The document discusses the change in pest scenario in cotton in India with the introduction of Bt cotton. It provides background on cotton production and pest problems in India. The key pests prior to Bt cotton were the bollworm complex. Bt cotton was developed to control these pests and reduce pesticide use. While Bt cotton provided effective control of bollworms, it led to the emergence of other pests like the mealybug and whitefly as major pests. Overuse of insecticides also contributed to whitefly outbreaks in some regions. Overall, Bt cotton has helped reduce pesticide use but continuous monitoring is needed to address new pest problems.
Classification of insecticides based on chemical natureVinodkumar Patil
Classification of insecticides based on chemical nature, insecticides classified based on nature of inorganic insecticides, Organic insecticides, Synthetic organic insecticides, and Miscellaneous compounds
My presentation on Integrated Pest Management. I had made a try from my side to create it knowledgeful and tried to include qualitative content after studying many articals, research papers and other online websites.
Classification of insecticides based on chemical natureVinodkumar Patil
Classification of insecticides based on chemical nature, insecticides classified based on nature of inorganic insecticides, Organic insecticides, Synthetic organic insecticides, and Miscellaneous compounds
My presentation on Integrated Pest Management. I had made a try from my side to create it knowledgeful and tried to include qualitative content after studying many articals, research papers and other online websites.
Meristem tip culture for the production of the virus free plantsArjun Rayamajhi
This presentation gives general idea on the meristem tip culture for the production of the virus free plants. The principles, methods and procedures of the meristem tip culture included. General idea on different in vitro culture techniques for virus elimination meristem tip culture viz. thermotherapy, cryotherapy,chemotherapy and electrotherapy are provided.
In this slide different fungi are Mentioned and their role as bio-control agents is also elaborated which is reviewed from different research articles cited in reference portion.
☺INTRODUCTION
☺Bt COTTON
☺MAJOR PESTS OF COTTON
☺MODE OF ACTION OF Bt GENE
☺ADVANTAGES
☺DISADVANTAGES
☺CONCLUSION
☺REFERENCES
Genetically modified variety of cotton that produces an insecticide whose gene has been derived from a soil bacterium called Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt).
Three types of toxins.
A total of 229 cry toxins ( cry1Aa to Cry72Aa), cyt toxins ( cyt 11Aa to cyt3Aa) and 102 vip toxins( vip1Aa1 to vip4Aa1) have been discovered.
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). This bacterium is also a key source of genes for transgenic expression to provide pest resistance in plants and microorganisms as pest control agents in so-called genetically modified organisms (GMOs).
Meristem tip culture for the production of the virus free plantsArjun Rayamajhi
This presentation gives general idea on the meristem tip culture for the production of the virus free plants. The principles, methods and procedures of the meristem tip culture included. General idea on different in vitro culture techniques for virus elimination meristem tip culture viz. thermotherapy, cryotherapy,chemotherapy and electrotherapy are provided.
In this slide different fungi are Mentioned and their role as bio-control agents is also elaborated which is reviewed from different research articles cited in reference portion.
☺INTRODUCTION
☺Bt COTTON
☺MAJOR PESTS OF COTTON
☺MODE OF ACTION OF Bt GENE
☺ADVANTAGES
☺DISADVANTAGES
☺CONCLUSION
☺REFERENCES
Genetically modified variety of cotton that produces an insecticide whose gene has been derived from a soil bacterium called Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt).
Three types of toxins.
A total of 229 cry toxins ( cry1Aa to Cry72Aa), cyt toxins ( cyt 11Aa to cyt3Aa) and 102 vip toxins( vip1Aa1 to vip4Aa1) have been discovered.
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). This bacterium is also a key source of genes for transgenic expression to provide pest resistance in plants and microorganisms as pest control agents in so-called genetically modified organisms (GMOs).
Here i would like to inform you on the global scenario on whitefly management i hope it will increase your understanding of the management of the whiteflies,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
the repeated use of the same chemical which has the same mode of action that leads to the loss of insect sensitivity and also heritable change would occur in the genome nothing but resistance that means the population not able to control with the normal dose need to develop resistant management strategies
The development and commercialization of insect-resistant transgenic Bt crops expressing Cry toxins revolutionized the history of agriculture. At the end of 2010, an estimated 26.3 million hectares of land were planted with crops containing the Bt gene (James 2011). Bt cotton has reduced the use of traditional insecticides by 207,900,000 lbs of active ingredient of insecticide (Brookes and Barfoot, 2006).
