The United Nations Organization (UNO) declared 2009 as "The Year of Natural Fibers". Cotton is one of the most important natural fibers. It is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows within a boll or protective case around the seeds of cotton plants from the genus Gossypium. Cotton belongs to the genus Gossypium and there are four main cultivated cotton species - Gossypium herbaceum, G. arboreum, G. hirsutum and G. barbadense.
Cotton, origin, Floral structure & biology, Breeding Techniques, ChallengesSrikanth H N
Cotton is an important crop grown in over 80 countries. The document discusses the taxonomy of cotton including its four main cultivated species, centers of origin, and genetic composition. It summarizes India's role as the largest producer and consumer of cotton globally, as well as details on production, state distribution, and high-yielding varieties used. Breeding methods including introduction, selection, hybridization, and biotechnology are outlined. Pests, diseases, and future research priorities are also mentioned.
This document discusses the floral biology and breeding techniques of cowpea. It begins with an introduction and overview of the taxonomy, origin, and description of cowpea. The floral structure is then described, including its inflorescence, corolla, stamens, and ovary. Details are provided about anthesis, or flowering period, and cytology. The document outlines that cowpea is self-pollinating but bagging of mature flower buds can be done. Cross-pollination techniques involving emasculation and pollination are also described. Finally, the key breeding objectives of cowpea are listed such as high yield, appropriate plant type, and resistances.
Bangladesh is an agricultural based country located in South Asia. Agriculture is the prime occupation of the major peoples in Bangladesh. In 1947-48 Bangladesh grown about 80% of total jute in the world which produced lot of foreign money that was majority of the total revenue of the country. For this reason jute is called as "Golden Fiber" of Bangladesh. Jute is one of the cheapest and the strongest of all natural fibres and considered as fibre of the future. Raw jute is the natural fibre which is extremely eco-friendly. Bangladesh is the biggest producer of natural jute or raw jute fibre both in quantity and quality .The other countries grow Jute plant are India, Nepal, China, Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand etc.
Cotton is an important warm season crop grown for its fiber. It is a dicot plant that is often cross pollinated. The two main types are old world cotton which are diploid species, and new world cotton which are allo-tetraploid species. Breeding objectives for cotton include improved fiber yield and quality, early maturity, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Hybridization is the main breeding method used to combine desirable traits from different cotton varieties.
The document describes in detail the systematics, origin and distribution of sugarcane, the history of sugarcane in Zimbabwe and different hybridization methods of sugarcane.
This document discusses tobacco (Nicotiana tobaccum). It provides details on the scientific name, family, chromosome number, and origin in America. It notes that tobacco is one of five large genera in the solanaceae family, and that India is the 4th largest producer and 8th largest exporter. It describes the origin and evolution of tobacco from hybridization and chromosome doubling of other Nicotiana species. It outlines the floral biology, selfing and crossing techniques used in tobacco production and breeding. Important tobacco varieties grown in India are also listed.
This document discusses asexual reproduction and clonal selection in plants. It defines asexual reproduction as multiplication without fusion of gametes. Clones are genetically identical progeny from a single plant produced through asexual reproduction. Clonal selection is used to improve asexually propagated crops by selecting superior clones over multiple years of testing. While clonal selection maintains desirable traits, it cannot improve genetic makeup without hybridization. Clonal degeneration may occur over time due to mutation or disease. The document provides examples of important clonal varieties developed in several crops through clonal selection.
Cotton, origin, Floral structure & biology, Breeding Techniques, ChallengesSrikanth H N
Cotton is an important crop grown in over 80 countries. The document discusses the taxonomy of cotton including its four main cultivated species, centers of origin, and genetic composition. It summarizes India's role as the largest producer and consumer of cotton globally, as well as details on production, state distribution, and high-yielding varieties used. Breeding methods including introduction, selection, hybridization, and biotechnology are outlined. Pests, diseases, and future research priorities are also mentioned.
This document discusses the floral biology and breeding techniques of cowpea. It begins with an introduction and overview of the taxonomy, origin, and description of cowpea. The floral structure is then described, including its inflorescence, corolla, stamens, and ovary. Details are provided about anthesis, or flowering period, and cytology. The document outlines that cowpea is self-pollinating but bagging of mature flower buds can be done. Cross-pollination techniques involving emasculation and pollination are also described. Finally, the key breeding objectives of cowpea are listed such as high yield, appropriate plant type, and resistances.
Bangladesh is an agricultural based country located in South Asia. Agriculture is the prime occupation of the major peoples in Bangladesh. In 1947-48 Bangladesh grown about 80% of total jute in the world which produced lot of foreign money that was majority of the total revenue of the country. For this reason jute is called as "Golden Fiber" of Bangladesh. Jute is one of the cheapest and the strongest of all natural fibres and considered as fibre of the future. Raw jute is the natural fibre which is extremely eco-friendly. Bangladesh is the biggest producer of natural jute or raw jute fibre both in quantity and quality .The other countries grow Jute plant are India, Nepal, China, Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand etc.
Cotton is an important warm season crop grown for its fiber. It is a dicot plant that is often cross pollinated. The two main types are old world cotton which are diploid species, and new world cotton which are allo-tetraploid species. Breeding objectives for cotton include improved fiber yield and quality, early maturity, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Hybridization is the main breeding method used to combine desirable traits from different cotton varieties.
The document describes in detail the systematics, origin and distribution of sugarcane, the history of sugarcane in Zimbabwe and different hybridization methods of sugarcane.
This document discusses tobacco (Nicotiana tobaccum). It provides details on the scientific name, family, chromosome number, and origin in America. It notes that tobacco is one of five large genera in the solanaceae family, and that India is the 4th largest producer and 8th largest exporter. It describes the origin and evolution of tobacco from hybridization and chromosome doubling of other Nicotiana species. It outlines the floral biology, selfing and crossing techniques used in tobacco production and breeding. Important tobacco varieties grown in India are also listed.
