This document summarizes a study comparing the production and economics of Bt cotton versus conventional cotton in Khairpur District, Sindh, Pakistan. The study aimed to examine factors influencing cotton yields, assess the financial gains of Bt cotton compared to conventional cotton, determine the impact of early Bt cotton sowing, and suggest policy measures. Primary data was collected through surveys of 60 cotton farmers. A Cobb-Douglas production function was used to analyze yields and a logit model was used to determine the probability of choosing Bt cotton. Results found higher total costs but also higher average yields and profits for Bt cotton compared to conventional cotton. Early sowing of Bt cotton also impacted yields. The study concluded with recommendations
Cotton Sown in Different Row Distances after Wheat Harvest: Seed Cotton Yield...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— This study was conducted to determine seed cotton yield and yield components of some cotton varieties sown in different row distances after wheat harvest in Kahramanmaras conditions. Eleven cotton varieties (Albania-6172, Aktas-3, Beli Izvor-432, Azerbaycan-3038, Delta Opal, ST-468, DP-388, DP-5111, Golden West, ST-453 and Maras-92) and two different row distances (conventional row: 70x20 cm, narrow row: 35x20 cm) were used in the study. The experiment was designed as a split-plot with three replication in which sowing densities were the main plots and cotton cultivars were sub plots. In the study first harvest seed cotton ratio (FHSR), plant height (PH), number of fruit branches per plant (NFBP), number of bolls per plant (NBP), seed cotton weight per boll (SWB), ginning turn out (GTO) and seed cotton yield (SCY) were investigated. As a result of variance analyses, FHSR, PH, NFBP and SCY were affected by row distances. All the investigated characteristics except SWB were significantly affected by cultivar and interaction effects for FHSR, PH, NFBP and SCY were observed. In addition, the highest SCY was obtained from cultivar of Aktas-3 (2200 kg ha-1) in narrow row distance and it was followed by cotton cultivars of ST-468 and DP-388.
This document summarizes a study comparing the economic performance of hybrid and conventional rice production in Pakistan. It finds that total costs per hectare were higher for hybrid rice (Rs 148,992.23) than conventional rice (Rs 140,661.68), mainly due to higher seed prices and land management costs for hybrid rice. However, hybrid rice yields were significantly higher (196.14 monds/hectare vs 140.14 monds/hectare for conventional rice). As a result, hybrid rice provided higher total revenue, gross margins, and net returns compared to conventional rice varieties. Most farmers had shifted to growing hybrid rice due to its yield advantages and higher profits.
Growth and Yield Response of Bread Wheat Variety Grown Under Varying Seed Rat...Premier Publishers
Wheat is among the most important staple crop globally. However, constrained by appropriate agronomic practices. Therefore, the information on the interaction effect of seed rate and weeding period is useful to identify the effective time of weeding for high yield of wheat. Thus, the present study conducted at Amuru district of Horro Guduru Zone, Ethiopia in 2019 cropping season with the aim of identifying optimum seed rate and appropriate time of weeding to improve production and productivity of bread in the area. The experiment was laid down in randomized complete block (RCB) design with three replications. The treatment was arranged in factorial combinations of four weeding intervals (farmer practice, weeding at two weeks after emergence, three weeks after emergence and four weeks after emergence) and three levels of seed rate (125 kg, 150 kg and 175 kg-1).The result showed that days to 50% heading, days to maturity and effective tillers per plant were highly significantly (p<0.01) affected by the interaction effect of weeding time and seed rate. Moreover, interaction effect of weeding time and seed rate was significantly (p<0.01) affected the weed above ground dry biomass. Guizotia scabra (22.47%) with population density (370), Phalaris paradoxa (22.10%) with population (364), Plantago lanceolata (18.58%) with population density (306), and Bidens piloso L. (8.74%) were the dominant weed species competing with wheat in the study area. Minimum relative weed density (26.6%) weed dry biomass (1.7gm) and maximum weed control efficiency (98.08%) was recorded at weeding four weeks after emergence and 175kgha-1seed rate. Thus, the finding suggest grain yield was increased (52.3%) when weeding four weeks after emergence over farmers practice and 13.75% at 175kg seed rate.
The presentation is by B Mishra from the one day workshop on ‘Pulses for Nutrition in India: Changing Patterns from Farm-to-Fork’ organized on Jan 14, 2014. The workshop is based on a few studies conducted by the International Food Policy Research Institute under the CGIAR’s Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health. These studies covered the entire domain of pulse sector in India from production to consumption, prices to trade, processing to value addition, and from innovations to the role of private sector in strengthening the entire pulse value chain. These studies were designed to better understand the drivers of changing dynamics of pulses in the value chain from farm-to-fork, and explore opportunities for meeting their availability through increased production, enhanced trade and improved efficiency.
Sources of Risk and Management Strategies among Farmers in Rice Post Harvest ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The study examined sources of risk and management strategies among farmers in rice post harvest management in Niger State. The research was undertaken in five Local Government Areas of Niger State, namely Katcha, Lavun, Paikoro, Shiroro and Wushishi. Data obtained for the research was achieved through questionnaires administered to 200 farmers selected using multi-stage sampling techniques. Descriptive statistics was used for data analysis. The study showed that rice post harvest management is carried out by subsistence farmer with average farm size of 2.7ha and are of active productive age of 31-50 years, who have 24 years farming experience in the rice post harvest management. The study revealed that farmers in the study area are affected by production risk, financial risk, human or personal risk, market or price risk and technological risk sources. The farmers have adopted prevention, mitigation and coping with risk as management strategies. Based on the findings the study recommended provision of credit facilities, rice post harvest machineries at subsidized rate, rural infrastructures, cooperative formation, use of extension officer and proper storage facilities.
Presented at the Pulses for Sustainable Agriculture and Human Health” on 31 May-1 June 2016 at NASC, New Delhi, India. The conference was jointly organised by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS), TCi of Cornell University (TCi-CU) and Agriculture Today.
PERFORMANCE OF DIFFERENT EXOTIC INBRED RICE GENOTYPES DURING TRANSPLANTED AMA...Md. Julfiker Rahman
1) The study evaluated 5 exotic rice genotypes and 1 check variety for growth, yield, and other traits in the Aman season.
2) The genotype OM576 produced the highest yield of 5.81 t/ha due to having the highest panicle number and spikelet filling percentage.
3) OM576 also had a shorter growth duration of 101 days, 17 days less than the check variety BRRI dhan39.
Comparative Economic Analysis of Hybrid Rice v/s ConventionalRice Production ...sanaullah noonari
Pakistan grows high quality rice including Fine and Course grain varieties, coarse grain varieties are early
maturing while fine grain varieties are late maturing. Both fine and coarse grain varieties have Hybrid and
Conventional Rice varieties which are high quality rice to fulfill domestic demand and also for exports. The
study was design to compare the economic analysis of Hybrid and Conventional Rice production, major
objectives of the study were to asses’ financial gain from Hybrid Rice comparing with Conventional Rice and
Taluka Golarchi was selected for the present study where both on Hybrid and Conventional Rice varieties are
grown, primary data on Hybrid and Conventional Rice was collected from the farmers through personal
interviews with the help of specially designed questionnaire. A simple random sampling technique was used to
collect the data. Cobb-Douglas production function was used for yield analysis. Total costs per acre of Hybrid
Rice were 62010.87 Rs/Acre which were more than Conventional Rice was 56972.09 Rs/Acre. Major
differences in hybrid rice production cost are related to higher seed prices, slightly higher land management costs.
On an average higher yield (79.41monds per acre) was obtained from Hybrid Rice while Conventional Rice
yield (59.74monds per acre) was less then Hybrid Rice. There was 14.14% increase in Hybrid Rice yield
comparing with conventional Rice which gives additional income to poor farmers, Price gained per mounds was
almost the same in both activities. High profit was observed in Hybrid Rice and low profit was obtained in
conventional Rice. Most of the farmers focused to grow Hybrid Rice due to high yield.
Keywords: Rice, Economics Analysis, Production and Marketing.
Cotton Sown in Different Row Distances after Wheat Harvest: Seed Cotton Yield...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— This study was conducted to determine seed cotton yield and yield components of some cotton varieties sown in different row distances after wheat harvest in Kahramanmaras conditions. Eleven cotton varieties (Albania-6172, Aktas-3, Beli Izvor-432, Azerbaycan-3038, Delta Opal, ST-468, DP-388, DP-5111, Golden West, ST-453 and Maras-92) and two different row distances (conventional row: 70x20 cm, narrow row: 35x20 cm) were used in the study. The experiment was designed as a split-plot with three replication in which sowing densities were the main plots and cotton cultivars were sub plots. In the study first harvest seed cotton ratio (FHSR), plant height (PH), number of fruit branches per plant (NFBP), number of bolls per plant (NBP), seed cotton weight per boll (SWB), ginning turn out (GTO) and seed cotton yield (SCY) were investigated. As a result of variance analyses, FHSR, PH, NFBP and SCY were affected by row distances. All the investigated characteristics except SWB were significantly affected by cultivar and interaction effects for FHSR, PH, NFBP and SCY were observed. In addition, the highest SCY was obtained from cultivar of Aktas-3 (2200 kg ha-1) in narrow row distance and it was followed by cotton cultivars of ST-468 and DP-388.
This document summarizes a study comparing the economic performance of hybrid and conventional rice production in Pakistan. It finds that total costs per hectare were higher for hybrid rice (Rs 148,992.23) than conventional rice (Rs 140,661.68), mainly due to higher seed prices and land management costs for hybrid rice. However, hybrid rice yields were significantly higher (196.14 monds/hectare vs 140.14 monds/hectare for conventional rice). As a result, hybrid rice provided higher total revenue, gross margins, and net returns compared to conventional rice varieties. Most farmers had shifted to growing hybrid rice due to its yield advantages and higher profits.
