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IPM in Oilseeds

This document provides an overview of integrated pest management (IPM) practices for oilseed crops. It begins with definitions of IPM and lists major oilseed crops grown in India. It then discusses key insect pests that affect mustard and soybean crops and describes cultural, physical, biological and chemical control methods used in IPM for managing these pests. Specific information is provided on common pests for each crop and recommended control strategies. The document concludes by listing common insect pests of groundnut and showing an image of the groundnut leaf miner pest.

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Welcome…
ENT-510 Principles of IPM Presentation on IPM in Oilseeds Presented to: Presented by: Dr. M. Raghuraman Ranjeet Verma Dept. of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology M. Sc. ( Ag) Part- II Institute of Ag. Sciences, B H U, Varanasi Entomology & Agricultural Zoology
Definition of IPM “Integrated pest control is a pest management system that, in the context of associated environment and population dynamics of the pest species, utilizes all suitable techniques and methods in as compatible a manner as possible and maintain pest populations at levels below those causing economic injury”. - FAO "Integrated pest management is a sustainable approach to managing pests by combining biological, physical, and chemical tools in a way that minimizes economic, health, and environmental risks". - (NCIPM,1994)
Edible crops Mustard Soybean Ground nut Sunflower Safflower Sesame Non-edible crops Castor Linseed Major oil seed crops grown in India
Insect-pests of Mustard I. Key Pest Name of pests Damaging stages Pictures Mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi Aphididae: Homoptera Both adults and nymphs suck the sap from under surface of leaves, tender twigs II. Major Pests Saw fly Athalia lugens proxima Tenthredinidae: Hymenoptera Larvae feeds on leaves i.e early instars it nibbles the leaves as a result there is slight curling
Pea leaf miner Chromatomyia horticola Agromyzidae: Diptera Maggots makes small punctures in the leaf epidermis and whitish, irregularly linear mines Painted bug Bagrada cruciferarum Pentatomidae: Hemiptera Both adults and nymphs suck the sap from the leaves and tender parts including pods
III. Minor Pests Cabbage butter fly Pieris brassicae Pieridae: Lepidoptera Caterpillar alone feeds on leaves, young shoots and green pods Diamond back-moth Plutella xylostella Plutellidae: Lepidoptera Larvae feed on the leaves as a result bored holes on the leaves Green peach aphid Myzus persicae Aphididae: Hemiptera Both nymphs and adults damage the plants by actively sucking the sap after the appearance of inflorescence Flea beetle Phyllotreta cruciftrae Chrysomelidae: Coleoptera Feed on leaves and pods
IPM Practices in Mustard  Cultural practices- 1. Summer ploughing to destroy the pupae and eggs. 2. To maintain clean cultivation. 3. Early sowing should be done (before 20th of October) 4. Inter cropping- Mustard+Linseed, Mustard+Fenugreek, Mustard+gram, Mustard+Wheat, Mustard+potato. 5. Apply balanced / recommended dosages of fertilizers(60kg N-60kg P2O5-40K2O). 6. Use mustard aphid tolerant varieties like JM-1 and RK-9501 7. Grow tolerate / Resistant cv. RTM-730, TMB-2008, RTM- 314, TMB-2007, RTM-2002, T-27, PC-5-17, Pusa swirnim, Kiran, JM-927.
7. Apply irrigation in seedling stage is very crucial for saw fly management, because most of the larva die due to drowning effect ( sink in water) 8. Quick threshing of the harvested crop should be done. 9. Burn the remains of mustard crop so that the stages of insect do not reach the next year crop. 11. The bugs usually congregate on the leaves and stem which can be jerked to dislodged them and killed in kerosinized water. 12. Harvest the crop at golden stage. 13. Removal of alternate host plants from the surroundings of the field is beneficial.
 Mechanical practices- 1. Collection and destruction of larvae of saw fly in morning and evening hours. 2. Use of bitter gourd seed oil emulsion as an anti-feedant. 3. Set-up yellow sticky trap to monitor the aphid population. 4. Installing pheromone trap @ 5 traps / acre to monitor the moth activity. 5. Collection and destruction of the larvae at gregarious stage at least twice a week. 6. Collect and destroy the gregarious form of larvae in 5% kerosinized water(cabbage butterfly).
 Biological control- To conserve the following natural enemies 1. Lady bird beetles (adult @ 5000/ha) - Coccinella septumpunctata Menochilus sexmaculata Hippodamia variegata Cheilomenes vicina 2. Adult beetle may feed on average of 10-15 adults insect per day. 3. Several species of Syrphids- Eristallis spp. Metasyrphus spp. Xanthogramma spp. Syrphus spp.
3. The green lace wing , Chrysoperla cornea predaceous on mustard aphid colony 4.The braconid parasitoid, Diaretiella rapae are very active bio control agent cause the mummification of aphids. 5.A number of entomophagus fungi : Cephalosporium aphidicola Entomophthora coronata Verticillium lecanii 6.Conserve Cotesia plutellae, as it is an important parasitoid for DBM, Diadegma insulare is also most important parasitoid for DBM
 Chemical control- 1. Spray the crop when the infestation on at least 10% plant population with 26-28 aphids/ plant is observed. 2. The economic thresh-hold level (ETL) recommended for different states should be followed 3. Spray the crop with quinalphos 25EC @ 625ml in 500-600 lit. of water / ha once in October and again in March – April. 4. Spray the crop with any one of the following Insecticides at flowering stage Oxydemeton methyl 25 EC or Dimethoate 30 EC
 For aphid- 1. Chlorpyriphos 20%EC 200ml in200-400l of water /acre. 2. Dimethoate 30%EC@264ml in 200-400l of water.  For painted bug- 1. Dichlorvos 76%EC @250.8 ml in 200-400l of water/acre. 2. Imidacloprid 70%WS 700g/100kg seed.  For mustard saw fly- 1. Dimethoate 30%EC @264ml in 200-400 l of water /acre. 2. Quinalphos 25% EC@480ml in 200-400l of water/acre. 3. Imidacloprid 70%WS@ 700g/100Kg seeds.