Resistance is a genetic change in the insect pest — that allows it to avoid harm from Bt toxins. The high and consistent levels of ICP production in the Bt plants make them much less favorable for the development of resistance. Insect Resistance Management is of great importance because of the threat insect resistance poses to the future use of Bt plant-incorporated protectants and is said to be the key to sustainable use of the genetically modified Bt crops. The US EPA usually requires a “buffer zone,” or a structured refuge of 20% non-Bt crops that is planted in close proximity to the Bt crops.
First documented case of insect resistance to Bt cotton came in 2008, when Tabashnik and coworkers found field-evolved Bt toxin resistance in bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), in the United States. Field-Evolved Resistance to Bt Maize by Western Corn Rootworm (Gassmann, 2011) displayed significantly higher survival on Cry3Bb1 maize in laboratory bioassays.
Expanded use of transgenic crops for insect control will likely include more varieties with combinations of two or more Bt toxins (pyramiding), novel Bt toxins such as VIP, modified Bt toxins that have been genetically engineered to kill insects resistant to standard Bt toxins. Transgenic plants that control insects via RNA interference are also under development.
Increasing use of transgenic crops in developing nations is likely, with a broadening range of genetically modified crops and target insect pests .Incorporating enhanced understanding of observed patterns of field-evolved resistance into future resistance management strategies can help to minimize the drawbacks and maximize the benefits of current and future generations of transgenic crops.
Priorities of breeding approaches in bt cottons.dr. yanal alkuddsiDr. Yanal A. Alkuddsi
In few years of Bt era – over Six hundred of Bt cotton hybrids are released – Just Handful of them are popular
Ultimately it’s the genetic potentiality for productivity that determines success of a Bt genotype
Breeding efforts of improving genetic potentiality of Bt cottons assumes greater importance
cotton crop needs highest pesticide application for pest management, So we came with ipm practices for reducing insecticide spray, to manage the resistance development and secondary outbreak of sucking pest
Bt cotton is a genetically modified organism (GMO) or genetically modified pest resistant plant cotton variety, which produces an insecticide to combat bollworm.
The Bt is a short form of ubiquitous soil bacterioum Bacillus thuringiensis. This bacterium is gram positive and spore forming that forms parasporal crystals during stationary phase of its growth cycle. The synthesized crystalline proteins called ‘endotoxins’ are highly toxic to certain insects. They kill the insect by acting on the epithelium tissues of midgut of caterpillars. These proteins are characterized by their insecticidal activity and are therefore grouped into four classes i.e. Lepidoptera-specific (Cry I), Lepidoptera and Diptera-specific (Cry II), Coleoptera-specific (Cry III) and Diptera-specific (Cry IV). Cotton bollworms belong to the order Lepidoptera and therefore are sensitive to Bt Cry I and Cry II proteins, which are specific to them. Other beneficial insects are unaffected by these proteins. popularly and effectively utilized are Cry 1 Ac, Cry 1 Ab in different crops.
Times of yore in AgBioForum, current science and many agriculture journal issues have been discussed Bt cotton safety (Manjunath 2011) controversies (Geeta Bharathan 2001), success (Camille Gonsalves 2007), resistance issues (Akshaya et al., 2010) and cost-benefit analysis (Manjunath 2011) in India a question rose as to “Bt or Non-Bt”.
Article Citation:
King Solomon E and Rajesh Kannan V.
Rhizosphere Biology Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, TamilNadu. India.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0022.pdf
Comparative Economics Analysis of the Bt. Cotton V/SConventional Cotton Produ...sanaullah noonari
Abstract: Cotton is an important cash crop which covers 35 million hectares of land. Major objectives of the study were to
examine the role of determinants of cotton yield to asses’ financial gain from Bt.cotton comparing with conventional Cotton.
District Khairpur was selected for the present study where both Bt.cotton and conventional cotton varieties are grown primary
data on Bt. cotton and conventional cotton was collected from the farmers through personal interviews with the help of
specially designed questionnaire. A simple random sampling technique was used to collect the data. Cobb-Douglas production
function was used for yield analysis. Logit model was used to find the probability of Bt.cotton. Farmers growing Bt. cotton
who had used seed rate (6-8) kg per acre were 46.66 percent, while 53.33 percent had used seed rate (9-10) kg per acre.