Growth and Yield Response of Bread Wheat Variety Grown Under Varying Seed Rat...Premier Publishers
Wheat is among the most important staple crop globally. However, constrained by appropriate agronomic practices. Therefore, the information on the interaction effect of seed rate and weeding period is useful to identify the effective time of weeding for high yield of wheat. Thus, the present study conducted at Amuru district of Horro Guduru Zone, Ethiopia in 2019 cropping season with the aim of identifying optimum seed rate and appropriate time of weeding to improve production and productivity of bread in the area. The experiment was laid down in randomized complete block (RCB) design with three replications. The treatment was arranged in factorial combinations of four weeding intervals (farmer practice, weeding at two weeks after emergence, three weeks after emergence and four weeks after emergence) and three levels of seed rate (125 kg, 150 kg and 175 kg-1).The result showed that days to 50% heading, days to maturity and effective tillers per plant were highly significantly (p<0.01) affected by the interaction effect of weeding time and seed rate. Moreover, interaction effect of weeding time and seed rate was significantly (p<0.01) affected the weed above ground dry biomass. Guizotia scabra (22.47%) with population density (370), Phalaris paradoxa (22.10%) with population (364), Plantago lanceolata (18.58%) with population density (306), and Bidens piloso L. (8.74%) were the dominant weed species competing with wheat in the study area. Minimum relative weed density (26.6%) weed dry biomass (1.7gm) and maximum weed control efficiency (98.08%) was recorded at weeding four weeks after emergence and 175kgha-1seed rate. Thus, the finding suggest grain yield was increased (52.3%) when weeding four weeks after emergence over farmers practice and 13.75% at 175kg seed rate.
The presentation is by B Mishra from the one day workshop on ‘Pulses for Nutrition in India: Changing Patterns from Farm-to-Fork’ organized on Jan 14, 2014. The workshop is based on a few studies conducted by the International Food Policy Research Institute under the CGIAR’s Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health. These studies covered the entire domain of pulse sector in India from production to consumption, prices to trade, processing to value addition, and from innovations to the role of private sector in strengthening the entire pulse value chain. These studies were designed to better understand the drivers of changing dynamics of pulses in the value chain from farm-to-fork, and explore opportunities for meeting their availability through increased production, enhanced trade and improved efficiency.
Sources of Risk and Management Strategies among Farmers in Rice Post Harvest ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The study examined sources of risk and management strategies among farmers in rice post harvest management in Niger State. The research was undertaken in five Local Government Areas of Niger State, namely Katcha, Lavun, Paikoro, Shiroro and Wushishi. Data obtained for the research was achieved through questionnaires administered to 200 farmers selected using multi-stage sampling techniques. Descriptive statistics was used for data analysis. The study showed that rice post harvest management is carried out by subsistence farmer with average farm size of 2.7ha and are of active productive age of 31-50 years, who have 24 years farming experience in the rice post harvest management. The study revealed that farmers in the study area are affected by production risk, financial risk, human or personal risk, market or price risk and technological risk sources. The farmers have adopted prevention, mitigation and coping with risk as management strategies. Based on the findings the study recommended provision of credit facilities, rice post harvest machineries at subsidized rate, rural infrastructures, cooperative formation, use of extension officer and proper storage facilities.
Presented at the Pulses for Sustainable Agriculture and Human Health” on 31 May-1 June 2016 at NASC, New Delhi, India. The conference was jointly organised by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS), TCi of Cornell University (TCi-CU) and Agriculture Today.
PERFORMANCE OF DIFFERENT EXOTIC INBRED RICE GENOTYPES DURING TRANSPLANTED AMA...Md. Julfiker Rahman
1) The study evaluated 5 exotic rice genotypes and 1 check variety for growth, yield, and other traits in the Aman season.
2) The genotype OM576 produced the highest yield of 5.81 t/ha due to having the highest panicle number and spikelet filling percentage.
3) OM576 also had a shorter growth duration of 101 days, 17 days less than the check variety BRRI dhan39.
Comparative Economic Analysis of Hybrid Rice v/s ConventionalRice Production ...sanaullah noonari
Pakistan grows high quality rice including Fine and Course grain varieties, coarse grain varieties are early
maturing while fine grain varieties are late maturing. Both fine and coarse grain varieties have Hybrid and
Conventional Rice varieties which are high quality rice to fulfill domestic demand and also for exports. The
study was design to compare the economic analysis of Hybrid and Conventional Rice production, major
objectives of the study were to asses’ financial gain from Hybrid Rice comparing with Conventional Rice and
Taluka Golarchi was selected for the present study where both on Hybrid and Conventional Rice varieties are
grown, primary data on Hybrid and Conventional Rice was collected from the farmers through personal
interviews with the help of specially designed questionnaire. A simple random sampling technique was used to
collect the data. Cobb-Douglas production function was used for yield analysis. Total costs per acre of Hybrid
Rice were 62010.87 Rs/Acre which were more than Conventional Rice was 56972.09 Rs/Acre. Major
differences in hybrid rice production cost are related to higher seed prices, slightly higher land management costs.
On an average higher yield (79.41monds per acre) was obtained from Hybrid Rice while Conventional Rice
yield (59.74monds per acre) was less then Hybrid Rice. There was 14.14% increase in Hybrid Rice yield
comparing with conventional Rice which gives additional income to poor farmers, Price gained per mounds was
almost the same in both activities. High profit was observed in Hybrid Rice and low profit was obtained in
conventional Rice. Most of the farmers focused to grow Hybrid Rice due to high yield.
Keywords: Rice, Economics Analysis, Production and Marketing.
This document summarizes a study on the effectiveness of direct seeded rice on rice production and quality in Tehsil Shorkot, Punjab, Pakistan. Direct seeded rice involves planting rice seeds directly in fields rather than transplanting seedlings, saving water and labor. The study aims to compare direct seeded and transplanted rice on yield, quality, effects on succeeding crops, irrigation methods, varieties used, and constraints faced by farmers. It reviews literature on these topics and describes the materials and methods, which will involve a survey of 80 farmers in Shorkot using purposive sampling and questionnaires.
Agricultural Restructuring in Vietnamese Mekong Delta: Economic Analysis of R...IJEABJ
The study examined the economic analysis of sesame production compliant withagricultural restructuring plan in rural areas of Vietnamese Mekong Delta. Conditional non-probability sampling technique was employed to select 90 respondents who have produced sesame rotationally on rice field in summer-autumn crop season. Primary data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics including percentage, frequency and farm budget model. Gross Margin analysis was used to estimate cost, returns sesame production in the study area. The study revealed that the average cost, revenue, gross margins of production per hectare was 17.60, 37.38 and 20.56 million VND, respectively.Moreover,the average rate of returnsalsoindicated that with every 1,000 VND invested to sesame production, a farmer made a profit of 1,390 VND. As a result, it can be concluded that sesame farming is profitable in the context of agricultural restructuring strategy from rice to other crops in Mekong Delta region. It is recommended that smallholders should take initiative in participation in sesame cooperatives and ‘big field’ model to be more beneficial to inputs price, harvested machine and formal credit in the beginning of each season.
Economic Efficiency Analysis of Smallholder Sorghum Producers in West Harargh...Premier Publishers
The study was aimed at analyzing the economic efficiency of sorghum producing smallholders in West Hareghe zone. It was based on cross-sectional data of 200 sample sorghum producing households randomly selected. The estimation of stochastic frontier production function indicated that labor, DAP fertilizer, area, seed and oxen power affects sorghum yield positively. The estimated results showed that the mean technical, allocative and economic efficiencies were 78.9%, 38.6% and 33.6% respectively which indicates the presence of inefficiency in sorghum production in the study area. Among factors hypothesized to determine the level of efficiencies, frequency of extension contact had positive relationship with technical efficiency and it was negatively related to both allocative and economic efficiencies, while soil fertility was also found to significantly influence technical efficiencies positively and experience has positive relationships with technical efficiency and allocative efficiency and slope significantly affects technical efficiency negatively. The result also indicated that cultivated land was among significant variables in determining technical efficiency and economic efficiency of farmers in the study area. Education was found to significantly determine allocative and economic efficiencies of farmers positively. The result indicated that there is a room to increase the efficiency of sorghum producers in the study area. Therefore, emphasis should be given to improve the efficiency level of those less efficient farmers by adopting and using the best practices of relatively efficient farmers.
economy of production and labor requirement in major fieldIJEAB
Economic analysis is found as the major aspect of measurement of efficiency of a farm. In most cases, this part is lagging in Nepalese farmers. With the objective to find benefit cost ratio of growing different crops, identify profitable crops and estimate labor requirement for cultivation, this case study was performed. The scope of this case study isit helps farmers in selecting the crop comparing the profit and labor available. This study was done as a case study in Kavre district, Nepal. From this research, potato (B: C=2.44) and onion (B: C=1.95) were found the most profitable crops and wheat and maize the least. Labor requirement for onion was highest 643 men/ha and wheat was the lowest i.e. 142 men/ha.
This document summarizes the status and prospects of maize improvement in India according to Sujay Rakshit, Director of ICAR-IIMR, Ludhiana. It notes that India represents 4% of global maize area and 2% of production, ranking 4th in area and 7th in production. Maize area and productivity in India have increased significantly since the 1950s. The document outlines new maize hybrids released, opportunities for maize in non-traditional areas, available resources and technologies, and challenges such as biotic and abiotic stresses. It identifies tasks and priorities for continuing maize improvement in India.