Name of pests Damaging stages Pictures Seed corn maggot Delia (Hylemia) platura Anthomyiidae: Diptera Feed on the cotyledons, seeds may fail to germinate Seedling stage cut worm Agrotis ipsilon A. flammatra Noctuidae: Lepidoptera Caterpillars cut young plants at ground level and feed on them Field crickets Gryllus sp. Gryllidae: Orthoptera Damage the germinating seeds and cut the standing seedlings Insect-pests of Soybean
Surface grass hopper Chrotogonus oxypterus Acrididae: Orthoptera Nymphs & adults eat leaves and tender shoots and also cut the tips of germinating seedling White grub Holotrichia consanguinea Melolonthidae: Coleoptera Grubs cut off the roots and adults defoliate the plants at night Stem fly Melanagromyza sojae Agromyzidae: Diptera Causes tunneling in main stems, branches and petioles and in early stage, death of the seedling
Leaf hoppers Amrasca biguttula biguttula Cicadellidae: Hemiptera Nymphs & adults suck juice from the small veins which causes down ward curling or cupping of the leaf edge White fly Bemisia tabaci Aleyrodidae: Hemiptera Sap sucking form growing parts and vector of Y. M. V. Green Slug Caterpillar Zizeria lysimon Lycaeniidae: Lepidoptera Larvae feed on the leaves especially on the thick embryonic ones
Thrips Thrips tabaci Thripidae: Thysanoptera Eat chlorophyll on the lower surface of the leaves, in severe infestation leaves wither, fall off & seedling look sickly Blue beetle Altica coerulea Chrysomelidae: Coleoptera Beetles scratch the cotyledons or consume them from margin & feed on young leaves White spotted flea beetle Monolepta signata (Chrysomelidae: coleoptera Beetles feed on leaves of seedlings
Green Stink Bug Nezara viridula Pentatomidae : Hemiptera Nymphs & adults suck the sap from the leaves and pods Leygaed bug Chauliops fallax Lygaedae : Hemiptera Nymphs & adults suck the vital cell sap from leaves, tender shoots, buds, flowers & pods. Gram pod borer Helicovepa armigera Noctuidae : Lepidoptera Caterpillars feed on leaves, flowers and pods
IPM Practices in Soybean  Cultural Methods- 1. Early sown crop (by end of June to first week of July ) showed less infestation of stem fly, girdle beetles and leaf miner, cutworm. 2. Deep ploughing destructs the eggs of grass hoppers, exposes the adults of white grub and pupae of lepidopteran pests for insectivorous birds and sun. 3. Mixed cropping with soybean + ground nut showed minimum population of defoliators. 4. Clean cultivation almost all insect pests of soybean have many alternative food plants so the uneconomic food plants(weeds) in and around soybean fields should be removed.
5. Cultivation of trap crops- Lucerne crop --------------trap leaf miner Lady’s finger, Maize-------trap grey weevils Chillies, bittergourd, cowpea ------ trap girdle beetle 6. Use of resistant varieties like PS-1092, PS-1092, PS-564, PK- 327, Shilajeet, VLS- 2, VLS- 21, VLS- 47, Shivalik etc. for hill region and PK- 416, PS-1024, PS-1042, PS-1241, PS-1347 etc. for tarai region.
 Physical and Mechanical Control- 1. Temperature & Humidity: Low moisture content in grains- low infestation of stored grain insect- pests, Dry the seeds at 350C which is detrimental to most of the insect – pests. 2. Hand Picking: Egg clusters and aggregated larvae can be hand- collected and destroyed .Successful method of control to many of lepidopteran defoliators viz. Bihar Hairy Caterpillar, Tobacco Caterpillar etc. 3. Light trap: Bihar Hairy Caterpillar, Tobacco Caterpillar, leaf miner, gram pod borer, stem flies, girdle beetle etc. are attracted towards light so monitoring and killing of these pests can be done by light trap. 4. Yellow traps: for white flies, jassids, aphids, thrips, flea beetles. 5. Seed treatment with thiamethoxam 70 WS @ 3g/kg seed 6. Use of pheromone traps to collect the moths of defoliators. 7. Installation of bird perching places.
 Legislative Control- 1. Varieties susceptible to some pests should not be grown or introduced 2. into areas where these pests do not exist. 3. Survey of pest incidence and damage and two need based alternate spraying with Dispel / Biobit and any contact poison like triazophos.
Resistant varieties Stemfly G. Beetle Lep. defo. YMV UGM – 52, Improved Pelican JS-72-44 (Gaurav) UPSM-534 J-323 P K – 262 MACS-100 PK- 416 VHC- 3067 NRS- 53 PK- 672 PS-564 UPSM-1123 TS-9912, VL- 7 PS -1024 UPSM-349, SL-428 PS-1225, PS- 1251 PS-1042 WT-47, J- 323, UPSL- 2773, UPSL-586, UGM-52, NRC-37 TS- 1284 TS- 93-05 PS- 1029 PS- 1092 JS(SH)-94-23, DSb-5, TS-2000-2001 JS (SH)- 94-21 PS- 1241 PS-1347
Biological control Pests Parasitoid Predator Pathogen Stem fly Spegigaster brevicornis S. longicornis (Hymens) on pupae & Tetrastichus on maggots - - White fly - A mite- Tyopholodromus sp. - Girdle Beetle On grub: Imphiaulax sp.; Campylomeurus mutator & Dinarmus sp.; Norbonus sp. Bradysia sp. (Dip.) Chrysopa sp. adults on full grown grabs - Bihar hairy Caterpillar Apanteles sp. on caterpillar. (Braconidae) Pentatomid bug Canthe conida furcellata (on caterpillars) Bacillus thuringienses var. thuringiensis & NPV Tobacco caterpillar --------------do--------------- ……………do……….. ---------do---------- Green semilooper & other lepidopteran larvae Euplectrus epiplemae; Ecphoropsis perdistinctus Apanteles sp.; Brachymeria sp.; Elasmus brevicornis (Hym.), Temelucha sp. Bracon gelechiae, Brachymeria sp., Xanthopimpla punctata Nebis sp. (Penta.) - on cat. ---------do---------- Beauveria bassiana
Chemical Control Pest Insecticide Dosage (a. i. / ha.) Nematodes, seed-corn maggot, white grub, stem fly & girdle beetle, sap-suckers Phorate 10 G Aldicarb G Quinalphos G 1-1.5 Kg. (In soil) 1.0 2.0 Aphids, jassids, white flies, thrips Metasystox, 25 EC Triazophos 40 EC etc 0.03% 1.0 (Need based Spraying) Lepidopterous & other defohiators and bugs etc. Cypertnethrin 25 EC Deltamethrin 2.8 EC Fenvalerate 20 EC Quinalphos 25 EC Dichlorvos Phosalone Trazophos Quinalphos dust 0.005% 0.002% 0.01% 0.05% 0.05% 0.06% 0.04% 1.5% @ 25 Kg / ha.
Insect-pests of Groundnut I. Leaf feeders or Defoliators Groundnut leaf miner Aproaerema modicella Gelechiidae: Lepidoptera Larva after hatching mine into the leaves and produces white blotches. Later stage larva webs together the leaves and feeds on them remaining inside the fold. Red hairy caterpillar Amsacta albistriga A. moorei Arctiidae: Lepidoptera Larva is a voracious feeder and act as defoliator.
