thing. Acceptance is another
Change took place in our nation long back in 1947 when India got independence from the colonial powers, but have we accepted the change yet? Caste Discrimination is a taboo. It is a no no topic of discussion on official papers. Regardless of being abolished constitutionally, caste based discrimination is followed in various parts of the country. One cannot blatantly blame the Northern part of the country for casteism, as literacy rates are low. Prejudice on the basis of caste is not something that education can eradicate rather it is a game of the predominant ideology that has been followed since centuries.
To trace the origins of Caste system, it was a system developed on the basis of occupation....show more content...The upper caste population identified with Dalits as the callous strata of the populace. They othered people from the lower castes by continuous oppression, turning this oppressive behavior into a hegemonic process. They identified with them as the dark skinned, though the irony lies in the fact that most Indians are fair skinned Arian stock thus giving rise to the whole Dalits race debate. Gradually, amongst all the debate, the society welcomed with much comments, the printed version of Ambedkar s speech known as The Annihilation of Caste (1936). The speech is a discussion about what exactly caste is, catering to questions like, is caste about occupation and rigidity, restriction of marriage and dining and so on. Due to the rising classification of caste and growing untouchability, the country saw various movements. The Dalit Aesthetics movement being one of them. The association was a self
It shows the caste and social stratification existing in India. It also tells about history of social stratification in world as well as India. Four varna system of India is also included. In all it focuses mainly on origin of stratification and its prevalence today.
Is Caste rigidity present in Indian social structure? or is it a myth. the researcher argued the caste as a social institution is dying but as a political institution is getting corporatized and serving the vote banks.
Rural sociology topic covering Different types of norms for social control and and different types of stratification within a society. It includes two major topics i.e. Class system and caste system, understanding their origin with various theories and their features and classification.
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The present paper focuses ( Eunuch’s) involved in sex work, with a case study from Hyderabad and Secunderabad.
We analyze the lives of fifty Hijra’s involved in sex work and look at the physical, emotional and psychological violence faced by them in the day to day life. The focus of the paper is to summarize the various issues faced by Hijra’s by using the social exclusion framework and highlight the relation between this exclusion and vulnerability. We conclude by showing how the Hijra identity is rooted in a multiplicity of social differences and that their sexual identities are fluid, shifting.The lived experiences and narratives of the Hijra’s shows that just being a eunuch is enough for the kind of violence that they face in their day to day lives.
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In 2020, the Ministry of Home Affairs established a committee led by Prof. (Dr.) Ranbir Singh, former Vice Chancellor of National Law University (NLU), Delhi. This committee was tasked with reviewing the three codes of criminal law. The primary objective of the committee was to propose comprehensive reforms to the country’s criminal laws in a manner that is both principled and effective.
The committee’s focus was on ensuring the safety and security of individuals, communities, and the nation as a whole. Throughout its deliberations, the committee aimed to uphold constitutional values such as justice, dignity, and the intrinsic value of each individual. Their goal was to recommend amendments to the criminal laws that align with these values and priorities.
Subsequently, in February, the committee successfully submitted its recommendations regarding amendments to the criminal law. These recommendations are intended to serve as a foundation for enhancing the current legal framework, promoting safety and security, and upholding the constitutional principles of justice, dignity, and the inherent worth of every individual.
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Lifting the Corporate Veil. Power Point Presentationseri bangash
"Lifting the Corporate Veil" is a legal concept that refers to the judicial act of disregarding the separate legal personality of a corporation or limited liability company (LLC). Normally, a corporation is considered a legal entity separate from its shareholders or members, meaning that the personal assets of shareholders or members are protected from the liabilities of the corporation. However, there are certain situations where courts may decide to "pierce" or "lift" the corporate veil, holding shareholders or members personally liable for the debts or actions of the corporation.