Input output structure of marginal and small farmers an analysisAlexander Decker
- The document analyzes the input-output structure of marginal and small farmers cultivating cereals and pulses in Tuticorin District, Tamil Nadu.
- It finds that marginal farmers were more efficient in their use of inputs like fertilizers and pesticides for cereals. Marginal farmers also achieved higher yields per acre than small farmers for cereals.
- For pulses, marginal farmers had higher operational land holdings between 2-5 acres compared to small farms that tended to be larger, between 5-8 acres. However, both marginal and small farmers had over 65% of operational holdings below 5 acres for pulses.
Advancement in agricultural technologies is seen to result in the shift in production functions. The study was conducted to establish the impact of the improved rice variety on productivity in the Ejura-Sekyedumase and Atebubu-Amantin Municipalities of Ghana. The study was based on the survey of 208 rice farmers using a three-stage stratified sampling method. The study used a structured questionnaire to collect inputoutput data from the rice farmers. Data were analysed using the Cobb-Douglas production function. The study found that the technical change associated with the introduction of the improved rice variety was of the non-neutral type. Further, the adoption of the improved rice variety has increased rice productivity by about 46% for the adopters. The main determinants of productivity for the adopters were seed, land, fertiliser, herbicide, and education. Productivity among the non-adopters was positively influenced by seed, land, herbicide, and fertiliser. The study concluded that the improved rice variety has superior yield advantage. The study recommends for the simultaneous promotion of improved rice varieties and their recommended inputs to increase rice productivity.
Impact of Frontline Demonstration (Fld’s) On Adoption Behavior of Soybean Gro...iosrjce
The main objective of the FLD is to demonstrate newly released crop production and protection
technology and its management practices on the farmer‟s field by the scientists themselves before taking it into
main extension system of State Department of Agriculture under different agro-climatic regions and in real
farming system. Presently the FLDs are mainly conducted through KVKs in all over the country. This is the
mandatory function of KVK to remove lack of knowledge and constraints in the adoption of improved soybean
production technology. Keeping all these views in mind, the present investigation entitled “Study on knowledge
and adoption level of soybean growers through Front Line Demonstrations (FLDs‟) in Ujjain district of M.P.”
For this purpose the data collected on a well prepared interview schedule. through personal interview method
by the investigator. The major findings of the study is majority of the respondents (beneficiaries of FLD
programme and non-beneficiaries) possessed medium level of adoption level. The „t‟ test indicated that there is
a significant difference between scores mean of both the group. Thus, it can be stated that, there is an impact of
FLD programme on the adoption level of the soybean growers.
This document summarizes a study on the profitability and production efficiency of small-scale maize production in Niger State, Nigeria. The study found that maize production was profitable, with an average net farm income of 48,109 Naira per hectare. Production costs were 77.9% of total costs, with labor as the largest cost. The production efficiency index of 2.50 indicated that returns exceeded costs by 150%, showing profitability. While profitable, the study recommended increasing farm size and production to enhance profits further. Improving access to farmland, education, credit, and extension services were also suggested to improve profitability of small-scale maize production in the area.
Dr. Swapan Kumar Datta discusses pulses research and development in India. 111 improved varieties of pulses have been developed along with 6000 demonstrations across the country. There is a need for pod borer resistant GM pigeon pea and chickpea. Lentils are a nutritious grain legume high in protein, carbohydrates, calcium, iron, and folates. Chickpea production in India is projected to increase from 18.5 mt currently to 28 mt by 2020-21 through yield increases of 8.6% annually. Challenges for pulses in India include declining area, low genetic yield potential, biotic and abiotic stresses, and post-harvest losses. The government has implemented several programs
This document discusses crop patterns in India. It provides an overview of different types of cropping patterns including monocropping, crop rotation, sequential cropping, and intercropping. It then discusses dominant crops in India and cropping systems used in irrigated ecosystems. State-wise cropping patterns and the economic factors influencing crop selection are also examined. The document analyzes crop patterns across India and the importance of agriculture to the population.
Evaluation of some morphological and yield component traitsAlexander Decker
This study evaluated the relationship between soybean seed yield and various morphological and yield component traits under different population densities and phosphorus levels over two growing seasons. The results showed that pod weight had the strongest correlation with seed yield per plant (R2=0.998), followed by number of seeds per plant (R2=0.937) and number of pods per plant (R2=0.884). Regression analyses found that yield component traits explained more variation in seed yield (R2=0.999) than morphological traits (R2=0.713). Specifically, pod weight, number of pods, and number of seeds per plant contributed most to determining soybean seed yield. These key traits could be useful for soy
Participatory on farm evaluation of improved bread wheat technologies in some...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated 6 varieties of bread wheat on 27 farmers' fields in 3 districts of southern Ethiopia. Variety and location significantly affected plant height, spike length, seeds per spike, and yield. The highest-yielding variety was Digalu, which farmers in all districts ranked first due to its adaptation, disease resistance, quality, and market value. Variety Tay was also well-adapted and ranked second in 2 districts. However, variety HAR-604 performed poorly and was susceptible to diseases. The study concluded that Digalu can be recommended for all areas, while Tay is suitable for some locations.
This study aims to analyze the technical efficiency of sorghum production by smallholder farmers in Konso district, Southern Ethiopia using cross sectional data collected from a sample of 124 sorghum producing households. Individual levels of technical efficiency scores were estimated using the Cobb-Douglas functional form, which was specified to estimate the stochastic production frontier. The estimated stochastic production frontier model indicated that input variables such as land size, fertilizer (Urea and DAP), human labour, oxen power and chemicals (herbicides or pesticides) found to be important factors in increasing the level of sorghum output in the study area. The result further revealed significant differences in technical efficiency among sorghum producers in the study area. The discrepancy ratio, which measures the relative deviation of output from the frontier level due to inefficiency, was about 90%. The estimated mean levels of technical efficiency of the sample households was about 69%, which shows existence of a possibility to increase the level of sorghum output by about 31% by efficient use of the existing resources. Among the household specific socio-economic and institutional factors hypothesized to affect the level of technical inefficiency, age, education level, family size, off/non-farm activities, extension contact, livestock holding, plots distance and soil fertility status were found to be significant in determining the level of technical inefficiency of sorghum production in the study area. Hence, emphasis should be given to improve the efficiency level of those less efficient households by adopting the practices of relatively efficient households in the study area. Beside this, policies and strategies of the government should be directed towards the above mentioned determinants.
1. The document discusses the effect of harvesting dates on crop yield and quality. It states that harvesting crops at the optimum time is important to maximize yields and minimize losses.
2. Several studies are cited that show highest yields for various crops like groundnuts, barley, and coleus when harvested at specific dates ranging from 98-180 days after planting. Delaying harvest past the optimum date can reduce yields.
3. The timing of harvest also impacts crop quality factors like moisture content, protein levels, and germination rates. Harvesting at the optimum stage is important for both quantity and quality of agricultural crops.
Effect of Intercropping with Soybean on Growth and Yield of Several Promising...AI Publications
Rice is normally cultivated by the farmers under flooded conditions. This study aimed to examine the effect of additive intercropping with soybean on growth and yield of three promising lines of black rice grown on raised-beds under an aerobic irrigation system. The experiment was carried out on an irrigated rice growing area located in Dasan Tebu (-8.653912, 116.130813), West Lombok, Indonesia, from April to August 2021, which was arranged according to Split Plot design, with three blocks and two treatment factors: black-rice genotypes as the main plots (G3, G9, G4/15), and intercropping as the subplots (T0= monocrop and T1= rice-soybean-intercropping). On the intercropping beds, soybean of Dena-1 variety was relay-planted in additive series between double-rows of black-rice at two weeks after seeding of black-rice. Results indicated that intercropping with soybean increased growth and yield components of black rice with an average grain yield of 36.95 g/clump in T1 and 32.63 g/clump in T0. Grain yield was also different between genotypes with the highest grain yield of 39.32 g/clump in G4/15 line. However, the significant interaction between factors on biomass weight indicated that both G9 and G4/15 lines showed positive but G3 negative response to additive intercropping with soybean, which reasons are still unclear and need further investigation, although it seems that the G4/15 line was the most responsive to intercropping with soybean in increasing black-rice grain yield, with the highest grain yield was on G4/15 line intercropped with soybean (42.73 g/clump or 8.55 ton/ha).
Profitability Analysis and Adoption of Improved Box Hive Technology by Small ...AI Publications
Beekeeping is common and one of the agricultural activities used as good source of off-farm income to farmers in Ethiopia in generally, and particularly in the study area. The objectives of the study are to identify determinant of adoption of improved box hive technology and profitability of smallholder farmers in study area. Multi-stage sampling was employed to identify sample respondents. The sample respondents were stratified into adopters and non-adopters of improved box hive. Out of 148 total sample respondents 30 adopters and 118 non-adopters were identified. The data were collected using structured interview schedule, key informant discussion and observation. Partial budgeting technique and econometric models were employed. Partial budgeting result reveals that the beekeepers get financial benefits by adopting improved box hive. The first hurdle result of adoption decision indicated that beekeeping experience, distance to woreda town, frequency of extension contact, sex, age, education status, access to input were significant factors. Further, the second hurdle result of intensity of adoption revealed that frequency of extension contact, livestock holding, age, sex, access to input, family size and labor force were found to be significant factors. Thus, the woreda office of agriculture and rural developments, NGO’s and concerned stockholders should give due attention to these significant variables in the study area to boost improved box hive adoption and its intensity use thereby increase profitability of small holder beekeepers.