Brown hairy caterpillar Creatonotos gangis Arctiidae: Lepidoptera Larva feed voraciously on leaves and defoliates the plants. Bihar hairy caterpillar Spilarctia (=spilosoma) obliqua Arctiidae: Lepidoptera Larva feed voraciously on leaves and defoliates the plants. Tobacco caterpillar Spodoptera litura Noctuidae: Lepidoptera Larva defoliates the plants
II. Sucking pests Jassid Empoasca kerri Cicadellidae: Homoptera Both adults and nymphs suck the sap from young leaves, from the undersurface Aphid Aphis craccivora Aphididae: Homoptera Adults and nymph suck cell sap from tender parts of plants Thrips Frankliniella schultzei Thrips palmi Scirtothrips dorsalis Thripidae: Thysanoptera Adults and nymphs lacerate and feed on leaf surface
III. Root and pod feeders Termites Odontotermes obesus Termitidae: Isoptera Feed on pod leading to the invasion of soil fungi resulting in rotting of the pods. Root grubs Holotrichia serrata Melolonthidae: Coleoptera Older grubs devour the entire taproot and affected plants without root and rootlets. Pod bug Elasmolomus sordidus Lygaeidae: Hemiptera Both adults and nymphs suck the sap from pods both in field and stores
Economic threshold levels (ETLs) Insect-pests ETLs Aphid 5-10 aphids/terminal at seedling stage Defoliators 10 % foliage damage Jassids 15-20 jassids/ plant Leaf miner 2-3 larvae/plant Spodoptera/Helicoverpa 2 larvae/plant or 20-25 % defoliation at 40 DAS Thrips 5 adults/ terminal buds White grubs 1 grub/ m2 Rodents 15 live burrows/ ha
IPM Practices in Groundnut  Cultural Control- 1. Timely sowing of the crop. 2. Varieties which are densely hairy and with stiff leaves interfere pest population. 3. Grow tolerant varieties. 4. Deep summer ploughing after the kharif crop, the field should be ploughed to expose the pupae to predatory birds. 5. Inter crop one row of castor for every 5 or 6 rows of groundnut. 6. Crop rotation with sorghum/pearl millet or maize should be followed. 7. Irrigate once to avoid prolonged mid-season drought to prevent pre-harvest infestation. 8. Planting of cowpea or soybean as trap crops
9. Use resistant/tolerant varieties. 10.Always use well decomposed organic manure it attracts the adult beetles. 11.Partial or complete lopping of host plants and retaining of a few most preferred host trees in the area for congregation of white grub adults. 12.Crop rotation with sorghum/pearl millet or maize. 13.Collection and destruction of white grub adults from host trees around the field. 14.Digging the termitaria and destruction of the queen is most important in termite management. 15.Harvest the groundnuts as soon as they are matured, early removal of the produce from the field will reduce the chances of termite damage to pods. 16.Intercropping groundnut with Pennisetum glaucum enhanced the parasitoid Goniozus spp. on leaf miner.
 Mechanical Control- 1. Hand picking and destruction of various insect stages and the affected plant part. 2. Up-root and destroy severely infected plants. 3. Install of 1 or 2 light traps/ha or bonfire in endemic areas. 4. Erection of light traps soon after the monsoon for 20-45 days and collecting and killing of adult moths are found very effective. 5. Collection and destruction of egg masses in the fields around light trap areas. 6. Install 10-12 bird perches/ha. (Sunflower act as bird perches) 7. Install pheromone trap @ 5/ha for mass trapping. 8. Mulching with rice straw causes reduction in leaf miner incidence and increase in percentage parasitism. 9. Collect the infested leaves and dip them in kerosenised or insecticide treated solution. (for BHC)- NCIPM, Delhi
 Biological Control- 1. Apply NSKE 5% (Neem Seed Kernel Extract) to control sucking pests. 2. Augment the release of Cheilonenes sexmaculata @ 1250/ha. 3. Conserve bio agents like flower bugs (anthocorids), lady bird beetles (coccinellids), praying mantis, hover flies (syrphids), green lace wing (chrysopids), long horned grass hoppers and spiders. 4. Conserve bio agents like praying mantis, long horned grass hoppers, dragon flies ,spiders, green muscardine fungus. 5. Spray A-NPV (2X 10^5 PIB/I) and Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). 6. Release of Bracon hebetor @ 5000/ha. Two times at 7-10 days interval. 7. Inter cropping with pigeon pea, mung bean and soybean provides increase in population of spiders. 8. Release Trichogramma Chilonis @ 50000/ha twice (7-10 days interval)
9. Release of Telenomus remus @ 50000/ha. 4 times (7-10 days interval) based on pheromone trap catching. 10.Use Sl-NPV @ 250 LE (6X 10^9/LE)/ha or B.t. @1 kg/ha, when large number of egg masses and early instars larvae are noticed 11.Release of Bracon hebetor @ 5000/ha. (two times at 7-10 days interval.) 12.Spray insect pathogenic fungus Nomuraea rileyi @10^13 spores/ha for controlling early instars. 13.Release larval parasitoid Apanteles africanus @ 5000/ha.
 Chemical Control- 1. Apply safe chemical insecticides at recommended doses only if the insect population crosses the ETL. 2. Young crop may be applied with Dimethoate 30 EC @ 10 ml in 10 lit. of water. 3. Imidachloprid 17.8 SL 3 ml in 10 lit. of water. 4. Dusting of Methyl parathion 2% @ 25 to 30 kg/ha or Fanvalerate 0.4% @15-20 Kg/ha. 5. Spray Quinalphos 25 EC @ 15 ml in 10 lit. of water or Nuvan (76%) 4 l/ha to control full grown insect pests. 6. For grown up caterpillars - spray profenophos 10-12 ml in 10 lit. of water (or) dichlorvos 7-10 ml in 10 lit. of water (or) chlorpyriphos 20 ml in 10 liters of water. 7. Poison bait with Carbaryl, rice bran, jiggery and water can be used to control the grown up larvae.
Insect-pests of Sunflower I. Leaf feeders Name of pests Damaging stages Pictures Bihar hairy caterpillar Spilarctia obliqua Erebidae: Lepidoptera The larvae feed voraciously on the leaves Tobacco caterpillar Spodoptera litura Noctuidae: Lepidoptera The larvae feed voraciously on the leaves and defoliate the plant Green Semi-looper Thysanoplusia orichalcea Noctuidae: Lepidoptera The larvae feed voraciously on the leaves
Sunflower head caterpillar Helicoverpa armigera Noctuidae: Lepidoptera Larvae bore the head of the plants Parrot (Non-insect pest ) Psittacula krameri Psittacidae: Aves Cut the head of the plants
II. Sucking pests Name of pests Damaging stages Pictures Aphids Aphis helianthi Aphididae: Hemiptera Nymph and adult suck cell sap Leaf miner Liriomyza trifolii Agromyzidae: Diptera Maggots feed inside the leaves White fly Bemisia tabaci Aleyrodidae: Hemiptera Nymph and adult suck cell sap
IPM Practices in Sunflower I. Control measures for leaf feeder insect-pests-  Cultural practices- 1. Avoid growing varieties which are having compact inflorescence.  Mechanical practices- 1. Mechanical collection and destruction of attacked shoots and head. 2. Hand picking of older larvae during early stages and destroy.  Biological control- 1. A number of Hymenopterans parasites attack the pest during the various stages of its life cycle. 2. Egg parasite- Trichogramma australicu.
3. Larval parasites- Apanteles spp., Microplitis maculopennis @ 2 parasites / plant need. * Not to take-up chemical control.  Chemical control- 1. Initiate chemical sprays at the time of flowering , primary spikes. 2. Spray methyl parathion 50 EC @ 1 ml / lit. of water or 3. Dust with methyl parathion 2 % D @ 10 kg / acre or 4. Quinalphos @ 2 ml / lit. of water or 5. Dimethoate @ 2 ml / lit. of water.