This document discusses asexual reproduction and clonal selection in plants. It defines asexual reproduction as multiplication without fusion of gametes. Clones are genetically identical progeny from a single plant produced through asexual reproduction. Clonal selection is used to improve asexually propagated crops by selecting superior clones over multiple years of testing. While clonal selection maintains desirable traits, it cannot improve genetic makeup without hybridization. Clonal degeneration may occur over time due to mutation or disease. The document provides examples of important clonal varieties developed in several crops through clonal selection.
The document discusses breeding methods for sugarcane. The objectives of sugarcane breeding are to develop varieties with high yield, high sugar content, and tolerance to drought, cold, salt, and pests/diseases. Breeding is challenging due to sugarcane's complex genome, variable chromosome number, rare flowering, and susceptibility to stresses. Methods discussed include biparental crosses, area crosses, coimbatore method, marcotting, and melting pot techniques.
This document discusses plant introduction as a method of plant breeding. It begins by defining plant introduction as transferring plant genotypes or groups of genotypes to new areas where they have not been previously grown. The document then covers the history of plant introduction, the different types of plant introduction, the purposes of plant introduction, agencies involved in plant introduction, and the process of acclimatization. It also discusses the merits and demerits of plant introduction as a plant breeding method.
Common name : Bush okra, jews mallow
Chromosome number : 2n=2x=14
Family : Tiliaceae
The two important cultivated species in Jute are
White Jute : Corchorus capsularis
Tossa Jute : Corchorus olitorius
Jute is a natural fibre popularly known as “golden fibre.” It is one of the cheapest and the strongest of all natural fibres. Jute is second only to Cotton in world’s production of textile fibres. Retting is the process of extracting fibre from stem of the jute plants.
This document describes the pedigree method of plant breeding. The pedigree method involves selecting individual plants from segregating generations like F2 and recording the parent-offspring relationships. Key steps include growing F1 plants to produce F2 seeds, selecting plants from the F2 generation based on traits, growing progeny rows from selected F2 plants in F3, continuing selection and growing of progeny rows from subsequent generations to achieve homozygosity and stable lines for yield trials. The pedigree method allows for selection and development of pure lines from segregating populations.
It is method helps for handling segregation population , and maintain the population record for every generation, which helps breeders to select lines and know the pedigree information regarding lines
1. Inbred lines are developed through repeated self-pollination or inbreeding of plants over multiple generations to produce genotypes that are homozygous and genetically uniform.
2. The pedigree method is most commonly used to develop maize inbred lines, involving self-pollination over 6-7 generations with selection of desirable plants each generation.
3. Doubled haploid lines can also be used, in which haploid cells are induced and then chromosome doubled to instantly produce completely homozygous lines.
1) The document discusses the floral biology and crossing techniques used in groundnut or peanut. It describes the flower structure and development, self-pollination, hybridization process including emasculation and pollination.
2) Two common hybridization techniques are discussed - the conventional technique which involves emasculation by removing anthers followed by pollination, and the ring cut technique which uses incisions and forceps to expose and remove anthers.
3) After pollination, developing hybrid pegs are monitored and grown along with parental lines to confirm hybridity based on morphological traits and seed characteristics. The goal is to develop new varieties with traits like high yield, early maturity, and resistance to diseases
Introduction:
Major fibre crop.
China, India being the major cotton producers.
Pakistan is 5th largest cotton producing country.
10% GDP
4 cultivated species.
Large scale cultivation of hybrids in India and China.
Need for cotton hybrids:
50% higher productivity.
Wider adaptability.
High stress resistance.
Better fibre quality.
Less time required for hybrid development.
Types of hybrid:
Conventional hybrids
Non-conventional hybrids
STEPS IN HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
Conclusion AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
The document discusses three methods for selecting pure lines from crosses in self-pollinated crops: pedigree method, bulk method, and single seed descent method.
The pedigree method involves selecting individual plants from segregating generations and tracking their offspring through generations until homozygosity is achieved. The bulk method involves growing segregating generations in bulk until homozygosity, then selecting individuals. The single seed descent method rapidly advances generations by growing only one seed per plant in each generation to achieve a random sample of homozygous lines.
Pigeon pea is an important crop that originated in India. It is grown for its edible seeds which are high in protein, and its leaves, shoots and fodder which are used for animal feed. The major growing regions are India, East Africa, and the Caribbean. Pigeon pea has a taproot system and trifoliate leaves. Its flowers form in axillary racemes and are self-pollinated. The pods contain 2-5 seeds that vary in size, shape and color. Traditional self-pollination and cross-pollination techniques involve emasculating flowers and manually transferring pollen.
This document provides an overview of improvement methods for chilli crops. It discusses the importance of chilli, its botanical classification and production areas. The key breeding objectives are then outlined such as increasing yield, pungency, and biotic/abiotic stress resistance. Major breeding methods used for chilli improvement are described in detail, including plant introduction and selection, hybridization techniques, and the development of some notable chilli varieties through these approaches. The role of genetic resources collections and heterosis breeding are also summarized.
Six species of Brassica are listed - B. nigra, B. oleracea, B. rapa, B. carinata, B. juncea, and B. napus. The document was submitted by five first year B. Voc Horticulture students for the 2020-2021 batch and was submitted to their assistant professor.
Sugarcane is a perennial grass that is native to warm temperate and tropical regions. It is cultivated for sugar production and biofuel. Sugarcane has a complex genome due to polyploidy. Traditional breeding methods like hybridization and selection are used but are challenging due to self-sterility and irregular meiosis. Important sugarcane breeding programs are located in India, Australia, Florida and other tropical regions. Breeding goals include developing varieties with high sugar content, disease resistance, and adaptability to different seasons and climates. Techniques like nobilisation, mutation breeding and biotechnology supplement conventional breeding methods.
This document provides information about lentils (Lens culinaris), including:
1. Lentils are an important pulse crop grown mainly in Canada, India, Turkey, US, and Australia, with India producing about 0.6 million tons annually.
2. Lentils have a diploid chromosome number of 2n=2x=14. Their center of origin is the Near East and they were first domesticated there.