This document provides an abstract for a student's M.Sc. thesis analyzing farmers' perceptions of direct-seeded rice in Pakistan. The thesis will study farmers in Shorkot, Jhang who grow rice using direct seeding. Direct seeding uses less water and labor than transplanting rice, but has lower yields currently due to weed problems and lack of suitable herbicides. The student will interview farmers to understand their perceptions and constraints regarding direct seeding rice. The objective is to explore how direct seeding affects rice quality and production yields compared to transplanting.
- The document discusses land utilization and cotton seed selection by farmers in Khandesh region of Maharashtra, India.
- It finds that most farmers in the region grow cotton on small land holdings of less than 5 acres. The majority (94.7%) select BT cotton seeds due to characteristics like higher yield, pest resistance and easy availability.
- Only a small percentage continue using traditional seeds (17.3%) or hybrid seeds (6.7%), with seed selection dependent on characteristics like yield, quality, duration and disease resistance as well as market conditions.
ABSTRACT- Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is an important fiber crop in the world being used in the textile industry and over 90% of cotton grown in the world is upland cotton. An experimental design carried out for integration of earliness genes from sindose-80 to bulgare-557 during 2005 to 2016 in the Department of Botany, University of Pune-India and Agricultural Research Center of Tehran-Iran. The first cross carried out between sindose-80 and bulgare-557 in 2005 and after crossing five years selection was done among segregated population till to F5. In 2011 the second cross carried out as a back cross between the new variety and sindose-80. Five years selection was also done after second cross. In 2016, the new earliness genotype compared with the five native and commercial cotton varieties in RCBD design. The criterion for earliness was a new earliness index of combined picking and day (CPD), which has been presented as a new earliness index in this paper along with EFD and FFT indexes. Mean comparison of traits such as three earliness indexes, boll per plant, micronaire and yield showed priority of the new earliness genotype. Comparison of the three earliness indexes indicated priority of CPD index, which is combined by both time and weight to the two conventional indexes such as EFD and FFT which are showing time and weight affects in the earliness respectively.
Key-words- Earliness, Cotton, Indexes, Gossypium hirsutum, Genotype
India is a major global producer of cotton, occupying the top position in area and second largest in production. Cotton is an important crop for India's large textile industry and provides many jobs. However, cotton farming in India faces issues like high input costs, market uncertainties, and farmer debt and suicides. The crisis is driven by technology like GM cotton seed monopoly and mechanization that reduces quality. In response, the Centre for Sustainable Agriculture has worked on reducing pesticides, developing non-GM varieties through participatory breeding, and establishing decentralized cotton processing units to provide alternatives for farmers. They have also organized farmers cooperatives to market pesticide-free and organic products.
This document summarizes a study on the effectiveness of direct seeded rice on rice production and quality in Tehsil Shorkot, Punjab, Pakistan. Direct seeded rice involves planting rice seeds directly in fields rather than transplanting seedlings, saving water and labor. The study aims to compare direct seeded and transplanted rice on yield, quality, effects on succeeding crops, irrigation methods, varieties used, and constraints faced by farmers. It reviews literature on these topics and describes the materials and methods, which will involve a survey of 80 farmers in Shorkot using purposive sampling and questionnaires.
Agricultural Restructuring in Vietnamese Mekong Delta: Economic Analysis of R...IJEABJ
The study examined the economic analysis of sesame production compliant withagricultural restructuring plan in rural areas of Vietnamese Mekong Delta. Conditional non-probability sampling technique was employed to select 90 respondents who have produced sesame rotationally on rice field in summer-autumn crop season. Primary data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics including percentage, frequency and farm budget model. Gross Margin analysis was used to estimate cost, returns sesame production in the study area. The study revealed that the average cost, revenue, gross margins of production per hectare was 17.60, 37.38 and 20.56 million VND, respectively.Moreover,the average rate of returnsalsoindicated that with every 1,000 VND invested to sesame production, a farmer made a profit of 1,390 VND. As a result, it can be concluded that sesame farming is profitable in the context of agricultural restructuring strategy from rice to other crops in Mekong Delta region. It is recommended that smallholders should take initiative in participation in sesame cooperatives and ‘big field’ model to be more beneficial to inputs price, harvested machine and formal credit in the beginning of each season.
Economic Efficiency Analysis of Smallholder Sorghum Producers in West Harargh...Premier Publishers
The study was aimed at analyzing the economic efficiency of sorghum producing smallholders in West Hareghe zone. It was based on cross-sectional data of 200 sample sorghum producing households randomly selected. The estimation of stochastic frontier production function indicated that labor, DAP fertilizer, area, seed and oxen power affects sorghum yield positively. The estimated results showed that the mean technical, allocative and economic efficiencies were 78.9%, 38.6% and 33.6% respectively which indicates the presence of inefficiency in sorghum production in the study area. Among factors hypothesized to determine the level of efficiencies, frequency of extension contact had positive relationship with technical efficiency and it was negatively related to both allocative and economic efficiencies, while soil fertility was also found to significantly influence technical efficiencies positively and experience has positive relationships with technical efficiency and allocative efficiency and slope significantly affects technical efficiency negatively. The result also indicated that cultivated land was among significant variables in determining technical efficiency and economic efficiency of farmers in the study area. Education was found to significantly determine allocative and economic efficiencies of farmers positively. The result indicated that there is a room to increase the efficiency of sorghum producers in the study area. Therefore, emphasis should be given to improve the efficiency level of those less efficient farmers by adopting and using the best practices of relatively efficient farmers.
economy of production and labor requirement in major fieldIJEAB
Economic analysis is found as the major aspect of measurement of efficiency of a farm. In most cases, this part is lagging in Nepalese farmers. With the objective to find benefit cost ratio of growing different crops, identify profitable crops and estimate labor requirement for cultivation, this case study was performed. The scope of this case study isit helps farmers in selecting the crop comparing the profit and labor available. This study was done as a case study in Kavre district, Nepal. From this research, potato (B: C=2.44) and onion (B: C=1.95) were found the most profitable crops and wheat and maize the least. Labor requirement for onion was highest 643 men/ha and wheat was the lowest i.e. 142 men/ha.
This document summarizes the status and prospects of maize improvement in India according to Sujay Rakshit, Director of ICAR-IIMR, Ludhiana. It notes that India represents 4% of global maize area and 2% of production, ranking 4th in area and 7th in production. Maize area and productivity in India have increased significantly since the 1950s. The document outlines new maize hybrids released, opportunities for maize in non-traditional areas, available resources and technologies, and challenges such as biotic and abiotic stresses. It identifies tasks and priorities for continuing maize improvement in India.
Input output structure of marginal and small farmers an analysisAlexander Decker
- The document analyzes the input-output structure of marginal and small farmers cultivating cereals and pulses in Tuticorin District, Tamil Nadu.
- It finds that marginal farmers were more efficient in their use of inputs like fertilizers and pesticides for cereals. Marginal farmers also achieved higher yields per acre than small farmers for cereals.
- For pulses, marginal farmers had higher operational land holdings between 2-5 acres compared to small farms that tended to be larger, between 5-8 acres. However, both marginal and small farmers had over 65% of operational holdings below 5 acres for pulses.
Advancement in agricultural technologies is seen to result in the shift in production functions. The study was conducted to establish the impact of the improved rice variety on productivity in the Ejura-Sekyedumase and Atebubu-Amantin Municipalities of Ghana. The study was based on the survey of 208 rice farmers using a three-stage stratified sampling method. The study used a structured questionnaire to collect inputoutput data from the rice farmers. Data were analysed using the Cobb-Douglas production function. The study found that the technical change associated with the introduction of the improved rice variety was of the non-neutral type. Further, the adoption of the improved rice variety has increased rice productivity by about 46% for the adopters. The main determinants of productivity for the adopters were seed, land, fertiliser, herbicide, and education. Productivity among the non-adopters was positively influenced by seed, land, herbicide, and fertiliser. The study concluded that the improved rice variety has superior yield advantage. The study recommends for the simultaneous promotion of improved rice varieties and their recommended inputs to increase rice productivity.
Impact of Frontline Demonstration (Fld’s) On Adoption Behavior of Soybean Gro...iosrjce
The main objective of the FLD is to demonstrate newly released crop production and protection
technology and its management practices on the farmer‟s field by the scientists themselves before taking it into
main extension system of State Department of Agriculture under different agro-climatic regions and in real
farming system. Presently the FLDs are mainly conducted through KVKs in all over the country. This is the
mandatory function of KVK to remove lack of knowledge and constraints in the adoption of improved soybean
production technology. Keeping all these views in mind, the present investigation entitled “Study on knowledge
and adoption level of soybean growers through Front Line Demonstrations (FLDs‟) in Ujjain district of M.P.”
For this purpose the data collected on a well prepared interview schedule. through personal interview method
by the investigator. The major findings of the study is majority of the respondents (beneficiaries of FLD
programme and non-beneficiaries) possessed medium level of adoption level. The „t‟ test indicated that there is
a significant difference between scores mean of both the group. Thus, it can be stated that, there is an impact of
FLD programme on the adoption level of the soybean growers.
This document summarizes a study on the profitability and production efficiency of small-scale maize production in Niger State, Nigeria. The study found that maize production was profitable, with an average net farm income of 48,109 Naira per hectare. Production costs were 77.9% of total costs, with labor as the largest cost. The production efficiency index of 2.50 indicated that returns exceeded costs by 150%, showing profitability. While profitable, the study recommended increasing farm size and production to enhance profits further. Improving access to farmland, education, credit, and extension services were also suggested to improve profitability of small-scale maize production in the area.