II. Control measures for Leaf hoppers, thrips and white flies- Spray the crop with, 1. Methyl parathion @ 0.05 % or 2. Methyl demeton @ 0.025% or 3. Phosalone @ 0.05 % or 4. NSKE 4 % or 5. Spray the crop with triazophos @ 2.5 ml / lit. water or 6. Spray Methyl parathion 50 EC @ 1 ml / lit. of water 7. Dust 2 % Methyl parathion @ 10-15 kg / acre or 8. Spray the crop with Quinalphos @ 2 ml / lit. of water 9. Spray Chlorpyriphos @ 2 ml / lit. of water or
Insect-pests of safflower Name of pests Damaging stages Pictures Safflower caterpillar Prospalta conducta (=Perigoea) capensis Noctuidae: Lepidoptera Larvae defoliate the crop and damage the young capsules Gram Caterpillar Helicoverpa peltigera, Helicoverpa armigera Noctuidae: Lepidoptera Feed on leaves and also bores in to flower heads (capsules) and devours the developing seeds Stem fly (Agromyzid fly) Melanagromyza obtusa Agromyzidae: Diptera maggots bore in to the stem and girdle the plants
Safflower Aphid Uroleucon carthami U. Compositae Aphididae: Homoptera Nymphs and adults are found in larger number and suck the sap from leaves, shoots, flowers and capsules and affected plants remain stunted Safflower bud fly Acanthiophilus helianthi Tephritidae: Diptera Newly hatched larvae feed on the soft parts of the capsules Cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera Noctuidae: Lepidoptera Caterpillar feed on leaves and also feed flower florets, bracts and bores in to the capsules and feed on the seed Tobacco cutworm Spodoptera litura Noctuidae: Lepidoptera Caterpillar feed on the leaves and thus defoliate the plant.
IPM Practices in Safflower  Cultural practices- 1. Intercropping with non-host crop like wheat and barley. 2. Avoid chickpea as an intercrop. 3. Excessive application of nitrogen should be avoided. 4. Avoid late sowing. 5. Maintain 2 or 3 rows of Maize and Sorghum around the fields.  Mechanical practices- 1. The early removal and destruction of infested buds is helpful in checking the spread of the pest
 Biological control- 1. Release of Chrysoperla eggs/grubs @ 1-2/plant. 2. To encourage natural enemies – the larvae parasitized by Apanteles flavipes Chelonus blackburni, Rogas percurrens. 3. Spray the crop with Ha NPV @ 250-300 larval equivalents/ha 4. Conserve Campoletis chloridae, Enicospilus sp, etc.  Chemical control- 1. Spraying of methyl parathion @ 0.05 % or fenvalerate 20 EC @ 250 ml/ha. 2. Spray the crop with dimethoate or oxydemeton methyl @ 1 ml / lit. of water.
Insect-pests of Sesame Name of pests Damaging stages Pictures Til leaf and pod caterpillar Antigastra catalaunalis Pyralidae: Lepidoptera Young larvae web together a few top leaves and feed on them Sesame gall fly Asphondylia sesami Cecidomyiidae: Diptera Maggots feed inside the floral parts and causes malformation of buds Safflower bud fly Acanthiophilus helianthi Tephritidae: Diptera Maggots feed inside the floral parts
Linseed gall fly Dasinura lini Cecidomyiidae: Diptera Maggots feed inside the floral parts Capitulum head borer Helicovera armigera Noctuidae: Lepidoptera Larvae feed voraciously on the capsules Safflower aphid Dactynotus carthami Aphididae: Hemiptera Nymph and adult suck the sap tender parts of the plant Til hawk moth Acherontia styx Sphingidae: Lepidoptera The larvae feed voraciously on the leaves and defoliate the plant
IPM Practices in Sesame  Cultural practices- 1. Early sown (first week of July) kharif crop is less infested than late sown crop. 2. Intercrop with mungbean, pearl millet and groundnut. 3. Deep ploughing exposes the pupae for predation to insectivorous birds.  Mechanical practices- 1. Clip the galls, pick and burn the shaded buds. 2. Hand picking of the larvae in the initial stage of attack and destroy them.
 Biological control- 1. Conserve larval parasitoids of gall fly like Eurytoma dentipectus, Bracon hebetor etc.  Chemical control- 1. Spray crop at bud initiation stage dimethoate 0.03%. 2. Two rounds of dusting with phosalone 4% first at 30 DAS and second at 45 DAS. 3. Two sprayings of quinalphos 0.05% at 30 and 45 days after sowing. 4. Two rounds of dusting with phosalone 4% at 30 and 45 days after sowing.
Insect-pests of Castor I. Borer pests of Castor Name of pests Damaging stages Pictures Castor shoot and capsule borer Dichocrocis punctiferalis Pyralidae: Lepidoptera The larvae bores into the terminal shoots and capsules Castor hairy caterpillar Euproctis lunata Lymantriidae: Lepidoptera The larvae bores into the terminal shoots and capsules Castor slug caterpillar Parasa lepida Lymantriidae: Lepidoptera Larvae feed on the leaves leaving only midrib and veins
Castor semi-looper Achaea janata Noctuidae: Lepidoptera Larvae bore stems & veins Tobacco caterpillar Spodoptera litura Noctuidae: Lepidoptera Neonate larvae/ newly hatched larvae are gregarious. They scrape out the green matter in the leaf leaving the epidermis alone Red headed hairy caterpillar Amsacta albistriga Erebidae: Lepidoptera Young larvae feed gregariously on the under surface of the leaves. Early instars skelatonize the leaves gregariously. Feed on leaves and cause loss by way of defoliation
Castor wooly bear Pericallia ricini Erebidae: Lepidoptera Larvae bore stems & veins Castor butter fly Ergolis merione Nymphalidae: Lepidoptera Larvae feeds on the leaves and remain on the upper surface and thus cause defoliation American serpentine leaf miner Liriomyza trifolii Agromyzidae: Diptera Larvae will mine the leaf feed on mesophyll tissues
II. Sucking pests of castor Name of pests Damaging stages Pictures Leaf hopper Empoasca flavescens Cicadellidae: Hemiptera Both nymphs and adults suck the sap from the leaf resulting in typical ‘hopper burn’ Thrips Scirtothrips dorsalis Thripidae: Thysanoptera Nymphs and adults scrape the leaves White flies Trialeurodes ricini Aleyrodidae: Hemiptera Nymphs and adults suck the sap from the leaves
IPM Practices in Castor I. Control measures for borer insect-pests-  Cultural practices- 1. Avoid growing varieties which are having compact inflorescence.  Mechanical practices- 1. Mechanical collection and destruction of attacked shoots and seed capsule. 2. Hand picking of older larvae during early stages and destroy. 3. Provide bird perching points @ 7 to 10 / ha.  Biological control- 1. A number of Hymenopterans parasites attack the pest during the various stages of its life cycle. 2. Egg parasite- Trichogramma australicu.
3. Larval parasites- Apanteles spp., Microplitis maculopennis @ 2 parasites / plant need. * Not to take-up chemical control.  Chemical control- 1. Initiate chemical sprays at the time of flowering , primary spikes. 2. Spray methyl parathion 50 EC @ 1 ml / lit. of water or 3. Dust with methyl parathion 2 % D @ 10 kg / acre or 4. Quinalphos @ 2 ml / lit. of water or 5. Dimethoate @ 2 ml / lit. of water.
II. Control measures for Leaf hoppers, thrips and white flies- Spray the crop with, 1. Methyl parathion @ 0.05 % or 2. Methyl demeton @ 0.025% or 3. Phosalone @ 0.05 % or 4. NSKE 4 % or 5. Spray the crop with triazophos @ 2.5 ml / lit. water 6. Dust 2 % Methyl parathion @ 10-15 kg / acre or 7. Spray the crop with Quinalphos @ 2 ml / lit. of water 8. Spray Chlorpyriphos @ 2 ml / lit. of water or
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IPM in Oilseeds

  • 1.
  • 2.
    ENT-510 Principles ofIPM Presentation on IPM in Oilseeds Presented to: Presented by: Dr. M. Raghuraman Ranjeet Verma Dept. of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology M. Sc. ( Ag) Part- II Institute of Ag. Sciences, B H U, Varanasi Entomology & Agricultural Zoology
  • 3.