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2. Social Stratification
❖ Term derived from geology- crusts/layers
❖ Social stratification stands for the placement of individuals
and groups on the basis of social differences in income,
occupation, status etc
❖ Arrangement of people in a society into various layers on
the basis of social status; the criteria for determination of
social status are income, occupation, education, ascriptive
positions (eg.caste)
❖ Caste- a form of social stratification unique to India
3. ❖ Closed system of stratification- existed for more than
3000 years
❖ Largely a feature of the Hindu fold-varna system, but
affected other religions and sects as well
❖ Cultural concept (beliefs and practices) Vs structural
concept (something that shaped the Indian social and
power sharing structure)
4. Caste- origin theories
According to Census of India, 1931- five theories
❖ The divine origin of caste- widely discussed, shastras and
Puranas also advocate. As per ‘purushasukta’ in Rigveda, four
Varnas, constituting the four body parts of the purusha or the
creator (Brahmin-mouth, Kshatriya-arms, Vaishyas-thigh, Shudra-
feet)
❖ Karma and transmigration theory- caste status as determined by
one’s action or Karma in the past incarnations; thus, even the most
wretched man with his most degrading occupation remains
satisfied with the belief that the miseries of his present life are the
since in his previous life!
5. ❖ Occupational theory- propounded by Nesfield, advocates that the
occupation is the lone factor for the development of caste system
(Priesthood-Brahmins, over a period of time it becomes hereditary)
❖ Tribes and religious theory- gradual and silent change from tribes to
caste; most of the lower or exterior castes of today were formerly tribes
❖ Racial theory- Herbert Risley (British Colonial Officer) in the book ‘people
of India’; racial differences and endogamous marriages led to the origin of
caste system; after emigration of Indo-Aryans from Persia where the society
was divided into four classes-priests, warriors, cultivators and artisans;
maintained even after coming here; formed superior racial tracts from non-
Aryans; practiced hypergamy and imposed restrictions on Pratiloma
marriages. (upper caste- Indo Aryan racial traits; lower castes-non Aryan
aboriginal, Mongoloid or other racial group)
6. G.S Ghurye’s Perspective on Caste
System
❖ Earliest sociologist to offer systematic perspective on the
caste system
❖ ‘Caste and Race in India’, 1932-doctoral thesis,
Cambridge
❖ Historical, indological, comparative and integrative
perspective
❖ Caste and Kinship played integrative role in India
❖ Countered Risley’s racial theory; opposed colonial view of
isolating the tribes
7. Ghurye- Six features of caste
system
❖ Caste is an institution based on segmental division (divided into a
number of closed mutually exclusive segments)
❖ Based on hierarchical division
❖ Involves restrictions on feeding and social interaction- rules
governed by purity and pollution
❖ Involves differential rights and duties; civil and religious disabilities
and privileges
❖ Restricts the choice of occupation; hereditary
❖ Caste endogamy and restrictions on marriage
8. ❖ He analysed changing pattern of caste system; believed
in modern education; admitted the fact that caste based
social and political organisations are developing
❖ Tried to glorify the culture of India; depicted caste as an
integrative force in the past India; also acknowledged its
disharmonious present role
❖ Proposed revival of culture to infuse spirit of fraternity to
get rid of the current evils from the caste
9. Caste System as an Evil
❖ A very unequal institution
❖ Some castes benefitted greatly from the system while the others
were condemned to life of endless labour and subordination
❖ A historical peek into caste proves that caste was an open
system earlier and even inter-cast marriages were allowed; only
during later Vedic period, it became rigid and impossible to
change caste
❖ Many believes that its features got diluted due to urbanisation,
secularisation and modernisation
❖ But in reality????
10.