Dr. Swapan Kumar Datta discusses pulses research and development in India. 111 improved varieties of pulses have been developed along with 6000 demonstrations across the country. There is a need for pod borer resistant GM pigeon pea and chickpea. Lentils are a nutritious grain legume high in protein, carbohydrates, calcium, iron, and folates. Chickpea production in India is projected to increase from 18.5 mt currently to 28 mt by 2020-21 through yield increases of 8.6% annually. Challenges for pulses in India include declining area, low genetic yield potential, biotic and abiotic stresses, and post-harvest losses. The government has implemented several programs
This document discusses crop patterns in India. It provides an overview of different types of cropping patterns including monocropping, crop rotation, sequential cropping, and intercropping. It then discusses dominant crops in India and cropping systems used in irrigated ecosystems. State-wise cropping patterns and the economic factors influencing crop selection are also examined. The document analyzes crop patterns across India and the importance of agriculture to the population.
Evaluation of some morphological and yield component traitsAlexander Decker
This study evaluated the relationship between soybean seed yield and various morphological and yield component traits under different population densities and phosphorus levels over two growing seasons. The results showed that pod weight had the strongest correlation with seed yield per plant (R2=0.998), followed by number of seeds per plant (R2=0.937) and number of pods per plant (R2=0.884). Regression analyses found that yield component traits explained more variation in seed yield (R2=0.999) than morphological traits (R2=0.713). Specifically, pod weight, number of pods, and number of seeds per plant contributed most to determining soybean seed yield. These key traits could be useful for soy
Participatory on farm evaluation of improved bread wheat technologies in some...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated 6 varieties of bread wheat on 27 farmers' fields in 3 districts of southern Ethiopia. Variety and location significantly affected plant height, spike length, seeds per spike, and yield. The highest-yielding variety was Digalu, which farmers in all districts ranked first due to its adaptation, disease resistance, quality, and market value. Variety Tay was also well-adapted and ranked second in 2 districts. However, variety HAR-604 performed poorly and was susceptible to diseases. The study concluded that Digalu can be recommended for all areas, while Tay is suitable for some locations.
This study aims to analyze the technical efficiency of sorghum production by smallholder farmers in Konso district, Southern Ethiopia using cross sectional data collected from a sample of 124 sorghum producing households. Individual levels of technical efficiency scores were estimated using the Cobb-Douglas functional form, which was specified to estimate the stochastic production frontier. The estimated stochastic production frontier model indicated that input variables such as land size, fertilizer (Urea and DAP), human labour, oxen power and chemicals (herbicides or pesticides) found to be important factors in increasing the level of sorghum output in the study area. The result further revealed significant differences in technical efficiency among sorghum producers in the study area. The discrepancy ratio, which measures the relative deviation of output from the frontier level due to inefficiency, was about 90%. The estimated mean levels of technical efficiency of the sample households was about 69%, which shows existence of a possibility to increase the level of sorghum output by about 31% by efficient use of the existing resources. Among the household specific socio-economic and institutional factors hypothesized to affect the level of technical inefficiency, age, education level, family size, off/non-farm activities, extension contact, livestock holding, plots distance and soil fertility status were found to be significant in determining the level of technical inefficiency of sorghum production in the study area. Hence, emphasis should be given to improve the efficiency level of those less efficient households by adopting the practices of relatively efficient households in the study area. Beside this, policies and strategies of the government should be directed towards the above mentioned determinants.
1. The document discusses the effect of harvesting dates on crop yield and quality. It states that harvesting crops at the optimum time is important to maximize yields and minimize losses.
2. Several studies are cited that show highest yields for various crops like groundnuts, barley, and coleus when harvested at specific dates ranging from 98-180 days after planting. Delaying harvest past the optimum date can reduce yields.
3. The timing of harvest also impacts crop quality factors like moisture content, protein levels, and germination rates. Harvesting at the optimum stage is important for both quantity and quality of agricultural crops.
Effect of Intercropping with Soybean on Growth and Yield of Several Promising...AI Publications
Rice is normally cultivated by the farmers under flooded conditions. This study aimed to examine the effect of additive intercropping with soybean on growth and yield of three promising lines of black rice grown on raised-beds under an aerobic irrigation system. The experiment was carried out on an irrigated rice growing area located in Dasan Tebu (-8.653912, 116.130813), West Lombok, Indonesia, from April to August 2021, which was arranged according to Split Plot design, with three blocks and two treatment factors: black-rice genotypes as the main plots (G3, G9, G4/15), and intercropping as the subplots (T0= monocrop and T1= rice-soybean-intercropping). On the intercropping beds, soybean of Dena-1 variety was relay-planted in additive series between double-rows of black-rice at two weeks after seeding of black-rice. Results indicated that intercropping with soybean increased growth and yield components of black rice with an average grain yield of 36.95 g/clump in T1 and 32.63 g/clump in T0. Grain yield was also different between genotypes with the highest grain yield of 39.32 g/clump in G4/15 line. However, the significant interaction between factors on biomass weight indicated that both G9 and G4/15 lines showed positive but G3 negative response to additive intercropping with soybean, which reasons are still unclear and need further investigation, although it seems that the G4/15 line was the most responsive to intercropping with soybean in increasing black-rice grain yield, with the highest grain yield was on G4/15 line intercropped with soybean (42.73 g/clump or 8.55 ton/ha).
Profitability Analysis and Adoption of Improved Box Hive Technology by Small ...AI Publications
Beekeeping is common and one of the agricultural activities used as good source of off-farm income to farmers in Ethiopia in generally, and particularly in the study area. The objectives of the study are to identify determinant of adoption of improved box hive technology and profitability of smallholder farmers in study area. Multi-stage sampling was employed to identify sample respondents. The sample respondents were stratified into adopters and non-adopters of improved box hive. Out of 148 total sample respondents 30 adopters and 118 non-adopters were identified. The data were collected using structured interview schedule, key informant discussion and observation. Partial budgeting technique and econometric models were employed. Partial budgeting result reveals that the beekeepers get financial benefits by adopting improved box hive. The first hurdle result of adoption decision indicated that beekeeping experience, distance to woreda town, frequency of extension contact, sex, age, education status, access to input were significant factors. Further, the second hurdle result of intensity of adoption revealed that frequency of extension contact, livestock holding, age, sex, access to input, family size and labor force were found to be significant factors. Thus, the woreda office of agriculture and rural developments, NGO’s and concerned stockholders should give due attention to these significant variables in the study area to boost improved box hive adoption and its intensity use thereby increase profitability of small holder beekeepers.
This document provides an abstract for a student's M.Sc. thesis analyzing farmers' perceptions of direct-seeded rice in Pakistan. The thesis will study farmers in Shorkot, Jhang who grow rice using direct seeding. Direct seeding uses less water and labor than transplanting rice, but has lower yields currently due to weed problems and lack of suitable herbicides. The student will interview farmers to understand their perceptions and constraints regarding direct seeding rice. The objective is to explore how direct seeding affects rice quality and production yields compared to transplanting.
- The document discusses land utilization and cotton seed selection by farmers in Khandesh region of Maharashtra, India.
- It finds that most farmers in the region grow cotton on small land holdings of less than 5 acres. The majority (94.7%) select BT cotton seeds due to characteristics like higher yield, pest resistance and easy availability.
- Only a small percentage continue using traditional seeds (17.3%) or hybrid seeds (6.7%), with seed selection dependent on characteristics like yield, quality, duration and disease resistance as well as market conditions.
ABSTRACT- Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is an important fiber crop in the world being used in the textile industry and over 90% of cotton grown in the world is upland cotton. An experimental design carried out for integration of earliness genes from sindose-80 to bulgare-557 during 2005 to 2016 in the Department of Botany, University of Pune-India and Agricultural Research Center of Tehran-Iran. The first cross carried out between sindose-80 and bulgare-557 in 2005 and after crossing five years selection was done among segregated population till to F5. In 2011 the second cross carried out as a back cross between the new variety and sindose-80. Five years selection was also done after second cross. In 2016, the new earliness genotype compared with the five native and commercial cotton varieties in RCBD design. The criterion for earliness was a new earliness index of combined picking and day (CPD), which has been presented as a new earliness index in this paper along with EFD and FFT indexes. Mean comparison of traits such as three earliness indexes, boll per plant, micronaire and yield showed priority of the new earliness genotype. Comparison of the three earliness indexes indicated priority of CPD index, which is combined by both time and weight to the two conventional indexes such as EFD and FFT which are showing time and weight affects in the earliness respectively.
Key-words- Earliness, Cotton, Indexes, Gossypium hirsutum, Genotype
India is a major global producer of cotton, occupying the top position in area and second largest in production. Cotton is an important crop for India's large textile industry and provides many jobs. However, cotton farming in India faces issues like high input costs, market uncertainties, and farmer debt and suicides. The crisis is driven by technology like GM cotton seed monopoly and mechanization that reduces quality. In response, the Centre for Sustainable Agriculture has worked on reducing pesticides, developing non-GM varieties through participatory breeding, and establishing decentralized cotton processing units to provide alternatives for farmers. They have also organized farmers cooperatives to market pesticide-free and organic products.
This document provides information about hybrid seed production in cotton. It discusses the types of cotton hybrids including conventional hybrids produced through hand emasculation and pollination, and male-sterility based hybrids which eliminate the emasculation process. The key steps in hybrid seed production are described, including selection of the production site, isolation distances, cultivation of the parental lines, emasculation techniques, and pollination. Factors that affect hybrid seed yield and quality are also covered.
The document is a project proposal for Green Gold Seeds Ltd. to conduct a survey on farmers' and customers' perceptions and acceptance of GM corn in major corn growing areas of Maharashtra. The objectives are to evaluate costs of cultivation, understand awareness of weed/pest management, estimate losses to pests, and derive willingness to pay for GM corn. The survey will use questionnaires to interview 300 farmers and 30 dealers across 3 districts. It will provide insights for Green Gold to develop marketing strategies for GM corn varieties in India.