    Definition of IPM “Integratedpest control is a pest management system that, in the context of associated environment and population dynamics of the pest species, utilizes all suitable techniques and methods in as compatible a manner as possible and maintain pest populations at levels below those causing economic injury”. - FAO "Integrated pest management is a sustainable approach to managing pests by combining biological, physical, and chemical tools in a way that minimizes economic, health, and environmental risks". - (NCIPM,1994)
  • 4.
    Edible crops Mustard Soybean Ground nut Sunflower Safflower Sesame Non-ediblecrops Castor Linseed Major oil seed crops grown in India
  • 5.
    Insect-pests of Mustard I.Key Pest Name of pests Damaging stages Pictures Mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi Aphididae: Homoptera Both adults and nymphs suck the sap from under surface of leaves, tender twigs II. Major Pests Saw fly Athalia lugens proxima Tenthredinidae: Hymenoptera Larvae feeds on leaves i.e early instars it nibbles the leaves as a result there is slight curling
  • 6.
    Pea leaf miner Chromatomyiahorticola Agromyzidae: Diptera Maggots makes small punctures in the leaf epidermis and whitish, irregularly linear mines Painted bug Bagrada cruciferarum Pentatomidae: Hemiptera Both adults and nymphs suck the sap from the leaves and tender parts including pods
  • 7.
    III. Minor Pests Cabbagebutter fly Pieris brassicae Pieridae: Lepidoptera Caterpillar alone feeds on leaves, young shoots and green pods Diamond back-moth Plutella xylostella Plutellidae: Lepidoptera Larvae feed on the leaves as a result bored holes on the leaves Green peach aphid Myzus persicae Aphididae: Hemiptera Both nymphs and adults damage the plants by actively sucking the sap after the appearance of inflorescence Flea beetle Phyllotreta cruciftrae Chrysomelidae: Coleoptera Feed on leaves and pods
  • 8.
    IPM Practices inMustard  Cultural practices- 1. Summer ploughing to destroy the pupae and eggs. 2. To maintain clean cultivation. 3. Early sowing should be done (before 20th of October) 4. Inter cropping- Mustard+Linseed, Mustard+Fenugreek, Mustard+gram, Mustard+Wheat, Mustard+potato. 5. Apply balanced / recommended dosages of fertilizers(60kg N-60kg P2O5-40K2O). 6. Use mustard aphid tolerant varieties like JM-1 and RK-9501 7. Grow tolerate / Resistant cv. RTM-730, TMB-2008, RTM- 314, TMB-2007, RTM-2002, T-27, PC-5-17, Pusa swirnim, Kiran, JM-927.
  • 9.
    7. Apply irrigationin seedling stage is very crucial for saw fly management, because most of the larva die due to drowning effect ( sink in water) 8. Quick threshing of the harvested crop should be done. 9. Burn the remains of mustard crop so that the stages of insect do not reach the next year crop. 11. The bugs usually congregate on the leaves and stem which can be jerked to dislodged them and killed in kerosinized water. 12. Harvest the crop at golden stage. 13. Removal of alternate host plants from the surroundings of the field is beneficial.
  • 10.
     Mechanical practices- 1.Collection and destruction of larvae of saw fly in morning and evening hours. 2. Use of bitter gourd seed oil emulsion as an anti-feedant. 3. Set-up yellow sticky trap to monitor the aphid population. 4. Installing pheromone trap @ 5 traps / acre to monitor the moth activity. 5. Collection and destruction of the larvae at gregarious stage at least twice a week. 6. Collect and destroy the gregarious form of larvae in 5% kerosinized water(cabbage butterfly).
  • 11.
     Biological control-To conserve the following natural enemies 1. Lady bird beetles (adult @ 5000/ha) - Coccinella septumpunctata Menochilus sexmaculata Hippodamia variegata Cheilomenes vicina 2. Adult beetle may feed on average of 10-15 adults insect per day. 3. Several species of Syrphids- Eristallis spp. Metasyrphus spp. Xanthogramma spp. Syrphus spp.
  • 12.
    3. The greenlace wing , Chrysoperla cornea predaceous on mustard aphid colony 4.The braconid parasitoid, Diaretiella rapae are very active bio control agent cause the mummification of aphids. 5.A number of entomophagus fungi : Cephalosporium aphidicola Entomophthora coronata Verticillium lecanii 6.Conserve Cotesia plutellae, as it is an important parasitoid for DBM, Diadegma insulare is also most important parasitoid for DBM
  • 13.
     Chemical control- 1.Spray the crop when the infestation on at least 10% plant population with 26-28 aphids/ plant is observed. 2. The economic thresh-hold level (ETL) recommended for different states should be followed 3. Spray the crop with quinalphos 25EC @ 625ml in 500-600 lit. of water / ha once in October and again in March – April. 4. Spray the crop with any one of the following Insecticides at flowering stage Oxydemeton methyl 25 EC or Dimethoate 30 EC
  • 14.
     For aphid- 1.Chlorpyriphos 20%EC 200ml in200-400l of water /acre. 2. Dimethoate 30%EC@264ml in 200-400l of water.  For painted bug- 1. Dichlorvos 76%EC @250.8 ml in 200-400l of water/acre. 2. Imidacloprid 70%WS 700g/100kg seed.  For mustard saw fly- 1. Dimethoate 30%EC @264ml in 200-400 l of water /acre. 2. Quinalphos 25% EC@480ml in 200-400l of water/acre. 3. Imidacloprid 70%WS@ 700g/100Kg seeds.
  • 15.
    Name of pestsDamaging stages Pictures Seed corn maggot Delia (Hylemia) platura Anthomyiidae: Diptera Feed on the cotyledons, seeds may fail to germinate Seedling stage cut worm Agrotis ipsilon A. flammatra Noctuidae: Lepidoptera Caterpillars cut young plants at ground level and feed on them Field crickets Gryllus sp. Gryllidae: Orthoptera Damage the germinating seeds and cut the standing seedlings Insect-pests of Soybean
  • 16.
    Surface grass hopper Chrotogonusoxypterus Acrididae: Orthoptera Nymphs & adults eat leaves and tender shoots and also cut the tips of germinating seedling White grub Holotrichia consanguinea Melolonthidae: Coleoptera Grubs cut off the roots and adults defoliate the plants at night Stem fly Melanagromyza sojae Agromyzidae: Diptera Causes tunneling in main stems, branches and petioles and in early stage, death of the seedling
  • 17.
    Leaf hoppers Amrasca biguttulabiguttula Cicadellidae: Hemiptera Nymphs & adults suck juice from the small veins which causes down ward curling or cupping of the leaf edge White fly Bemisia tabaci Aleyrodidae: Hemiptera Sap sucking form growing parts and vector of Y. M. V. Green Slug Caterpillar Zizeria lysimon Lycaeniidae: Lepidoptera Larvae feed on the leaves especially on the thick embryonic ones
  • 18.
    Thrips Thrips tabaci Thripidae: Thysanoptera Eatchlorophyll on the lower surface of the leaves, in severe infestation leaves wither, fall off & seedling look sickly Blue beetle Altica coerulea Chrysomelidae: Coleoptera Beetles scratch the cotyledons or consume them from margin & feed on young leaves White spotted flea beetle Monolepta signata (Chrysomelidae: coleoptera Beetles feed on leaves of seedlings
  • 19.