3. Breeding objectives for lentils include increasing yield, improving seed size/color/quality for different market classes, and improving resistance to diseases, insects, drought, and lodging.
The document summarizes the present perspective of hybrid seed production using male sterility in cotton. It discusses two main hybrid seed production methods - hand emasculation and pollination, and male sterility based hybrids. For male sterility based hybrids, it covers the mechanisms of genetic male sterility (GMS), cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), and cytoplasmic genetic male sterility (CGMS). It also provides examples of thermo-sensitive genetic male sterility (TGMS) and photo-period sensitive genetic male sterility (PGMS) in cotton, describing their temperature and photoperiod responses that control male sterility and fertility.
Floral biology and crossing techniques in groundnutManjappa Ganiger
1) Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) is an important oilseed crop grown in tropical and warm regions between 400N to 400S latitude. India is the second largest producer after China.
2) The document discusses the floral biology, crossing techniques, breeding objectives and future thrusts in groundnut improvement. It details the flowering, pollination, peg formation and pod development process.
3) Major breeding objectives are increasing yield, biotic and abiotic stress resistance including drought, diseases, and temperature stresses, and improving quality traits like oil content. Using wild species to enhance the gene pool and transgenic approaches are suggested for future stress resistance.
This document provides information about cotton breeding. It discusses the origin and distribution of cotton, the four cultivated species, and their progenitors. It describes the floral biology and breeding objectives of cotton such as high yield, early maturity, fiber quality, and disease/pest resistance. The document outlines cotton breeding procedures including introduction, selection, hybridization, heterosis breeding, and special techniques. It discusses hybrid seed production methods and challenges with using male sterile lines. The document also mentions mutation breeding, population improvement approaches used in the US, and biotechnology applications in cotton. It lists some important cotton breeding centers and popular varieties and hybrids developed.
This document discusses the genus Brassica, which includes important agricultural crops like cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, and mustard. It describes key species, varieties, uses as food and medicine, taxonomy, breeding history, pests and diseases. Important crops include cabbage, broccoli in the Botrytis and Italica groups, Brussels sprouts, and turnips. The genus has been an area of scientific interest due to its agricultural significance.
PRESENT STATUS AND FUTURE STRATEGIES IN COLLECTION OF MAJOR CROPS OF COTTON, ...Dhanuja Kumar
Cotton has played a great role in the global and Indian economies since immemorial time. The antiquity of cotton in the Indian subcontinent has been traced to the 4th millennium BC.
The wild species of Gossypium are important sources of useful traits such as special and superior fibre properties, cytoplasmic male sterility, resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses etc. which can be introgressed into the cultivated species for improvement. Since the variability available in cultivated germplasm is limited and has been exhaustively utilized in breeding programmes, it has become a necessity to collect, conserve and develop basic germplasm materials enriched with rare useful genes.
Conservation is very important in mango, because many species are becoming extinct and many others are threatened and endangered.
The document summarizes the development and release of Bt cotton in India. It describes cotton production trends in India and the major pest problems faced by farmers, particularly bollworms, which cause significant yield losses. It outlines the process of developing Bt cotton through genetic engineering, including gene identification, breeding, field trials, and regulatory approval. Bt cotton was first approved for commercialization in India in 2002 and has provided farmers protection against bollworms while reducing insecticide use and costs. The document lists various Bt cotton hybrids recommended for cultivation in different regions of India.
The document discusses breeding methods for sugarcane. The objectives of sugarcane breeding are to develop varieties with high yield, high sugar content, and tolerance to drought, cold, salt, and pests/diseases. Breeding is challenging due to sugarcane's complex genome, variable chromosome number, rare flowering, and susceptibility to stresses. Methods discussed include biparental crosses, area crosses, coimbatore method, marcotting, and melting pot techniques.
This document discusses plant introduction as a method of plant breeding. It begins by defining plant introduction as transferring plant genotypes or groups of genotypes to new areas where they have not been previously grown. The document then covers the history of plant introduction, the different types of plant introduction, the purposes of plant introduction, agencies involved in plant introduction, and the process of acclimatization. It also discusses the merits and demerits of plant introduction as a plant breeding method.
Common name : Bush okra, jews mallow
Chromosome number : 2n=2x=14
Family : Tiliaceae
The two important cultivated species in Jute are
White Jute : Corchorus capsularis
Tossa Jute : Corchorus olitorius
Jute is a natural fibre popularly known as “golden fibre.” It is one of the cheapest and the strongest of all natural fibres. Jute is second only to Cotton in world’s production of textile fibres. Retting is the process of extracting fibre from stem of the jute plants.
This document describes the pedigree method of plant breeding. The pedigree method involves selecting individual plants from segregating generations like F2 and recording the parent-offspring relationships. Key steps include growing F1 plants to produce F2 seeds, selecting plants from the F2 generation based on traits, growing progeny rows from selected F2 plants in F3, continuing selection and growing of progeny rows from subsequent generations to achieve homozygosity and stable lines for yield trials. The pedigree method allows for selection and development of pure lines from segregating populations.
It is method helps for handling segregation population , and maintain the population record for every generation, which helps breeders to select lines and know the pedigree information regarding lines
1. Inbred lines are developed through repeated self-pollination or inbreeding of plants over multiple generations to produce genotypes that are homozygous and genetically uniform.
2. The pedigree method is most commonly used to develop maize inbred lines, involving self-pollination over 6-7 generations with selection of desirable plants each generation.
3. Doubled haploid lines can also be used, in which haploid cells are induced and then chromosome doubled to instantly produce completely homozygous lines.
1) The document discusses the floral biology and crossing techniques used in groundnut or peanut. It describes the flower structure and development, self-pollination, hybridization process including emasculation and pollination.
2) Two common hybridization techniques are discussed - the conventional technique which involves emasculation by removing anthers followed by pollination, and the ring cut technique which uses incisions and forceps to expose and remove anthers.
3) After pollination, developing hybrid pegs are monitored and grown along with parental lines to confirm hybridity based on morphological traits and seed characteristics. The goal is to develop new varieties with traits like high yield, early maturity, and resistance to diseases
Introduction:
Major fibre crop.