Performance of Hybrid and Conventional Rice Varieties in Sindhsanaullah noonari
The study was design to compare the economic performance of hybrid and conventional rice production, major
objectives of the study were to asses financial gain from hybrid rice comparing with conventional rice and
Taluka Golarchi was selected for the present study where both on hybrid and conventional rice varieties are
grown, primary data on hybrid and conventional rice was collected from the farmers through personal interviews
with the help of specially designed questionnaire. A simple random sampling technique was used to collect the
data. Statistical approaches used to analysis the data. Total costs per hectare of hybrid rice were 148992.23 Rs
per hectare which were more then conventional rice was 140661.68 Rs per hectactare. Major differences in
hybrid rice production cost are related to higher seed prices, slightly higher land management costs. On an
average higher yield (196.14 monds per hectare) was obtained from hybrid rice while conventional rice yield
(140.14 monds per hectare) was less then hybrid rice. There was 16.64 percent increase in hybrid rice yield
comparing with conventional rice which gives additional income to poor farmers, Price gained per mounds was
almost the same in both activities. High profit was observed in hybrid rice and low profit was obtained in
conventional rice. Most of the farmers focused to grow hybrid rice due to high yield.
Keywords: Rice, performance, hybrid, conventional, varieties, Pakistan
This document summarizes a study on the economic evaluation and risk analysis of integrated pest management (IPM) in cotton production in Sindh, Pakistan. The study analyzed factors affecting IPM adoption, estimated cotton yields for IPM adopters and non-adopters, and estimated risks involved for each group. Regression analyses were used to estimate production functions for adopters and non-adopters. Costs, returns, and risk analyses were then conducted and compared between the two groups. The results showed some input costs and factors like rainfall, temperature, and humidity significantly affected yields differently for adopters versus non-adopters. IPM adoption was found to impact cotton production relationships and yields.
Package of Organic Practices for Cotton, Rice, Red gram, Sugarcane and WheatKlausGroenholm
This document provides an introduction to agriculture in Maharashtra state, India. It notes that Maharashtra is an important agricultural producer, accounting for 13% of India's agricultural area. The state has diverse agro-ecosystems and crops due to variations in rainfall and terrain. Small farmers make up 64% of the rural population but hold only 22% of the land. The state produces 15 million tons of grains annually and supports 67% of its population through agriculture, making it an important economic sector.
Farmers perception on production constraints, trait preference and variety se...Innspub Net
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) production in Kenya is mainly practiced on a small scale and productivity per hectare is lower compared with the world average, despite its promotion in different regions. The chickpea adoption rate is also relatively slow, despite its benefits. This study investigated farmers’ production constraints, preferred traits, and selection criteria for specific varieties to generate information that can assist in the development of new varieties, which can be more readily adopted by farmers. A participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) through Focus Group Discussions (FGD) was conducted in Bomet and Embu counties of Kenya. The direct ranking was used to identify farmers’ constraints to chickpea production, preferred traits, and specific chickpea varieties based on preference. The collected data was analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. Farmers’ responses indicated that the major production constraints were pests and disease infestations, drought, lack of early-maturing varieties, lack of market, and lack of information on chickpea production and utilization. The farmers reported that they preferred ICCV 97105, ICCV 92944, and ICCV 00108 due to high yielding, drought tolerant, early maturing, and pest and disease resistance. Farmers in both counties also had a higher preference for Desi than Kabuli chickpea types because of tolerance to drought and disease resistance and that its testa does not peel off when cooked. This study revealed farmer-preferred traits in varieties they would want to grow. Breeders should aim at developing varieties with multiple traits for increased chickpea adoption and production in Kenya.
Economic Evaluation and Risk Analysis ofIntegrated Pest Management (IPM) in C...sanaullah noonari
Cotton is the important cash crop of Pakistan and a
major source of foreign earnings. However cotton crop is
facing many problems, such as disease and pest attacks. One
way to reduce losses caused by disease and pest attack is the
use integrated pest management (IPM) practices. Keeping in
view the importance of this technique, the present study
analyzed the adoption of IPM along with estimation of risk
involved in the adoption process. To estimate the cotton yield,
two types of production functions (one for adopter and other
for non-adopters) were estimated using the regression
analysis. Then estimate of regression models was used further
in risk analysis. The results of non-adopters of IPM showed
that cost of urea bags, cost of nitro-phosphate bags, cost of
herbicide and rainfall were -0.038, 0.00475, 0.301 and 0.164
respectively and all of these significant at 10 percent level. For
non-adopters of IPM the coefficient values of seed
expenditure, temperature, humidity and spray cost were
0.0035, 0.026,-.0.00093 and 0.00027 respectively. The results
of IPM adopters showed that coefficient of temperature, seed
expenditure, spray cost, urea cost and rainfall equal to
0.0305,0.100,0.0029,-.000213 and 0.894 respectively and
significant at ten percent level. Coefficient values of cost of
nitro-phosphate bags, herbicide cost, humidity were 0.00035,
0.100.-0.000671 and -0.000445 respectively.
Bt cotton was introduced in India in 2002 and widely adopted by farmers, reaching 92% of cotton area by 2013. This led to significant impacts. Yields increased 24-28% due to bollworm resistance. Pesticide use decreased 43-50% for bollworms but increased for other pests. Production increased, lowering cotton prices 3%. However, input costs increased, reducing farmer profits. The document reviews research on Bt cotton impacts in various regions and cropping systems in India and calls for further research and development efforts to improve yields, reduce costs, and meet consumer demands.
Measuring the cost of production and returns of hyv boro rice farmers :A stud...Kanok Chowdhury
This study is on the measurement of the cost and return of HYV boro rice farmers in comilla district. This study contributes to a better understanding of the factors that influence financial and economic profitability of HYV boro rice. In addition, this study highlights how cost of labor and commodities used in agriculture affect profitability and production of HYV boro rice crop in comilla district.
Cotton Scenario of India by vikram rana, DMI, PatnaVikram Rana
Cotton is one of the most important cash crops for India. It is the second largest producer and consumer of cotton globally after China. India accounts for 26% of the world's cotton area and 36% of production. The cotton industry is a major contributor to the Indian economy, providing livelihoods for millions of farmers and others. However, Indian cotton yields remain lower than other major producers like the US. Various government initiatives aim to improve cotton productivity, quality and farmer incomes through contract farming, demonstrations of best practices, and the Technology Mission on Cotton. While organic cotton production remains low in India, there is scope for growth in this sector to meet increasing demand from international retailers.
The document discusses sample size requirements for assessing statistical moments (measures of central tendency like mean and measures of dispersion like standard deviation) of simulated crop yield distributions from crop growth models.
- A minimum sample size of 15 years of simulated crop yields is sufficient to estimate average crop yields with less than 10% relative error at 95% confidence.
- For symmetric yield distributions, sample sizes of 200 and 1,500 yield observations are needed to estimate the standard deviation and skewness, respectively. More asymmetric distributions require larger sample sizes for standard deviation but smaller sizes for skewness.
- The study provides guidance on minimum sample sizes required to accurately analyze statistics from simulated crop yield data under different climate and soil conditions using crop
This document summarizes information about Bt cotton cultivation in India. It states that over 10 million hectares of Bt cotton were cultivated in India in 2012, accounting for 93% of total cotton cultivation. Bt cotton farmers have seen yield increases of 34-42% and cost savings of 31-52% compared to traditional cotton farmers. However, total production costs of Bt cotton are 15% higher. It also notes that India has become the second largest cotton producer globally partly due to Bt cotton.
This document summarizes information about Bt cotton cultivation in India. It states that over 10 million hectares of Bt cotton were cultivated in India in 2012, accounting for 93% of total cotton cultivation. Bt cotton farmers spend 31-52% less on insecticides and achieve 34-42% higher yields than non-Bt cotton farmers. However, the total production cost of Bt cotton is 15% higher. Despite the higher costs, Bt cotton farmer incomes are 53-71% higher. Bt cotton has led to India becoming the second largest cotton producer globally.
Organic cotton refers to cotton that is grown using methods and materials that have a low impact on the environment. The cultivation of organic cotton avoids the use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, relying instead on natural processes to maintain soil fertility and control pests. Here are some key aspects of organic cotton:
No Synthetic Chemicals: One of the main principles of organic cotton farming is the exclusion of synthetic chemicals such as pesticides and fertilizers. Instead, farmers use natural alternatives to manage pests and enrich the soil.
Non-GMO Seeds: Organic cotton is typically grown from non-genetically modified (GMO) seeds. This means that the seeds used for planting are not genetically engineered.
Crop Rotation and Polyculture: Organic cotton farming often involves practices like crop rotation and polyculture, which help maintain soil health and biodiversity.
Reduced Water Usage: While organic cotton does not necessarily mandate specific water-use practices, some organic cotton farms adopt water-efficient irrigation methods. Additionally, avoiding synthetic chemicals can contribute to water conservation by preventing pollution of water sources.
Certification: To be labeled as organic, cotton farms must adhere to certain standards and obtain certification from recognized organic farming certification bodies. This certification ensures that the cotton has been produced according to specific organic farming practices.
Environmental Benefits: Organic cotton farming aims to minimize the environmental impact of cotton cultivation by promoting healthier ecosystems, reducing soil erosion, and avoiding the negative effects associated with the use of synthetic chemicals.
Social Aspects: Some organic cotton initiatives also consider social aspects, including fair labor practices and community well-being.