    Green Stink Bug Nezaraviridula Pentatomidae : Hemiptera Nymphs & adults suck the sap from the leaves and pods Leygaed bug Chauliops fallax Lygaedae : Hemiptera Nymphs & adults suck the vital cell sap from leaves, tender shoots, buds, flowers & pods. Gram pod borer Helicovepa armigera Noctuidae : Lepidoptera Caterpillars feed on leaves, flowers and pods
  • 20.
    IPM Practices inSoybean  Cultural Methods- 1. Early sown crop (by end of June to first week of July ) showed less infestation of stem fly, girdle beetles and leaf miner, cutworm. 2. Deep ploughing destructs the eggs of grass hoppers, exposes the adults of white grub and pupae of lepidopteran pests for insectivorous birds and sun. 3. Mixed cropping with soybean + ground nut showed minimum population of defoliators. 4. Clean cultivation almost all insect pests of soybean have many alternative food plants so the uneconomic food plants(weeds) in and around soybean fields should be removed.
  • 21.
    5. Cultivation oftrap crops- Lucerne crop --------------trap leaf miner Lady’s finger, Maize-------trap grey weevils Chillies, bittergourd, cowpea ------ trap girdle beetle 6. Use of resistant varieties like PS-1092, PS-1092, PS-564, PK- 327, Shilajeet, VLS- 2, VLS- 21, VLS- 47, Shivalik etc. for hill region and PK- 416, PS-1024, PS-1042, PS-1241, PS-1347 etc. for tarai region.
  • 22.
     Physical andMechanical Control- 1. Temperature & Humidity: Low moisture content in grains- low infestation of stored grain insect- pests, Dry the seeds at 350C which is detrimental to most of the insect – pests. 2. Hand Picking: Egg clusters and aggregated larvae can be hand- collected and destroyed .Successful method of control to many of lepidopteran defoliators viz. Bihar Hairy Caterpillar, Tobacco Caterpillar etc. 3. Light trap: Bihar Hairy Caterpillar, Tobacco Caterpillar, leaf miner, gram pod borer, stem flies, girdle beetle etc. are attracted towards light so monitoring and killing of these pests can be done by light trap. 4. Yellow traps: for white flies, jassids, aphids, thrips, flea beetles. 5. Seed treatment with thiamethoxam 70 WS @ 3g/kg seed 6. Use of pheromone traps to collect the moths of defoliators. 7. Installation of bird perching places.
  • 23.
     Legislative Control- 1.Varieties susceptible to some pests should not be grown or introduced 2. into areas where these pests do not exist. 3. Survey of pest incidence and damage and two need based alternate spraying with Dispel / Biobit and any contact poison like triazophos.
  • 24.
    Resistant varieties Stemfly G.Beetle Lep. defo. YMV UGM – 52, Improved Pelican JS-72-44 (Gaurav) UPSM-534 J-323 P K – 262 MACS-100 PK- 416 VHC- 3067 NRS- 53 PK- 672 PS-564 UPSM-1123 TS-9912, VL- 7 PS -1024 UPSM-349, SL-428 PS-1225, PS- 1251 PS-1042 WT-47, J- 323, UPSL- 2773, UPSL-586, UGM-52, NRC-37 TS- 1284 TS- 93-05 PS- 1029 PS- 1092 JS(SH)-94-23, DSb-5, TS-2000-2001 JS (SH)- 94-21 PS- 1241 PS-1347
  • 25.
    Biological control Pests ParasitoidPredator Pathogen Stem fly Spegigaster brevicornis S. longicornis (Hymens) on pupae & Tetrastichus on maggots - - White fly - A mite- Tyopholodromus sp. - Girdle Beetle On grub: Imphiaulax sp.; Campylomeurus mutator & Dinarmus sp.; Norbonus sp. Bradysia sp. (Dip.) Chrysopa sp. adults on full grown grabs - Bihar hairy Caterpillar Apanteles sp. on caterpillar. (Braconidae) Pentatomid bug Canthe conida furcellata (on caterpillars) Bacillus thuringienses var. thuringiensis & NPV Tobacco caterpillar --------------do--------------- ……………do……….. ---------do---------- Green semilooper & other lepidopteran larvae Euplectrus epiplemae; Ecphoropsis perdistinctus Apanteles sp.; Brachymeria sp.; Elasmus brevicornis (Hym.), Temelucha sp. Bracon gelechiae, Brachymeria sp., Xanthopimpla punctata Nebis sp. (Penta.) - on cat. ---------do---------- Beauveria bassiana
  • 26.
    Chemical Control Pest InsecticideDosage (a. i. / ha.) Nematodes, seed-corn maggot, white grub, stem fly & girdle beetle, sap-suckers Phorate 10 G Aldicarb G Quinalphos G 1-1.5 Kg. (In soil) 1.0 2.0 Aphids, jassids, white flies, thrips Metasystox, 25 EC Triazophos 40 EC etc 0.03% 1.0 (Need based Spraying) Lepidopterous & other defohiators and bugs etc. Cypertnethrin 25 EC Deltamethrin 2.8 EC Fenvalerate 20 EC Quinalphos 25 EC Dichlorvos Phosalone Trazophos Quinalphos dust 0.005% 0.002% 0.01% 0.05% 0.05% 0.06% 0.04% 1.5% @ 25 Kg / ha.
  • 27.
    Insect-pests of Groundnut I.Leaf feeders or Defoliators Groundnut leaf miner Aproaerema modicella Gelechiidae: Lepidoptera Larva after hatching mine into the leaves and produces white blotches. Later stage larva webs together the leaves and feeds on them remaining inside the fold. Red hairy caterpillar Amsacta albistriga A. moorei Arctiidae: Lepidoptera Larva is a voracious feeder and act as defoliator.
  • 28.
    Brown hairy caterpillar Creatonotosgangis Arctiidae: Lepidoptera Larva feed voraciously on leaves and defoliates the plants. Bihar hairy caterpillar Spilarctia (=spilosoma) obliqua Arctiidae: Lepidoptera Larva feed voraciously on leaves and defoliates the plants. Tobacco caterpillar Spodoptera litura Noctuidae: Lepidoptera Larva defoliates the plants
  • 29.
    II. Sucking pests Jassid Empoascakerri Cicadellidae: Homoptera Both adults and nymphs suck the sap from young leaves, from the undersurface Aphid Aphis craccivora Aphididae: Homoptera Adults and nymph suck cell sap from tender parts of plants Thrips Frankliniella schultzei Thrips palmi Scirtothrips dorsalis Thripidae: Thysanoptera Adults and nymphs lacerate and feed on leaf surface
  • 30.
    III. Root andpod feeders Termites Odontotermes obesus Termitidae: Isoptera Feed on pod leading to the invasion of soil fungi resulting in rotting of the pods. Root grubs Holotrichia serrata Melolonthidae: Coleoptera Older grubs devour the entire taproot and affected plants without root and rootlets. Pod bug Elasmolomus sordidus Lygaeidae: Hemiptera Both adults and nymphs suck the sap from pods both in field and stores
  • 31.
    Economic threshold levels(ETLs) Insect-pests ETLs Aphid 5-10 aphids/terminal at seedling stage Defoliators 10 % foliage damage Jassids 15-20 jassids/ plant Leaf miner 2-3 larvae/plant Spodoptera/Helicoverpa 2 larvae/plant or 20-25 % defoliation at 40 DAS Thrips 5 adults/ terminal buds White grubs 1 grub/ m2 Rodents 15 live burrows/ ha
  • 32.