China, India being the major cotton producers.
Pakistan is 5th largest cotton producing country.
10% GDP
4 cultivated species.
Large scale cultivation of hybrids in India and China.
Need for cotton hybrids:
50% higher productivity.
Wider adaptability.
High stress resistance.
Better fibre quality.
Less time required for hybrid development.
Types of hybrid:
Conventional hybrids
Non-conventional hybrids
STEPS IN HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
Conclusion AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
The document discusses three methods for selecting pure lines from crosses in self-pollinated crops: pedigree method, bulk method, and single seed descent method.
The pedigree method involves selecting individual plants from segregating generations and tracking their offspring through generations until homozygosity is achieved. The bulk method involves growing segregating generations in bulk until homozygosity, then selecting individuals. The single seed descent method rapidly advances generations by growing only one seed per plant in each generation to achieve a random sample of homozygous lines.
Pigeon pea is an important crop that originated in India. It is grown for its edible seeds which are high in protein, and its leaves, shoots and fodder which are used for animal feed. The major growing regions are India, East Africa, and the Caribbean. Pigeon pea has a taproot system and trifoliate leaves. Its flowers form in axillary racemes and are self-pollinated. The pods contain 2-5 seeds that vary in size, shape and color. Traditional self-pollination and cross-pollination techniques involve emasculating flowers and manually transferring pollen.
This document provides an overview of improvement methods for chilli crops. It discusses the importance of chilli, its botanical classification and production areas. The key breeding objectives are then outlined such as increasing yield, pungency, and biotic/abiotic stress resistance. Major breeding methods used for chilli improvement are described in detail, including plant introduction and selection, hybridization techniques, and the development of some notable chilli varieties through these approaches. The role of genetic resources collections and heterosis breeding are also summarized.
Six species of Brassica are listed - B. nigra, B. oleracea, B. rapa, B. carinata, B. juncea, and B. napus. The document was submitted by five first year B. Voc Horticulture students for the 2020-2021 batch and was submitted to their assistant professor.
Sugarcane is a perennial grass that is native to warm temperate and tropical regions. It is cultivated for sugar production and biofuel. Sugarcane has a complex genome due to polyploidy. Traditional breeding methods like hybridization and selection are used but are challenging due to self-sterility and irregular meiosis. Important sugarcane breeding programs are located in India, Australia, Florida and other tropical regions. Breeding goals include developing varieties with high sugar content, disease resistance, and adaptability to different seasons and climates. Techniques like nobilisation, mutation breeding and biotechnology supplement conventional breeding methods.
This document provides information about lentils (Lens culinaris), including:
1. Lentils are an important pulse crop grown mainly in Canada, India, Turkey, US, and Australia, with India producing about 0.6 million tons annually.
2. Lentils have a diploid chromosome number of 2n=2x=14. Their center of origin is the Near East and they were first domesticated there.
3. Breeding objectives for lentils include increasing yield, improving seed size/color/quality for different market classes, and improving resistance to diseases, insects, drought, and lodging.
The document summarizes the present perspective of hybrid seed production using male sterility in cotton. It discusses two main hybrid seed production methods - hand emasculation and pollination, and male sterility based hybrids. For male sterility based hybrids, it covers the mechanisms of genetic male sterility (GMS), cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), and cytoplasmic genetic male sterility (CGMS). It also provides examples of thermo-sensitive genetic male sterility (TGMS) and photo-period sensitive genetic male sterility (PGMS) in cotton, describing their temperature and photoperiod responses that control male sterility and fertility.
Floral biology and crossing techniques in groundnutManjappa Ganiger
1) Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) is an important oilseed crop grown in tropical and warm regions between 400N to 400S latitude. India is the second largest producer after China.
2) The document discusses the floral biology, crossing techniques, breeding objectives and future thrusts in groundnut improvement. It details the flowering, pollination, peg formation and pod development process.
3) Major breeding objectives are increasing yield, biotic and abiotic stress resistance including drought, diseases, and temperature stresses, and improving quality traits like oil content. Using wild species to enhance the gene pool and transgenic approaches are suggested for future stress resistance.
This document provides information about cotton breeding. It discusses the origin and distribution of cotton, the four cultivated species, and their progenitors. It describes the floral biology and breeding objectives of cotton such as high yield, early maturity, fiber quality, and disease/pest resistance. The document outlines cotton breeding procedures including introduction, selection, hybridization, heterosis breeding, and special techniques. It discusses hybrid seed production methods and challenges with using male sterile lines. The document also mentions mutation breeding, population improvement approaches used in the US, and biotechnology applications in cotton. It lists some important cotton breeding centers and popular varieties and hybrids developed.
This document discusses the genus Brassica, which includes important agricultural crops like cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, and mustard. It describes key species, varieties, uses as food and medicine, taxonomy, breeding history, pests and diseases. Important crops include cabbage, broccoli in the Botrytis and Italica groups, Brussels sprouts, and turnips. The genus has been an area of scientific interest due to its agricultural significance.
PRESENT STATUS AND FUTURE STRATEGIES IN COLLECTION OF MAJOR CROPS OF COTTON, ...Dhanuja Kumar
Cotton has played a great role in the global and Indian economies since immemorial time. The antiquity of cotton in the Indian subcontinent has been traced to the 4th millennium BC.
The wild species of Gossypium are important sources of useful traits such as special and superior fibre properties, cytoplasmic male sterility, resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses etc. which can be introgressed into the cultivated species for improvement. Since the variability available in cultivated germplasm is limited and has been exhaustively utilized in breeding programmes, it has become a necessity to collect, conserve and develop basic germplasm materials enriched with rare useful genes.
Conservation is very important in mango, because many species are becoming extinct and many others are threatened and endangered.