Consumers who choose products made from organic cotton often do so because they are concerned about the environmental and social impacts of conventional cotton farming. It's important to note that while organic cotton has environmental benefits, it may not be a panacea, and other factors such as transportation and processing methods also contribute to the overall environmental footprint of cotton products.
Organic cotton is commonly used in the production of various textiles, including clothing, bedding, and other household items. The demand for organic cotton has grown in response to increasing awareness of sustainable and environmentally friendly consumer choices.
This document provides information on organic cotton production. It discusses soil fertility practices for organic systems, including crop rotation, cover cropping, and additions of animal manure and rock powders. Weed management uses a combination of cultivation, flame weeding, and other cultural practices. Insect management employs techniques like trap cropping, strip cropping, and border vegetation to encourage beneficial insects, as well as certain biopesticides. The document also addresses specific pest management strategies, diseases of cotton, defoliation methods, and marketing and economics of organic cotton.
This document provides an overview of organic cotton production practices including soil fertility, weed management, insect management, and diseases. Specific practices discussed for soil fertility include crop rotation, cover cropping, animal manure additions, and rock powders. Weed management is accomplished through cultivation and cultural practices. Insect management uses trap cropping, strip cropping, border vegetation, and biopesticides. The document also discusses strategies for specific insect pests and diseases, as well as defoliation, marketing, and economics of organic cotton.
This document provides an overview of organic cotton production practices, including soil fertility management, weed control, insect and disease management, and marketing. Specific practices discussed for soil fertility include crop rotation, cover cropping, animal manure additions, and use of naturally occurring rock powders. Weed management is accomplished through cultivation, flame weeding, and other cultural practices. Insect and disease management relies on trap cropping, strip cropping, beneficial insect habitat management, and certain biopesticides. Organic cotton production is challenging but can be profitable with the right strategies and commitment to organic practices.
Economic Evaluation and Risk Analysis of Integrated Pestsanaullah noonari
Cotton is the important cash crop of Pakistan and a major source of foreign earnings.
However cotton crop is facing many problems, such as disease and pest attacks. One way to
reduce losses caused by disease and pest attack is the use integrated pest management (IPM)
practices. Keeping in view the importance of this technique, the present study analyzed the
adoption of IPM along with estimation of risk involved in the adoption process. To estimate the
cotton yield, two types of production functions (one for adopter and other for non-adopters) were
estimated using the regression analysis. Then estimate of regression models was used further in
risk analysis. The results of non-adopters of IPM showed that cost of urea bags, cost of nitrophosphate
bags, cost of herbicide and rainfall were -0.038, 0.00475, 0.301 and 0.164
respectively and all of these significant at 10 percent level.
Keywords: cotton, IPM, herbicide, evaluation, risk, coefficient, hyderabad
Economic Analysis of Poultry Egg Production in Quetta Districtsanaullah noonari
The poultry sector is one of the most organized and vibrant segments of the agriculture industry of Pakistan. This
sector generates direct and indirect employment and income for about 1.5 million people. Its contribution in agriculture
and livestock is 6.4 percent and 11.5 percent, respectively. Pakistan has been producing 10,000 million table eggs and
1,196 metric tons of chicken meat annually. Thus the egg poultry (layers) farmers in district Quetta, Baluchistan are
incurred total expenditures of Rs.526950.00 per farm, respectively. However, the selected egg poultry farmers paid
equipments of expenditures of Rs.73450.00 per farm, expenditures rearing Rs.151500.00. The labour cost paid by the
selected egg poultry farmers was Rs.100000.00 per farm. As far as marketing expenses are concerned the selected
egg poultry farmers incurred Rs.162000.00 per farm. Thus the selected tomato growers in district Quetta, Baluchistan
incurred a total average cost of production of Rs.526950.00 per farm. It was also observed that the selected egg
poultry farmers in the Quetta, Baluchistan area earned a total physical productivity of per 1000 bird farm (18 dozen
eggs/bird for 900 birds, 900 spent hens weighing 1.5 kg each) and earned a gross income of Rs.1430200.00 per farm.
It was further estimated that the selected egg poultry farmers after incurring all expenditure and sale of produce earned
net income of Rs.71133.00 per farm at a benefit cost ratio of 1:0.81. High profit was observed in poultry egg farming
in Quetta.
Women labour participation of agricultural production in sindh pakistansanaullah noonari
This study was conducted to investigate the economics analysis of women labour participation in agricultural
production in Mirpurkhas, Sindh during 2013. The results of the study showed that that the women labourers got
maximum employment in agriculture during kharif (67 days) and rabi season (53 days). The women labourers
got 120 days of employment in agriculture in a year. The labourers got maximum number of days of
employment in weeding (64 days) followed by harvesting and post harvest operations (34 days). They received
wages in cash for all operations except harvest and post harvest operations. They worked for 7-8 hours a day.
The women labourers had maximum unemployed days in summer (120 days) as this is the off season for
agriculture in the study area. Their family consumption expenditure, their savings and debt position is presented
the average debit amount was Rs.3100.00 in kharif . It increased in Rabi Rs. 4700.00. The impact of seasonal
woman unemployment in agriculture on the income of the labourers, their family consumption expenditure, their
savings and debt position .That the during kharif season the labourers got on an average Rs. 19700.00 as income.
But during rabi they received only Rs. 18000.00 as income from wage earnings in agriculture .The expenditure
on food item was on an average Rs. 10300.00during kharif . It reduced by 13.94 per cent during rabi 8300.00.
The expenditure on non-food items also decreased from Rs. 7500.00 to Rs. 62000.00. The change was
Rs.1300.The lack of employment opportunities in agriculture during off season compelled the women labourers
to seek alternative employment sources like activities, construction works, tile making etc. The seasonal woman
unemployment in agriculture has caused a severe impact on the income of labourers, family expenditure, their
savings and debt position.
Keywords: Women labour, Agriculture
Women labour participation of agricultural production in sindh pakistansanaullah noonari
This study was conducted to investigate the economics analysis of women labour participation in agricultural
production in Mirpurkhas, Sindh during 2013. The results of the study showed that that the women labourers got
maximum employment in agriculture during kharif (67 days) and rabi season (53 days). The women labourers
got 120 days of employment in agriculture in a year. The labourers got maximum number of days of
employment in weeding (64 days) followed by harvesting and post harvest operations (34 days). They received
wages in cash for all operations except harvest and post harvest operations. They worked for 7-8 hours a day.
The women labourers had maximum unemployed days in summer (120 days) as this is the off season for
agriculture in the study area. Their family consumption expenditure, their savings and debt position is presented
the average debit amount was Rs.3100.00 in kharif . It increased in Rabi Rs. 4700.00. The impact of seasonal
woman unemployment in agriculture on the income of the labourers, their family consumption expenditure, their
savings and debt position .That the during kharif season the labourers got on an average Rs. 19700.00 as income.
But during rabi they received only Rs. 18000.00 as income from wage earnings in agriculture .The expenditure
on food item was on an average Rs. 10300.00during kharif . It reduced by 13.94 per cent during rabi 8300.00.
The expenditure on non-food items also decreased from Rs. 7500.00 to Rs. 62000.00. The change was
Rs.1300.The lack of employment opportunities in agriculture during off season compelled the women labourers
to seek alternative employment sources like activities, construction works, tile making etc. The seasonal woman
unemployment in agriculture has caused a severe impact on the income of labourers, family expenditure, their
savings and debt position.
Keywords: Women labour, Agriculture
Estimating productivity gap and contribution of wheat productionsanaullah noonari
Shaheed Benazirabad farmers were divided into groups named high yield group, medium yield group and low
yield group. The farmers applied an average of 45.27 kg, 45.82 kg and45.18 kg seed per acre respectively.
Though, there is not a very large difference in average seed used by both farmer groups but the later used less
quantity of wheat seed per acre to some extent. The impact of different factors on these groups was measured
through multiple liner regression models. It was found that there exists a yield gap of 17.84 mounds per acre
between high yield group and research station. The yield gap between medium and high group was 8.02 Mds per
acre while the yield gap between medium group and low yield group was 5.93 Mds per acre. The standard error
of estimates F-statics and R-square for high yield group was 0.0623, 2.470 and 0.398 respectively, for medium
yield group 0.0314, 3.231 and 0.486 respectively and for low yield group 0.056, 1.342 and 0.345 respectively.
The other objective of the study was to calculate the growth rate of wheat in District Shaheed Benazirabad
Sindh. The exponential function was used to calculate the growth rate. It was found during study that the growth
rate of wheat in Pakistan was 2.59%, 2.94% growth of wheat in Sindh and in District Shaheed Benazirabad was -
1.17%, 9.75% respectively.
Keywords: Wheat, Productivity, yield gap, F-statics, R-square, Benazirabad, Pakistan.
Efficiency analysis of islamic banking in hderabad city sindhsanaullah noonari
Interest (Riba) is stringently prohibited in Islam. It is very difficult task to transform a Riba based economy into
non-interested based economy. This transformation of economy can take place slowly. Development of Islamic
banking industry shows that is growing very rapidly. This study will help to estimate the efficiency of Islamic
banking in Hyderabad by applying Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Technical, cost and income efficiency
will be calculated through DEA. Tobit model will also be applied to investigate the influence of different factors
on efficiencies of Islamic banks. Average technical efficiency score of Islamic banking under constant (variable)
return to scale was 0.837 (0.929), 0.774 (0.943) and 0.913 (0.967) respectively in 2010, 2011 and 2012. Islamic
bank should increase assets and profits which have positive impact on efficiency, while liabilities and no of
branches had negative impact on efficiency. Average cost efficiency score of Islamic banking under constant
(variable) return to scale was 0.623 (0.730), 0.621 (0.854) and 0.879 (0.929) respectively in 2010, 2011 and
2012. Average income efficiency score of Islamic banking under constant (variable) return to scale was
0.365(0.614), 0.387(0.709) and 0.416(0.687) respectively in 2010, 2011 and 2012. The efficiency of Islamic
banks is increasing day by day in Hyderabad Sindh.