Conventional cotton who had used seed rate (6-8) kg per acre was 66.66 percent while 33.33 percent had used seed rate (9-10)
kg per acre. Total costs per acre in Bt.cotton sown were greater than the conventional Cotton activities, total costs incurred in
the conventional cotton were far lower (about 26 percent lower) than Bt.cotton. On an average higher yield (40 mounds per
acre) was obtained in Bt.cotton sown than conventional cotton yield (25 mounds per acre). Price gained per mounds was
almost the same in two cotton activities. Higher profit was observed in Bt. cotton and very low profit was obtained in
conventional cotton.
Keywords: Cotton, conventional, Bt. Technology, Resource Use Efficiency, Decomposition of Output Change, Sindh
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Change in pest scenario in the light of Bt cotton in India
1. Change in pest scenario in the light of Bt
cotton in India
Presented by:
PARTHA DEBNATH
CAU/CPGS/ENTO/M14/04
Credit seminar
2. Cotton crop:
• Cotton (Gossypium sp.) is designated as
“White Gold” and “King of fibres”
among all the fibre crops.
• It belongs to the family Malvaceae.
• India ranks 2nd in world cotton
production 6423 metric tons (Statista,
2015).
• It is cultivated in India in 126.55 lakh
hectare area with a production of 401.00
lakh bale of seed cotton per year (Cotton
Corporation of India, 2014).
3. • The pest spectrum of cotton is quite complex and as many as
200 species of insects have been reported to attack cotton at
different stages of crop growth in India (Anon., 1981).
• But among these, the bollworm complex consisting of three
notorious bollworms are considerd to be of great menace.
o American bollworm- Helicoverpa armigera Hub.
o Pink bollworm- Pectinophora gossypiela Sau.
o Spotted bollworm- Earias vitella and Earias insulana Fab.
( Patil et al., 2007)
4. • Cotton occupies 5 % of the total cultivable area
however consumed 55 percent of the totally used
pesticides in all crop cultivation in India (Barwale et
al.,2004).
5. Insect pests present in cotton in India
Sucking pests:
Jassids- Amrasca biguttula
Red cotton bug- Dysdercus
cingulatus
Aphid- Aphis gossypii
Mealybug- Phenacoccus
soleneopsis
White fly- Bemesia tabaci
6. Damage symptoms of the bollworm complex
• Pink bollworm:
Pin head size holes on the
bolls.
Rosette flowers.
7. • American bollworm:
Bolls showing regular,
circular bore holes.
Presence of granular faecal
pellets outside the bore hole.
Yield loss upto 80% ( CICR,
technical bulletin no-22).
8. • Spotted bollworm:
Drying and drooping of
terminal shoots.
Flaring up of bracts
during square and
young boll formation
stage.
Holes on bolls and rotting of
bolls.
9. Bt cotton
Bt cotton is a
genetically modified
cotton crop.
It expresses an
insecticidal protein
which is derived from a
soil bacterium, Bascillus
thuringiensis var
kurstaki.
10. Bt was first discovered by a
Japanese scientist Isiwata in
1901.
The Bt gene cry1Ac was
used to develop the first Bt
cotton variety.
The acreage under Bt
cotton was increased to 6.33
million hectares in 2007-08
from 3.69 million hectares
during 2006-07(ISAAA,
2007).
11. Why do we need Bt cotton?
About 162 species of insects occur in cotton at various stages
of growth of which 15 are key pests (Kannan et al., 2004).
About 9400 M tonnes of insecticides worth Rs 747 crores were
used only for bollworm control in 2001 (Kranthi, 2012).
Before the introduction of Bt cotton, insecticide quantity
applied on cotton was the highest, relative to other cultivated
crops.
12. Cotton bolls are highly vulnerable to hidden insects such as the
American bollworm, Pink bollworm and Spotted bollworm.
The pink and spotted bollworms are hidden feeders and
generally do not come into direct contact with insecticide
sprays.
The American bollworm comes into contact with insecticides,
partially, has developed resistance to almost all the insecticides
recommended for its control in all regions of the world.
13. About 50.0% of all insecticides in India were being
unsuccessfully used for cotton pest control, until the year
2001, before Bt cotton was introduced.
Of these insecticides about 70.0% was for bollworm control
and the rest for sap-sucking insects. (Kranthi, 2012).
14. Mode of action of Bt:
• In the commercialized transgenic Bt-cotton plants, the protein
is expressed in all parts of the plant.
• When the larvae feed on Bt plants, they ingest Bt protein along
with the plant tissues.
• If it is a susceptible insect like bollworms, the Bt protein gets
activated in the mid-gut.
• The activated molecules bind themselves to certain receptors
present on the gut membrane.
15.