The document summarizes the development and release of Bt cotton in India. It describes cotton production trends in India and the major pest problems faced by farmers, particularly bollworms, which cause significant yield losses. It outlines the process of developing Bt cotton through genetic engineering, including gene identification, breeding, field trials, and regulatory approval. Bt cotton was first approved for commercialization in India in 2002 and has provided farmers protection against bollworms while reducing insecticide use and costs. The document lists various Bt cotton hybrids recommended for cultivation in different regions of India.
Global scenario, status and commercialization of insecticidal genes.pptxKokkula Akhilesh
Global transgenic crop area reached 169.2 million hectares in 2020, dominated by soybean, maize, cotton, and canola. The top 5 countries growing biotech crops are the US, Brazil, India, Argentina, and Canada. Insect-resistant genes from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) bacteria, including Cry genes, are widely used in commercial crops like cotton, maize, and potato to control lepidopteran, coleopteran, and dipteran pests. Other commercial insecticidal genes utilized include vegetative insecticidal proteins (VIPs), protease inhibitors, lectins, and alpha-amylase inhibitors. Bt cotton expressing Cry1Ac was first commercialized in 1996
This ppt is made by Basant kumar pradhan, Student of B.Sc. 6th Semester, in Department of botany Guru ghasidas vishwavidyalaya Bilaspur. This presentation mainly focuses on following aspects :-
1. History
2.Introduction of Bt-cotton
3. Why Bt-cotton is produced?
4. What is Bt?
5. What is Bt-cotton?
6. How Bt-cotton is developed?
7. Mode of action of Cry toxin.
Red Cotton Bug, Dysdercus cingulatus is a pest of cotton which suck the growing parts of the plant and attracts the bacteria which shows red lint. Ultimately it declines the crop productivity.
This document provides information about hybrid seed production in cotton. It discusses the types of cotton hybrids including conventional hybrids produced through hand emasculation and pollination, and male-sterility based hybrids which eliminate the emasculation process. The key steps in hybrid seed production are described, including selection of the production site, isolation distances, cultivation of the parental lines, emasculation techniques, and pollination. Factors that affect hybrid seed yield and quality are also covered.
The first generation offspring of a cross between different inbred line parents is called Hybrid Cultivar.
Hybrids are developed to get Heterosis or Hybrid Vigor
Heterosis is a universal phenomenon in which F1 shows superiority to both parents in agronomic traits or yield
This document provides an overview of biological control of insect pests that affect oilseed crops in India. It discusses the history of biological control, problems with chemical control, major oilseed crops and their pests. It then outlines different types of biocontrol agents used, including predators, parasitoids, and entomopathogenic fungi, bacteria and viruses. Some examples of specific biocontrol organisms are given. The advantages of biological control are noted as being eco-friendly with no toxicity, while constraints include high costs and slow action. The conclusion states that biological control provides effective, long-term pest population reduction at lower cost than other methods.
Bt cotton is a genetically modified organism (GMO) or genetically modified pest resistant plant cotton variety, which produces an insecticide to combat bollworm.
Status of Transgenics in Pest Management: Global and Indian ScenarioJayantyadav94
A transgenic crop plant contains a foreign gene or group of genes which have been artificially inserted instead of the plant acquiring them through pollination. Up to 17 million farmers in 24 countries planted 189.8 million hectares (469 million acres) in 2017, an increase of 3% or 4.7 million hectares (11.6 million acres) from 2016.
This document summarizes the breeding of cotton. It discusses the origin and distribution of cotton, the cultivated species including Asiatic and New World cotton, and India being the only country where all four cultivated species are grown commercially. The breeding objectives are outlined as high yield, early maturity, superior fiber quality, better plant type, and resistances. The breeding procedures discussed are introduction, selection, hybridization, heterosis breeding, mutation breeding, and population improvement. Transgenic cotton with resistance to Helicoverpa was developed through biotechnology. The major cotton breeding centers in India are also listed.
HYBRID COTTON- present status and future prospectsSushrutMohapatra
India is the pioneer country in the world for development of cotton hybrids and their commercial cultivation which cover more than 60% of the cotton area. Cotton hybrids have 50% higher productivity than varieties. Moreover, hybrids have wider adaptability, high degree of resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses and better fibre quality. Hybrids can be developed with comparatively lesser time frame than straight varieties. The hybrids are highly productive and have uniform fibre quality. The first intra-hirsutum hybrid cotton Hybrid-4(H-4) was released in 1970 from Main Cotton Research Station, Surat of G.A.U. by Dr. C.T. Patel. It was produced by crossing G-67xAmerican Nectorless. This was followed by the development of world’s first inter-specific hybrid Varalaxmi in 1972 from U.A.S., Dharwad by Dr. B.H. Katarki. It was produced by crossing Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium barbadense. Thereafter, development of hybrids got momentum and numerous location specific superior hybrids were released in the country.
Cotton originated in Central Africa and is now widely grown in China, the US, India, Pakistan, and Egypt. The four main cultivated cotton species are Gossypium arboreum, G. herbaceum, G. hirsutum, and G. barbadense. G. hirsutum contributes about 90% of global cotton production. Breeding objectives for cotton include high yield, early maturity, fiber quality, plant structure, and disease/pest resistance. Breeding methods used include introduction, selection, hybridization, heterosis breeding, mutation breeding, and population improvement. Biotechnology has also been used to develop insect-resistant transgenic cotton varieties.
This document discusses genetically modified crops in India. It provides details on Bt cotton, GM mustard, and Bt brinjal. Bt cotton was introduced in 2002 and contains genes from Bacillus thuringiensis that provide resistance against bollworm insects. GM mustard was developed to increase yields and contains three genes for herbicide tolerance and hybridization control. Bt brinjal contains cry genes from B. thuringiensis for resistance against the brinjal fruit and shoot borer, but its cultivation is currently banned in India due to environmental concerns.
Change in pest scenario in the light of Bt cotton in Indiaparthadebnath123
The document discusses the change in pest scenario in cotton in India with the introduction of Bt cotton. It provides background on cotton production and pest problems in India. The key pests prior to Bt cotton were the bollworm complex. Bt cotton was developed to control these pests and reduce pesticide use. While Bt cotton provided effective control of bollworms, it led to the emergence of other pests like the mealybug and whitefly as major pests. Overuse of insecticides also contributed to whitefly outbreaks in some regions. Overall, Bt cotton has helped reduce pesticide use but continuous monitoring is needed to address new pest problems.