    IPM Practices inGroundnut  Cultural Control- 1. Timely sowing of the crop. 2. Varieties which are densely hairy and with stiff leaves interfere pest population. 3. Grow tolerant varieties. 4. Deep summer ploughing after the kharif crop, the field should be ploughed to expose the pupae to predatory birds. 5. Inter crop one row of castor for every 5 or 6 rows of groundnut. 6. Crop rotation with sorghum/pearl millet or maize should be followed. 7. Irrigate once to avoid prolonged mid-season drought to prevent pre-harvest infestation. 8. Planting of cowpea or soybean as trap crops
  • 33.
    9. Use resistant/tolerantvarieties. 10.Always use well decomposed organic manure it attracts the adult beetles. 11.Partial or complete lopping of host plants and retaining of a few most preferred host trees in the area for congregation of white grub adults. 12.Crop rotation with sorghum/pearl millet or maize. 13.Collection and destruction of white grub adults from host trees around the field. 14.Digging the termitaria and destruction of the queen is most important in termite management. 15.Harvest the groundnuts as soon as they are matured, early removal of the produce from the field will reduce the chances of termite damage to pods. 16.Intercropping groundnut with Pennisetum glaucum enhanced the parasitoid Goniozus spp. on leaf miner.
  • 34.
     Mechanical Control- 1.Hand picking and destruction of various insect stages and the affected plant part. 2. Up-root and destroy severely infected plants. 3. Install of 1 or 2 light traps/ha or bonfire in endemic areas. 4. Erection of light traps soon after the monsoon for 20-45 days and collecting and killing of adult moths are found very effective. 5. Collection and destruction of egg masses in the fields around light trap areas. 6. Install 10-12 bird perches/ha. (Sunflower act as bird perches) 7. Install pheromone trap @ 5/ha for mass trapping. 8. Mulching with rice straw causes reduction in leaf miner incidence and increase in percentage parasitism. 9. Collect the infested leaves and dip them in kerosenised or insecticide treated solution. (for BHC)- NCIPM, Delhi
  • 35.
     Biological Control- 1.Apply NSKE 5% (Neem Seed Kernel Extract) to control sucking pests. 2. Augment the release of Cheilonenes sexmaculata @ 1250/ha. 3. Conserve bio agents like flower bugs (anthocorids), lady bird beetles (coccinellids), praying mantis, hover flies (syrphids), green lace wing (chrysopids), long horned grass hoppers and spiders. 4. Conserve bio agents like praying mantis, long horned grass hoppers, dragon flies ,spiders, green muscardine fungus. 5. Spray A-NPV (2X 10^5 PIB/I) and Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). 6. Release of Bracon hebetor @ 5000/ha. Two times at 7-10 days interval. 7. Inter cropping with pigeon pea, mung bean and soybean provides increase in population of spiders. 8. Release Trichogramma Chilonis @ 50000/ha twice (7-10 days interval)
  • 36.
    9. Release ofTelenomus remus @ 50000/ha. 4 times (7-10 days interval) based on pheromone trap catching. 10.Use Sl-NPV @ 250 LE (6X 10^9/LE)/ha or B.t. @1 kg/ha, when large number of egg masses and early instars larvae are noticed 11.Release of Bracon hebetor @ 5000/ha. (two times at 7-10 days interval.) 12.Spray insect pathogenic fungus Nomuraea rileyi @10^13 spores/ha for controlling early instars. 13.Release larval parasitoid Apanteles africanus @ 5000/ha.
  • 37.
     Chemical Control- 1.Apply safe chemical insecticides at recommended doses only if the insect population crosses the ETL. 2. Young crop may be applied with Dimethoate 30 EC @ 10 ml in 10 lit. of water. 3. Imidachloprid 17.8 SL 3 ml in 10 lit. of water. 4. Dusting of Methyl parathion 2% @ 25 to 30 kg/ha or Fanvalerate 0.4% @15-20 Kg/ha. 5. Spray Quinalphos 25 EC @ 15 ml in 10 lit. of water or Nuvan (76%) 4 l/ha to control full grown insect pests. 6. For grown up caterpillars - spray profenophos 10-12 ml in 10 lit. of water (or) dichlorvos 7-10 ml in 10 lit. of water (or) chlorpyriphos 20 ml in 10 liters of water. 7. Poison bait with Carbaryl, rice bran, jiggery and water can be used to control the grown up larvae.
  • 38.
    Insect-pests of Sunflower I.Leaf feeders Name of pests Damaging stages Pictures Bihar hairy caterpillar Spilarctia obliqua Erebidae: Lepidoptera The larvae feed voraciously on the leaves Tobacco caterpillar Spodoptera litura Noctuidae: Lepidoptera The larvae feed voraciously on the leaves and defoliate the plant Green Semi-looper Thysanoplusia orichalcea Noctuidae: Lepidoptera The larvae feed voraciously on the leaves
  • 39.
    Sunflower head caterpillar Helicoverpaarmigera Noctuidae: Lepidoptera Larvae bore the head of the plants Parrot (Non-insect pest ) Psittacula krameri Psittacidae: Aves Cut the head of the plants
  • 40.
    II. Sucking pests Nameof pests Damaging stages Pictures Aphids Aphis helianthi Aphididae: Hemiptera Nymph and adult suck cell sap Leaf miner Liriomyza trifolii Agromyzidae: Diptera Maggots feed inside the leaves White fly Bemisia tabaci Aleyrodidae: Hemiptera Nymph and adult suck cell sap
  • 41.
    IPM Practices inSunflower I. Control measures for leaf feeder insect-pests-  Cultural practices- 1. Avoid growing varieties which are having compact inflorescence.  Mechanical practices- 1. Mechanical collection and destruction of attacked shoots and head. 2. Hand picking of older larvae during early stages and destroy.  Biological control- 1. A number of Hymenopterans parasites attack the pest during the various stages of its life cycle. 2. Egg parasite- Trichogramma australicu.
  • 42.
    3. Larval parasites-Apanteles spp., Microplitis maculopennis @ 2 parasites / plant need. * Not to take-up chemical control.  Chemical control- 1. Initiate chemical sprays at the time of flowering , primary spikes. 2. Spray methyl parathion 50 EC @ 1 ml / lit. of water or 3. Dust with methyl parathion 2 % D @ 10 kg / acre or 4. Quinalphos @ 2 ml / lit. of water or 5. Dimethoate @ 2 ml / lit. of water.
  • 43.
    II. Control measuresfor Leaf hoppers, thrips and white flies- Spray the crop with, 1. Methyl parathion @ 0.05 % or 2. Methyl demeton @ 0.025% or 3. Phosalone @ 0.05 % or 4. NSKE 4 % or 5. Spray the crop with triazophos @ 2.5 ml / lit. water or 6. Spray Methyl parathion 50 EC @ 1 ml / lit. of water 7. Dust 2 % Methyl parathion @ 10-15 kg / acre or 8. Spray the crop with Quinalphos @ 2 ml / lit. of water 9. Spray Chlorpyriphos @ 2 ml / lit. of water or
  • 44.