16. Bt strain active against various types of
insects
Strain Target insects
Bt subsp. Kurstaki, sotto, aizwai Lepidopteran larvae
Bt subsp. israelensis Mosquito larvae
Bt subsp. tenebrionis Coleopteran larvae
Bacilus poppilae var. poppilae Japanese beetle larvae
Reddy, 2010
17. Classification of cry genes and their
pathogenecity
Cry gene Toxic to the insect order
Cry1A(a), Cry1A(b), Cry1A(c) Lepidoptera
Cry1B, Cry1C, Cry1D Lepidoptera
Cry II Lepidoptera, Diptera
CryIII Coleoptera
CryIV Diptera
CryV Lepidoptera, Coleoptera
Prasad, 2004
18. Chronology of development and approval of Bt
cotton in India
Year Development of bt cotton in India
1995 Mahyco applied to DBT for permission to import a small stock
of Bollgard® (Bt-cotton) seeds from Monsanto Company,
USA.
1996 •A nucleus stock of the American variety Coker 312
containing the Bollgard® was received by Mahyco from
Monsanto, USA.
•Mahyco initiated crossing Coker 312 with the Indian cotton
breeding lines to introgress cry1Ac gene.
1996-1998 •Risk-Assessment Studies were conducted in laboratories and
fields.
•These included pollen escape, aggressiveness and
persistence, biochemical analysis, toxicity and allergenicity.
19. Year Development of bt cotton in India
1998-1999 Multi-location field trials at 40 locations in 9 states to assess
agronomic benefits and safety. Data submitted to RCGM.
1999-2000 Field trials repeated at 10 locations in 6 states. Data submitted to
RCGM
2000 Based on the recommendations of RCGM, the GEAC gave permission
for large scale field trials in 85 ha and seed production in 150 ha.
2001 •Kharif 2001 – Large scale field trials covering 100 ha.
•Field trials were also conducted by All India Coordinated Cotton
Improvement Project of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research
(ICAR).
20. Year Development of Bt cotton in India
2002 •On 26 March 2002, GEAC approved Mahyco’s three Bt-cotton hybrids,
viz. MECH 12Bt, MECH 162Bt and MECH 184Bt, for commercial
cultivation in India.
Source: Manjunath, T.M., AICBA, 2007
21. How Bt cotton is developed
For development of any transgenic crop, there are five
important steps:
Identification of effective gene or genes.
Gene transfer technology.
Regeneration ability from protoplast.
Gene expression of the product at desired level.
Proper integration of gene.
In case of cotton, Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer
technique has been essentially used (Firozabady et al., 1987).
22.
23. Advantages of Bt cotton in India
Bollworm control: Preventing yield losses from an estimated
damage of 30.0 to 60.0% each year in India thus far from 2002
to 2011.
Increased yield: Yields are estimated to have increased at
least by 30.0% due to effective protection from bollworm
damage.
Reduction in pesticide use for bollworm control: 46% in 2011,
26% after 2006 and 21% during 2011-12 (Kranthi, 2012).
24. Disadvantages of Bt cotton
Small and marginal farmers of India can not afford the high
cost of Bt cotton seeds, Rs.1600 for 450 g of seeds.
Effectiveness up to 120 days, after that the toxin producing
efficiency of the Bt gene drastically reduces (Jeyakumar et al.,
2008).
Adverse effect on insecticide manufacturing companies due to
reduced use of pesticides significantly by Bt cotton.
25. • Ineffective against sucking pests like jassids, aphids, whitefly
etc.
• Adverse effect on the employment of those persons engaged
in pesticide industries.
• Promotes malpractices such as mixing of low-cost non Bt
cotton seeds with high cost Bt cotton seeds for sale. This
severely affects on cotton production and economic condition
of the farmers using such fake seeds.
26. Bt cotton: Now and Then
• Insecticide usage for bollworm control:
From 1995 to 2004 was average 6767 M tonnes.
From 2005 to 2011 was average1089 M tonnes.
• Insecticide usage for sucking pests:
From 1995 to 2004 was average 3335 M tonnes.
From 2005 to 2011 was average 4600 M tonnes. (Kranthi,
2012).
Over all , up to 69% reduction in usage of pesticides has been
achieved through Bt transgenic cottons (Kranthi and Khadi,
2011).
27. • Insecticide use on cotton was 46% of the total
insecticides used in India in 2001 and before.
• But soon declined to 25% within 4 years of Bt cotton
introduction.
• Insecticide usage on cotton further declined to only
21% of the total usage in India during 2009 and 2010
(CICR, 2011).