This document discusses Bt cotton, which is a genetically modified cotton variety that produces an insecticide against the bollworm pest. It was developed by Monsanto in 1987. India is a major producer of Bt cotton, ranking first in total area planted and third in production. However, India's average Bt cotton yield is lower than the world average. Bt cotton provides advantages over traditional cotton like higher yields from effective bollworm control and reduced insecticide use. It also has some disadvantages like higher costs for seeds, fertilizer, irrigation, and harvesting.
1. Bt cotton was among the first transgenic crops developed for commercial use by transferring a gene from Bacillus thuringiensis bacteria that codes for a protein toxic to cotton bollworm pests.
2. Global adoption of Bt cotton has risen dramatically since its introduction in 1996 due to significant economic and production advantages for farmers including reduced insecticide use and increased yields and income.
3. Studies show Bt cotton reduces insecticide use by up to 94.5 million kilograms globally between 1996-2008, lowering production costs and environmental impacts while increasing farm profits by $7.5 billion over the same period.
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2. For cotton, the goals are high yield, early maturity, fiber quality, disease resistance, and abiotic stress tolerance. Breeding methods include hybridization, mutation breeding, and hybrid seed production using emasculation or male sterile lines.
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Introduction to plant breeding, History and Achievements SHWETA GUPTA
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- Breeding objectives for chillies include
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Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
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Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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2. Year Designated by UN as
2020 The United Nations (UN) is declaring 2020 the
‘International Year of Plant Health.’ Capping off the
‘Decade on Biodiversity,’ the UN continues to recognize
and promote healthy ecosystems as key to sustainable
development.
2016 International Year of Pulses
2015 International Year of Soils
2010 International Year of Biodiversity
2009 International Year of Natural Fibres
2008 International Year of the Potato
3. List of vegetable fibers
Vegetable fibers are generally based on arrangements of cellulose, often with lignin.
4. Fibres – Cotton and Jute
The UNO declared 2009 as “The Year of Natural Fibers.”
7. Cotton (Gossypium spp.) is the most commonly
grown natural fiber and oil seed crop throughout the
world.
Cotton is grown in tropical and sub-tropical
regions of more than 80 countries of the world.
Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in
a boll, or protective case, around the seeds of the
cotton plants of the genus Gossypium.
The fiber is almost pure cellulose.
Under natural conditions, the cotton bolls will
increase the dispersal of the seeds.
10. Origin: Central Africa
Distribution:
World: China, USA, India, Pakistan, Egypt.
India: Rajasthan, Maharashtra, M.P. Gujarat, A.P.
Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
Progenitors: Gossypium africanum
G. raimondii
Gossypium africanum – reached India by traders
and travelers and differentiated into two species
G. herbaceum and G. arboreum
14. Sr.NoBotanical Name Chromosome No Genome Remarks
1 G.herbaceum 2n=26 A1A1
Deshi or old world
cotton
2 G.arboreum 2n=26 A2A2
Deshi or old world
cotton
3
G.hirsutum ( upland or
American cotton) 2n=52 A1A1D1D1
American or new
world cotton
4
G.barbadense
( Egyptian or Peruvian
cotton) 2n=52 A2A2D2D2
American or new
world cotton
SPECIES :
Cotton belongs to genus Gossypium. The genus has 35 diploid
(ABCDEFG genomes) and 7 tetraploid species out of these only two
diploid and two tetraploid species are categorized as cultivated.
15.
16.
17.
18. India is the only country where all the 4 cultivated species are
grown for commercial cultivation.
19.
20.
21. Cultivated Species:
I. Asiatic cottons or old world cotton (Diploid
cotton – 2n = 26)
G. arboreum –
G. herbaceum –
II. New world cotton (Tetraploid cottons – 2n =
52)
G. hirsutum – American / upland cotton
G. barbadense – Egyption / sea island cotton
G. hirsutum is predominant species which
contributes about 90% to the current world
production.
22. Cotton
species
Cotton
fiber type
Length Properties
Gossypium
hirsutum
Short-staple
(SS) cotton
fiber
up to 1.125
inches long
not as high-
quality as other
forms of this
textile fiber
Gossypium
barbadense
Extra-long-
staple
(ELS)
between
1.125 and
1.25 inches
long
consists of
longer cotton
fibers that
produce softer
and more
luxurious textiles
Cotton Plant Varieties
23.
24. UTILISATION OF WILD SPECIES
• Improvement in Quality: High fibre length -
G.thurberi, G.raimondii and G.barbadense
• Disease Resistance: rust resistance from
G.raimondii
• Insect Resistance: Jassid and Thrips resistance
from G. tomentosum and boll weevil resistance from
G.armourianum
• Drought Resistance: Drought resistance in upland
cotton (G.hirsutum) was transferred from Asiatic
Cottons (G. arboreum and G. hirsutum)
• Male Sterility: Cytoplasmic male sterility -
G.harknessii, G.anomalum and G.aridum
25.
26. Breeding objectives
1. High yield (more bolls, bigger bolls and high
lint percentage)
Lint % = weight of fibre / weight of cotton
Lint index = 100 seed weight X lint % / 100– lint %
27. Early maturity
Superior fibre quality
A.Fibre length
Superior, long fibre -27mm or more
Long fibre - 24.5 - 26 mm
Superior, medium long - 22 - 24 mm
Medium long - 20 – 21.5 mm
Small fibre - 19mm or less
B. Fibre strength
C. Fibre fitness
Better plant type- – less spreading and dwarf plants are preferred
Resistance to diseases -Seedling rot , Fusarium wilt, Verticillium
wilt, Bacterial light
Resistance to insects - Cotton boll worms, Spotted worm, Jassids and
thrips, White fly, Aphid
Resistance to abiotic stresses.