11. ❖ “The Death of Merit”- documentary- 18 Dalit students
committed suicide during 2007-2011
❖ How caste is present in insidious but real ways inside
educational institutions and work spaces
❖ Discrimination of all kinds- caste consciousness- caste
and privilege in art- discarding privileges
❖ Avoid caste tags in your name
12. Untouchability
❖ Limited literal meaning of the word- Refers not just to the
avoidance or prohibition of physical contact, but to a
much broader set of social sanctions and social
disabilities which are ascriptive in nature within the ritual
framework of the caste system
❖ Various types of segregations imposed by the cultural
framework of the caste
❖ “Social distance”- three dimensions- exclusion,
humiliation-subordination and exploitation
13. Two Context of Analysis
❖ In terms of restrictions imposed on Avarna by all other
higher castes- social disabilities (Prohibition from wearing
new clothes, shoes etc), social isolation, religious
disabilities, separation of roads and wells, working at night
(so that even their shadow doesn’t fall on dwijas), no
ownership of property, and imposing Begaar or work without
wages
❖ As an integral aspect of caste system- while Shudra
consider Dalits as untouchables, they themselves are
untouchable to other upper castes in the hierarchy; the same
with Vaishyas and Kshatriyas at the hands of ritually
superior Brahmins
14. ❖ Segregation can be physical or social
❖ Physical segregation- limited physical contact, separate utensils,
prohibition from temple entry, prohibition on using village wells
and ponds etc
❖ Social segregation- restriction on marrying, eating with members
of the other castes, prohibition from entering homes and
restriction on occupational mobility
❖ Ghanshyam Shah, Harsh Mander and Sukhdev Thorat,
Untouchability in Rural India, 2006, concluded that it is still
practiced in various forms in around 80 percent
15. ❖ Violence as the extreme manifestation of untouchability
❖ National Commission for Scheduled Castes Report: UP,
Bihar and Rajastan lead in the registered crimes against
the Dalits
❖ UP alone registered 8,946 crimes against Dalits in 2015
16. Contrasting Perspectives of Gandhi and
Ambedkar
❖ Gandhi was a political revolutionary but not a social
revolutionary
❖ He supported Varna Vyvastha as organising principles of Indian
society, but he contemned the current for of caste system
❖ Varna vyavastha united society, untouchability was exploitative
❖ Without integrating the vast sections of the depressed classes in
the Hindu society and without removing untouchability, it would
be difficult to achieve swaraj
❖ Caste must go untouchability as a crime
17. ❖ Ambedkar- radical view- annihilation of caste system
❖ So degraded and dehumanised that he deemed it beyond repair
❖ Regarded Gandhian view as utopian- it will only make it stronger
❖ Believed that legislative measures and political empowerment as
the only ways to get rid of untouchability
❖ Broken men theory- origin of caste and untouchability; in ancient
times as a result of wars and consequent defeats, a group of
tribes become fragmented and hence became wandering Broken
men
18.
19. Caste and Politics
❖ Caste and democratic political system- theoretically
opposite value systems (hierarchy Vs equality)
❖ Democracy never operates in an ideal manner; they
operate within social milieu
❖ In practice, societies like ours, with limited resources,
caste seek to establish new identities and strive for
positions of power
❖ Caste groupings for political mobilisation
20. ❖ British rule- founding ground for interaction of caste and
politics
❖ Caste and religion- emotional tools for managing the masses
❖ Political mobilisation as a source of empowerment: Justice
party in south , Republican Party (1956) under Ambedkar-
mobilise Dalits and other depressed casts
❖ Post independence- system of universal franchise,
democracy and Panchayat raj- further fuelled these
dynamics
21. ❖ Nadars of Tamil Nadu- positive role played by politics vis-a-
vis caste
❖ Rudolph and Rudolph, The Modernity of Tradition: Political
Development in India, 1967- political clout can also be used
to change the status in the caste hierarchy and many rights
can be acquired which were once denied to a caste
❖ Case study of Shanans; an untouchable community; changed
the social status with the help of political mobilisation and
association and ultimately known as Nadars!!!
❖ Both constructive and destructive roles
22. ❖ In the post independence period, caste associations formed with
the political objectives to compete in elections
❖ Bharatiya Kranti Dal evolved as an alliance of four major peasant
castes of UP in 1969 elections- AJGAR (Ahirs, Jats, Gujjars and
Rajputs); Lok Dal was identified with Jats in Up in 1977 and 1980
Parliamentary elections; Samajwadi Party in UP-backward castes
in general and Yadavas in particular 1977 state assembly
elections
❖ BJP is generally identified with upper castes and especially the
business class
❖ Substantialisation of caste and identity politics
23. ❖ Cleavage in Indian society- casteism in elections
❖ Elections are not fought around real issues but sensationalised
around caste related issues
❖ Castes are pitted against each other and numerically weaker
sections lose in this process; breeds animosity
❖ Cow vandalism, forced chanting of Jai Sri Ram, Hindutva/Hindu
nationalism
❖ Secularism giving way for Hindu Nationalism
❖ Increased Dalit attacks under BJP rule-NCRB data
24. Group Activity
❖ Untouchability is a scar on Indian conscience.
Comment.
❖ How can inequality in India be attributed to the rigid
social stratification system that existed for many
centuries?
❖ In the recent times caste is politicised and politics in turn
is limited by casteism. Comment on the role of caste in
Indian politics in the light of this statement