28. Pest resurgance in Bt cotton:
• Tobacco caterpillar S. litura has been noted as emerging pest
in BG-I genotypes in India (Jeyakumar et al., 2007) with
advent of Bt genotypes.
Cotton mealybug:
• A new pest, mealybug which was not familiar earlier started
destroying cotton crops.
• Reducing yields up to 40-50% in affected fields since 2006
(Compendium of Cotton Mealybugs, 2011).
29. Mealybug infestation were recorded in 2006 on G. hirsutum in all
the nine cotton-growing states of India- Punjab, Haryana,
Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu,
Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. (Dhara Jothi et al., 2008).
Nearly 2000 acres of cotton crops were destroyed by mealybug
(Goswami, 2007).
Outbreak is serious in both Bt and non Bt cottons.
30.
31. Whitefly: a black story
• Whitefly became a major pest on cotton in India only after
1984.
• It feeds on more than 500 plant species and by sucking sap
from under surface of leaves causes yellowing and upward
curling of the leaves.
• Cotton losses were estimated to be in the range of 15-20% and
sometimes up to 30% (Cotton Statistics and News, 2015).
32. • In August, 2015, a whitefly outbreak devastated the bt cotton
crop in Bathinda, Faridkot districts of Punjab and Sirsa
district of Haryana.
• The insect infestation and whitefly incidence were higher than
the previous three years.
• Whitefly incidence ranged from 1.6 to 90 adults /3 leaves
during July-August in Sirsa. Thus far, high levels of whitefly
infestation were noticed in the second week of August in both
the two states.
33. • Fields sprayed with repeated
insecticide sprays, insecticide
mixtures, fipronil and pyrethroids had
the highest levels of whitefly
infestation.
• 15 farmers committed suicide due to
failure of crop. (TOI, 2015).
34. Causes of outbreaks
• Synthetic pyrethroids and acephate induce bollworms and
whiteflies where spinosad induces mealybugs infestations (Cotton
Association of India, 2015).
• The natural enemies of whitefly are generally more susceptible to
insecticides than the insect pests. For example, the whiteflies have
a waxy coating over the body which protects against insecticides,
but its natural enemies are not protected.
35. • The whiteflies feed from under surface of the leaf where
insecticides do not easily reach.
• The natural enemy predators and parasites are generally present
all over the plant and get exposed to insecticides.
• Insect pests become resistant quickly to insecticides whereas
natural enemies take a longer time for resistance development.
36. • There is a phenomenon reported with whiteflies and American
bollworms, called ‘Hormoligosis’ which causes insects to
rapidly reproduce and multiply when the surviving insects
perceive chemical stress.
• Some reports also describe insecticide-induced physiological
changes in the plant which become more favourable to insect
pests. Thus more the insecticide sprays -more the problem.
37. • This season insecticides such as fipronil and synthetic pyrethroids
were used frequently also as mixtures with organophosphate
insecticides (monocrotophos, acephate and triazophos) in north
India right through July-August (CAI, 2015).
• These insecticides severely induce pest populations leading to
resurgence and outbreaks.
• This year, in many parts of the north, there was delay in sowing by
15-20 days, which helped the whitefly with rainfall less than 100
mm and cloudy weather with high humidity.
38. Insecticide resistance of
Whitefly
• Studies conducted by CICR showed that whiteflies in north
India have developed resistance to all the commonly used
insecticides.
• ‘Neonicotinoid’ group insecticides are most commonly used
in north India. Whitefly resistance to the neonicotinoid
insecticides is high in north.
• This led to the severe whitefly outbreaks and further
development of resistance.
39. • CICR showed that high level of insecticide resistance to
acetamiprid, thiomethoxam, imidacloprid, monocrotophos,
cloropyriphos, triazophos and acephate is there in north
India.
• So, for effective management of this pest, crop natural
ecosystem should be least destroyed.
40. Is it true that Bt cotton is responsible for
emergence of new pests: Controversy
• Pests like mirid bugs, mealybugs, dusky and red cotton bug used
to occur even before the advent of Bt-cotton, but used to be
controlled due to repeated spraying mainly against bollworms.
• In case of Bt-cotton, the insecticide usage has been drastically
reduced and since Bt does not control such minor pests and if no
suitable control measures are taken against them in time, they
multiply and cause damage ( Manjunath and Mohan, 2015).
41. Conclusion
To get the full benefit of Bt cotton, the ideal approach is
integrated pest management (IPM) where Bt-cotton is relied
upon to control bollworms while it is necessary to be watchful
and take appropriate control measures against those pests not
controlled by Bt-cotton.