28. Breeding Methods:
Cotton is often cross pollinated- heterozygosity
for many alleles becomes a chief feature of the
varieties developed as improved populations.
The varieties developed through strict pureline
breeding are devoid of the desired level of
heterozygosity and are consequently less vigorous
and low yielder.
29. Breeding Procedures
1. Introduction : Cambodia cotton in South
India, MCU- 1
2. Selection : K1 cotton reselection from SRT -1
3. Hybridization and selection
a) Inter varietal :
MCU 5 - Multiple cross derivative
MCU 6 - Multiple cross derivative
MCU 9 - (MCU 5 x MCU 8)
MCU 11 - (MCU 5 x Egyptian hirsutum)
30. b) Inter specific hybridization:
Origin of New World Cotton
G. herbaceum Var africanum linted X G. rarimondii lintless
Old world cotton American cotton
Diploid (2n=2x=26) Diploid (2n=2x=26)
AA DD
F1 hybrid
Diploid 2n=2x=26
AD Sterile
Doubling of chromosomes
G. hirsutum
New world cotton Amphidiploid
2n = 4x = 52
AA DD
31. 4. Heterosis breeding
India is the first country in the world to release first commercial hybrid
in cotton.
C.T. Patel was mainly responsible for the hyrid cotton revolution in
India.
Hybrid 4, the first commercial hybrid, was released by him I 1970. It
had the parentage of G 67 and American Nectariless.
India was the first country to commercially cultivate intra- hirsutum
hybrid.
Both intraspecific and interspecific hybrids are evolved in cotton.
a) Intraspecific : G.hirsutum x G.hirsutum
Shankar (H4) cotton of Surat (Gujarat 67 x American nectariless)
b) Interspecific hybrids : Varalakshmi
(Laxmi x SB 289E) (G.hirsutum) x (G.barbadense)
Using cytoplasmic genetic male sterility can also produce the hybrid. The
first public bred hybrid released for commercial seed production is
PKV HY 3 followed by PKV HY 4.
32. 5. Mutation breeding
MCU 7- Xray irradiated mutant of L 1143
MCU 10 - Gamma irradiated mutant of MCU 4
Indore – 2
MCU – 5
Rasmi
6. Population improvement followed in USA
The name Pima is generally applied to Extra long staple
cotton.
Recurrent selection : Pima S1 Pima S4 of G.barbadense
Synthetic variety : Deltapine 15 developed at konyvllwer
USA.
Composite : Pima 17 of G.barbadense.
33. 7. Genetic Engineering (Biotechnology)
Has helped in developing transgenic Bt cotton with
resistance to Helicoverpa.
The resistant gene (Cry1Ac) has been transferred from
bacteria Bascillus thuringiensis into cotton plant by
Monsanto Seed Company in U.S.A.
The crystal (cry) gene types encode insecticidal crystal
proteins (ICPs) that are specific to Lepidoptera (cry1),
Diptera and Lepidoptera (cry2), Coleoptera (cry3),
Diptera (cry4), or Coleoptera and Lepidoptera (cry5).
The gene coding for Bt toxin has been inserted into cotton
as a transgene, causing it to produce this natural
insecticide in its tissues.
34.
35. Bt cotton, as GM cotton is known, is the only commercialized GM
crop in India.
Mahyco-Monsanto Biotech Ltd introduced its first-generation Bt
cotton, called Bollgard I (BG-I) in 2002 and Bollgard II (BG-II) in
2006.
Bollgard II contains two Bacillus thuringiensis genes Cry1Ac and
Cry2Ab which both control certain Lepidopteran larvae when they feed
on it.
Cry1Ac is specific to Lepidoptera (moths, including our major
pests, Helicoverpaspp.) and Cry2Ab to Diptera (flies) and
Lepidoptera, giving inbuilt protection against the larvae
of Helicoverpa spp.
India has bred Bt-cotton varieties such as Bikaneri Nerma and
hybrids such as NHH-44.
Punjab Agricultural University(PAU) has successfully developed the
country’s first Bt cotton varieties. ICAR has identified three varieties,
namely PAU Bt 1, F1861 and RS 2013, for cultivation in Punjab,
Haryana, Rajasthan. It is a cheaper alternative to Bt cotton hybrid seed.
36.
37. Advantages
1. Increases yield of cotton due to effective control of three
types of bollworms, viz., American, Spotted and Pink
bollworms.
2. Insects belonged to Lepidoptera (Bollworms) are sensitive
to crystalline endotoxic protein produced by Bt gene
which in turn protects cotton from bollworms.
3. Reduction in insecticide use in the cultivation of Bt cotton
in which bollworms are major pests.
4. Potential reduction in the cost of cultivation (depending
on seed cost versus insecticide costs).
5. No health hazards due to rare use of insecticides
(particularly who is engaged in spraying of insecticides).
38. Refuge crop
Growers need to plant up to 80% of their area with Bt and at least
20% must be planted with non-Bt (refuge area).
39.
40. Disadvantages
1. High cost of Bt cotton seeds as compared
to non Bt cotton seeds.
2. Effectiveness up to 120 days, after that
the toxin producing efficiency of the Bt
gene drastically reduces.
3. Ineffective against sucking pests like
jassids, aphids, whitefly etc.
41. CICR developed simple ‘dip-stick’ kits and ‘ELISA’ (Enzyme
Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay)
44. It takes one pound of chemical fertilizers and pesticides to
conventionally grow the three pounds of cotton needed to make a
T-shirt and a pair of jeans.
45. ECO-FRIENDLY COTTON
Cotton cultivated without using fertilizers
pesticides and other chemicals (organic farming)
Residue of these chemicals removed during
first two seasons of cultivation
Cotton from third season onwards is eco-
friendly
Indentified by logos
Organic cotton
Green cotton
Natural cotton
46. Organic cotton in India
Five to seven decades ago, most of the cotton cultivated
in the country was ‘eco-friendly’ with little or no use of
toxic chemicals in its production.