    Insect-pests of safflower Nameof pests Damaging stages Pictures Safflower caterpillar Prospalta conducta (=Perigoea) capensis Noctuidae: Lepidoptera Larvae defoliate the crop and damage the young capsules Gram Caterpillar Helicoverpa peltigera, Helicoverpa armigera Noctuidae: Lepidoptera Feed on leaves and also bores in to flower heads (capsules) and devours the developing seeds Stem fly (Agromyzid fly) Melanagromyza obtusa Agromyzidae: Diptera maggots bore in to the stem and girdle the plants
  • 45.
    Safflower Aphid Uroleucon carthami U.Compositae Aphididae: Homoptera Nymphs and adults are found in larger number and suck the sap from leaves, shoots, flowers and capsules and affected plants remain stunted Safflower bud fly Acanthiophilus helianthi Tephritidae: Diptera Newly hatched larvae feed on the soft parts of the capsules Cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera Noctuidae: Lepidoptera Caterpillar feed on leaves and also feed flower florets, bracts and bores in to the capsules and feed on the seed Tobacco cutworm Spodoptera litura Noctuidae: Lepidoptera Caterpillar feed on the leaves and thus defoliate the plant.
  • 46.
    IPM Practices inSafflower  Cultural practices- 1. Intercropping with non-host crop like wheat and barley. 2. Avoid chickpea as an intercrop. 3. Excessive application of nitrogen should be avoided. 4. Avoid late sowing. 5. Maintain 2 or 3 rows of Maize and Sorghum around the fields.  Mechanical practices- 1. The early removal and destruction of infested buds is helpful in checking the spread of the pest
  • 47.
     Biological control- 1.Release of Chrysoperla eggs/grubs @ 1-2/plant. 2. To encourage natural enemies – the larvae parasitized by Apanteles flavipes Chelonus blackburni, Rogas percurrens. 3. Spray the crop with Ha NPV @ 250-300 larval equivalents/ha 4. Conserve Campoletis chloridae, Enicospilus sp, etc.  Chemical control- 1. Spraying of methyl parathion @ 0.05 % or fenvalerate 20 EC @ 250 ml/ha. 2. Spray the crop with dimethoate or oxydemeton methyl @ 1 ml / lit. of water.
  • 48.
    Insect-pests of Sesame Nameof pests Damaging stages Pictures Til leaf and pod caterpillar Antigastra catalaunalis Pyralidae: Lepidoptera Young larvae web together a few top leaves and feed on them Sesame gall fly Asphondylia sesami Cecidomyiidae: Diptera Maggots feed inside the floral parts and causes malformation of buds Safflower bud fly Acanthiophilus helianthi Tephritidae: Diptera Maggots feed inside the floral parts
  • 49.
    Linseed gall fly Dasinuralini Cecidomyiidae: Diptera Maggots feed inside the floral parts Capitulum head borer Helicovera armigera Noctuidae: Lepidoptera Larvae feed voraciously on the capsules Safflower aphid Dactynotus carthami Aphididae: Hemiptera Nymph and adult suck the sap tender parts of the plant Til hawk moth Acherontia styx Sphingidae: Lepidoptera The larvae feed voraciously on the leaves and defoliate the plant
  • 50.
    IPM Practices inSesame  Cultural practices- 1. Early sown (first week of July) kharif crop is less infested than late sown crop. 2. Intercrop with mungbean, pearl millet and groundnut. 3. Deep ploughing exposes the pupae for predation to insectivorous birds.  Mechanical practices- 1. Clip the galls, pick and burn the shaded buds. 2. Hand picking of the larvae in the initial stage of attack and destroy them.
  • 51.
     Biological control- 1.Conserve larval parasitoids of gall fly like Eurytoma dentipectus, Bracon hebetor etc.  Chemical control- 1. Spray crop at bud initiation stage dimethoate 0.03%. 2. Two rounds of dusting with phosalone 4% first at 30 DAS and second at 45 DAS. 3. Two sprayings of quinalphos 0.05% at 30 and 45 days after sowing. 4. Two rounds of dusting with phosalone 4% at 30 and 45 days after sowing.
  • 52.
    Insect-pests of Castor I.Borer pests of Castor Name of pests Damaging stages Pictures Castor shoot and capsule borer Dichocrocis punctiferalis Pyralidae: Lepidoptera The larvae bores into the terminal shoots and capsules Castor hairy caterpillar Euproctis lunata Lymantriidae: Lepidoptera The larvae bores into the terminal shoots and capsules Castor slug caterpillar Parasa lepida Lymantriidae: Lepidoptera Larvae feed on the leaves leaving only midrib and veins
  • 53.
    Castor semi-looper Achaea janata Noctuidae:Lepidoptera Larvae bore stems & veins Tobacco caterpillar Spodoptera litura Noctuidae: Lepidoptera Neonate larvae/ newly hatched larvae are gregarious. They scrape out the green matter in the leaf leaving the epidermis alone Red headed hairy caterpillar Amsacta albistriga Erebidae: Lepidoptera Young larvae feed gregariously on the under surface of the leaves. Early instars skelatonize the leaves gregariously. Feed on leaves and cause loss by way of defoliation
  • 54.
    Castor wooly bear Pericalliaricini Erebidae: Lepidoptera Larvae bore stems & veins Castor butter fly Ergolis merione Nymphalidae: Lepidoptera Larvae feeds on the leaves and remain on the upper surface and thus cause defoliation American serpentine leaf miner Liriomyza trifolii Agromyzidae: Diptera Larvae will mine the leaf feed on mesophyll tissues
  • 55.
    II. Sucking pestsof castor Name of pests Damaging stages Pictures Leaf hopper Empoasca flavescens Cicadellidae: Hemiptera Both nymphs and adults suck the sap from the leaf resulting in typical ‘hopper burn’ Thrips Scirtothrips dorsalis Thripidae: Thysanoptera Nymphs and adults scrape the leaves White flies Trialeurodes ricini Aleyrodidae: Hemiptera Nymphs and adults suck the sap from the leaves
  • 56.
    IPM Practices inCastor I. Control measures for borer insect-pests-  Cultural practices- 1. Avoid growing varieties which are having compact inflorescence.  Mechanical practices- 1. Mechanical collection and destruction of attacked shoots and seed capsule. 2. Hand picking of older larvae during early stages and destroy. 3. Provide bird perching points @ 7 to 10 / ha.  Biological control- 1. A number of Hymenopterans parasites attack the pest during the various stages of its life cycle. 2. Egg parasite- Trichogramma australicu.
  • 57.
    3. Larval parasites-Apanteles spp., Microplitis maculopennis @ 2 parasites / plant need. * Not to take-up chemical control.  Chemical control- 1. Initiate chemical sprays at the time of flowering , primary spikes. 2. Spray methyl parathion 50 EC @ 1 ml / lit. of water or 3. Dust with methyl parathion 2 % D @ 10 kg / acre or 4. Quinalphos @ 2 ml / lit. of water or 5. Dimethoate @ 2 ml / lit. of water.
  • 58.
    II. Control measuresfor Leaf hoppers, thrips and white flies- Spray the crop with, 1. Methyl parathion @ 0.05 % or 2. Methyl demeton @ 0.025% or 3. Phosalone @ 0.05 % or 4. NSKE 4 % or 5. Spray the crop with triazophos @ 2.5 ml / lit. water 6. Dust 2 % Methyl parathion @ 10-15 kg / acre or 7. Spray the crop with Quinalphos @ 2 ml / lit. of water 8. Spray Chlorpyriphos @ 2 ml / lit. of water or
  • 59.