Even today, there are many pockets in India, where it
is produced without the use of agrochemicals, e.g., areas
growing Wagad cotton in Gujarat, Y-1 desi cotton of
Khandesh region of Maharashtra, Maljari in Madhya
Pradesh, part of areas growing Jayadhar and Suyodhar
in Karnataka.
Nandigama in Andhra Pradesh and parts of cotton
areas in north eastern hill region.
47.
48. NATURALLY COLOURED COTTON
Cotton that grows with natural colours during cultivation both
white and coloured cottons known since time immemorial In India.
49. Breeding centers
International Cotton Advisory Committee (ICAC),
Washington, D.C., United States
ICCC – Indian Central Cotton Committee -1921
Central Institute of Cotton Research (CICR)
Nagpur
All India Coordinated Cotton Improvement
Project (AICCIP), Coimbatore
CIRCOT - Central Institute for Research on
Cotton Technology, Mumbai - 1924
52. Jute is known as the ‘Golden Fibre’ due to its golden
brown colour and its importance.
Jute is the cheapest and the second most important vegetable
fibre following cotton in terms of global production,
consumption, and availability.
Jute fibre is 100% biodegradable and recyclable and thus,
environment friendly.
It is one of the most versatile natural fibres that has been in
use as raw material for packaging, textiles, non-textiles,
construction, and agricultural sectors.
It helps to make best quality industrial yarn, fabric, net, and
sacks.
In the era of growing awareness about environmental
pollution and ecological degradation due to synthetic polymers,
the importance of natural fibre like jute is gaining momentum.
53.
54. The genus Corchorus includes about
87 species. In India only 8 species
occur.
Two cultivated species are
C.capsularis : White jute 50 races
occur in this
C.olitorius : Tossa jute 8 races occur
in this.
Both the species are not crossable.
55. White jute Tossa jute
C.capsularis C.olitorius
Fibre is white in colour Fibre is golden in colour
Yields less fibre/unit area Yields more fibre/unit area
Fibre is course, less lustrous and
more rooty
Fiber is finer, softer, more,
lustrous and less rooty
Not grown much in India Accounts 75% of the total land
area under jute cultivation
Does not easily adapt to harsh
climatic conditions
Hardy and highly adaptable
Can be grown only on lowlands Grows well on both lowlands and
uplands
Single flush of flowering Pre mature flowering is the
major draw back
Differences between White jute and Tossa jute
60. Distribution pattern of wild species of Corchorus in Africa,
Australia, South America, Caribbean Island, and Indian
subcontinent
The primary center of origin and diversity of the wild
taxa of Corchorus appears to be Africa
61. Representative wild species of Corchorus including available Indian species
Representative wild species of Corchorus including available Indian species (a) Corchorus
aestuans, (b) Corchorus depressus, (c) Corchorus fascicularis, (d) Corchorus
pseudocapsularis, (e) Corchorus pseudo-olitorius, (f) Corchorus tridens, (g) Corchorus
trilocularis, (h) Corchorus urticifolius, (i) Corchorus cunnighamii, (j) Corchorus hirsutus,
(k) Corchorus sedoides, (l) Corchorus walcottii
62.
63. Breeding objectives
1. Breeding for high yielding short duration jute
varieties.
Early varieties are generally low yielders whereas
late varieties are high yielders. So to combine high
yield with earliness is one of the main objectives.
Yield is positively correlated with plant height, basal
diameter of stem, fibre-stick ratio.
Higher photo synthetic capacity with increased
lamina length, breadth, petiole length and leaf
angle at 40O also contribute to yield.
64. 2. Breeding for quality fibre
In jute quality is negatively, correlated
with yield. The quality characters are
a) Fibre length.
b) Fibre strength
c) Fibre colour
d) Lustre
e) Percentage and quality of retting
65. Retting is a process in which the tied bundles of jute stalks are
taken to the tank by which fibres get loosened and separated from
the woody stalk. The bundles are steeped in water at least 60 cm
to 100 cm depth.
66.
67. 3. Breeding for pest and disease resistant varieties
In pests, stem borer and aphids cause greater damage and
in diseases Macrophomena is major.
Though resistance sources are available in other related
species, the crossability barrier prevents transfer.
4. Breeding varieties for high seed yield :
Since jute is cut for fibre at 50% flowering stage, it is
essential to reserve some plants for production of
seeds.
The fibre obtained from seed crop will be poor in quality.
Hence it is necessary to breed varieties specially for
high seed production without loosing quality
characters.
68. 5. Breeding for olitorius varieties having non-
shattering habit coupled with non-pre
flowering habit.
JRO 524
JRO 7885
Sudan green x JRO 632
69. Breeding Methods
1. Germplasm building and Utilization
Central Jute Technological Research
Institute, Calcutta is maintaining the Jute
collections.
This shows wide range of variability thus
offering a great scope for improvement by
selection and hybridsation.
2. Introduction : Introduced short duration
varieties are Jap green, Jap red, Jaichung
sudan green.
70. 3. Hybridization and selection
a) Inter-varietal: Multiple crossing and
selection are followed both in olitorius and
capsularis improvement.
In olitorius improved varieties are JRO 524,
JRO 7885.
In capsularis JRL 412, JRL 919
Since yield and quality are negatively
correlated a balance must be struck in
breeding for improved varieties.
71. b) Inter-specific cross:
So far not successful. Attempts were made
by straight cross mixed pollen method,
Stigmatic paste method, self anther paste
method, stigma cut method polyploidy
breeding. But none of them proved
successful. Difference in embryo endosperm
growth is the reason.
4. Mutation breeding : Using X-rays useful
jute mutants were obtained at Calcutta JRC
7447 and Rupali two varieties.
72.
73. The International Jute Organization (IJO),
Dhaka, Bangladesh
Central Research Institute for Jute and
Allied Fibers (CRIJAF), Barrackpore, West
Bengal
NIRJAFT - National Institute of Research on
Jute and Allied Fibre Technology, Kolkata,
West Bengal
NINFET- National Institute of Natural Fibre
Engineering and Technology, Kolkata