Keywords: Islamic banking, Riba, Interest, technical efficiency, profits, Hyderabad
Energy consumption pattern in wheat production in sindhsanaullah noonari
Wheat (Triticum aestivium L.) is the main staple food for most of the population and largest grain source o the
country. It occupies the central position in formulating agricultural policies. It contributes 13.1 percent to the
value added in agriculture and 2.7 percent to GDP. Area and production target of wheat for the year 2012-13 had
been set at 9045 thousand hectares and 25 million tons, respectively. Wheat was cultivated on an area of 8805
thousands hectares, showing a decrease of 3.6 percent over last year’s area of 9132 thousand hectares. However,
a bumper wheat crop of 24.2 million tons has been estimated with 3.9 percent increase over the last year’s crop
of 23.3 million tons. The prospects for wheat harvest improved with healthy fertilizer off-take and reasonable
rainfall during pre-harvesting period. Energy is a necessary of life for human beings all over the world due to its
function in strengthening the security and contentment of the people. Energy demand is growing with the
passage of time due to infrastructural and industrial development. Energy is required to perform all the human
activities. It is need for food preparation, water heating and cooling, for lighting, for production of goods etc.
The study was focused on all types of energy (fossil fuels, chemicals, animals dung, animate etc). A sample of
60 farmers was selected from study area. A pre tested questioner was used to collect data from selected
respondents through personal interviews. Descriptive statistics and Cobb-Douglas production function was
applied to analyze the data. Result shows that wheat farmer achieved highest amount of net energy which was
calculated as small, medium and large farmers is 1368336.88, 1698003.79 and1702527.75 MJ/acre respectively.
In production of wheat large, medium and small farmers achieve amount of net energy which was calculated
41525.06, 38590.99, 39095.33 MJ/acre. The impact of various energy inputs on yield was studied. The share of
various energy types in total cost of production was estimated. Commercial energy (diesel and electricity)
consumed highest amount of energy in production of wheat.
Comparative economic analysis of organic and inorganic wheatsanaullah noonari
The production of wheat crop for the year 2012-13 is estimated to be 24.2 million tons against last year’s
production of 23.4 million tons. The major reasons for this enhanced production were increase in support price
from Rs.1050 to Rs.1200 per 40 Kg which encouraged improved seed usage and fertilizers. There was also better
weather and comparatively more water available from the reservoirs. The target for wheat production for 2013-
14 has been fixed at 25.0 million tons. The fertilizer has raised the expenses of the inorganic farmers, which are
not, used in organic farming. Cash cost in case of organic and inorganic farming is Rs. 23053.00 and 25846.00
respectively. The non-cash cost of organic and inorganic are Rs.19389.65 and 18815.10 respectively. Total cost
is the combination of cash and non-cash costs that is Rs.42442.65 and 44661.00 in organic and inorganic
farming. Gross margin (GM) is obtained by subtracting the cash cost from the gross value of product. GM is
Rs.33142.65 and 36182.00 in organic and inorganic farming system. Net income is obtained by subtracting the
total cost from the gross value of product. It is Rs.13752.35 and Rs.17367.00 in organic and inorganic farming,
respectively showing a difference of Rs.2615.35. The analysis shows that low net income in organic farming
than the inorganic farming is due to the low yield and high labor cost in organic system. Secondly health and
environmental costs are not included in the analysis, because in the study site farmers are unaware of these costs.
Keywords: Wheat, organic, Inorganic, support price, environmental costs, Pakistan
impact of microcredit on agricultural development in Sindh Pakistansanaullah noonari
Abstract- Balochistan Rural Support Programme (BRSP) is a non-governmental organization working in
rural areas of Balochistan province since 1983. Its head office is situated in Quetta, Baluchistan, Pakistan,
sub-office is located in Islamabad, and a number of district offices are located in various districts of
Balochistan. It is clear that majority of the respondents 90 percent of the sample were male and 10
percent were females in district Mastung Balochistan. The respondents 86.66 percent had availed the
loan facility only for once and that too for the first time. 11.66 percent had availed this facility twice and
only 11.66 percent of them took loan three times. The respondents 40.00% were 25000, 16.66% were
40000.00, 20.00% were 50000.00, 13.33% were 60000.00 and 10.00% were above 80000.00 rupees
amount loans. 30.00% were get for seed, 23.33% were Pesticide, 26.66% were Fertilizer and 16.66% were
Others purposes.
Keywords: BRSP, impact of microcredit, agricultural development.
Comparative Economics Analysis of the Bt. Cotton V/SConventional Cotton Produ...sanaullah noonari
Abstract: Cotton is an important cash crop which covers 35 million hectares of land. Major objectives of the study were to
examine the role of determinants of cotton yield to asses’ financial gain from Bt.cotton comparing with conventional Cotton.
District Khairpur was selected for the present study where both Bt.cotton and conventional cotton varieties are grown primary
data on Bt. cotton and conventional cotton was collected from the farmers through personal interviews with the help of
specially designed questionnaire. A simple random sampling technique was used to collect the data. Cobb-Douglas production
function was used for yield analysis. Logit model was used to find the probability of Bt.cotton. Farmers growing Bt. cotton
who had used seed rate (6-8) kg per acre were 46.66 percent, while 53.33 percent had used seed rate (9-10) kg per acre.
Conventional cotton who had used seed rate (6-8) kg per acre was 66.66 percent while 33.33 percent had used seed rate (9-10)
kg per acre. Total costs per acre in Bt.cotton sown were greater than the conventional Cotton activities, total costs incurred in
the conventional cotton were far lower (about 26 percent lower) than Bt.cotton. On an average higher yield (40 mounds per
acre) was obtained in Bt.cotton sown than conventional cotton yield (25 mounds per acre). Price gained per mounds was
almost the same in two cotton activities. Higher profit was observed in Bt. cotton and very low profit was obtained in
conventional cotton.
Keywords: Cotton, conventional, Bt. Technology, Resource Use Efficiency, Decomposition of Output Change, Sindh
Analysis of Rice Profitability and Marketing Chain: A CaseStudy of District S...sanaullah noonari
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate rice profitability and marketing in taluka Pano Akil district Sukkur
Sindh. This study was based on primary data, which was collected from rice farming in study area. Analysis was done by using
statistical technique like means, comparison of means and frequency distribution etc. Results shows rice farmer’s on average
per acre spent a total cost of production of Rs.41910.00, this included Rs.15200.00, Rs.2350.00, Rs.2900.00, Rs.7460.00,
Rs.7400.00 and Rs.6600.00 on fixed cost, Land preparation, Seed and sowing, Farm inputs, Harvesting and threshing
marketing costs respectively on capital inputs. Rice farmers on average per acre gross return of Rs.80200.00, Rs.70200.00 on
rice grain and Rs.10000.00 on straw in taluka Pano Akil district Sukkur Sindh. The rice farmers on an average per acre earned
during study, Rs.38290.00 on net income, Rs.80200.00 on gross income and Rs.41910.00 on total expenditure in taluka Pano
Akil district Sukkur Sindh. Rice farmers on an average per acre gross income Rs.108400.00 and total expenditure is
Rs.68310.00 in taluka Pano Akil district Sukkur Sindh area therefore they availed input output ratio of 1: 1.58 from rice
growing in the study area. The selected rice farmers on a net income per acre earned Rs.38290.00and total expenditure
Rs.41910.00 in taluka Pano Akil district Sukkur Sindh area therefore, they availed input output ratio of 1:0.91 from rice
growing in the study area.
Keywords: Rice, Profitability, Marketing Costs, Net Returns, Cost-Benefit Ratio
Impact of Microcredit on Agricultural Development in pakistansanaullah noonari
Balochistan Rural Support Programme (BRSP) is a non-governmental organization working in rural areas of
Balochistan province since 1983. Its head office is situated in Quetta, Baluchistan, Pakistan, sub-office is located
in Islamabad, and a number of district offices are located in various districts of Balochistan. It is clear that
majority of the respondents 90 percent of the sample were male and 10 percent were females in district Mastung
Balochistan. The respondents 86.66 percent had availed the loan facility only for once and that too for the first
time. 11.66 percent had availed this facility twice and only 11.66 percent of them took loan three times. The
respondents 40.00% were 25000, 16.66% were 40000.00, 20.00% were 50000.00, 13.33% were 60000.00 and
10.00% were above 80000.00 rupees amount loans. 30.00% were get for seed, 23.33% were Pesticide, 26.66%
were Fertilizer and 16.66% were Others purposes. 93.33% respondents believe that micro-credit is the reason for
increased agriculture production. 6.66% respondents think that micro-credit has no effect on the agricultural
production. 76.66% said that micro-credit plays a positive role in agricultural development. The 81.66%
respondents have improvement in their household living standards due to the microcredit facility and 18.33%
respondents said that micro-credit has no improvement in HH living standard.81.66% of the respondents and
18.33% respondents said that micro-credit has no improvement in food/diet standard.83.33 % of the respondents
and 16.66% respondents said that micro-credit has no change health status. 26.66% respondents said that the
BRSP staff behavior was satisfactory to some extent and 6.66% say not at all.100% received lump sum amount
for agricultural purpose.70.00% respondents were returning the credit amount biannually and 30.00%
respondents were returning the credit amount monthly .61.66% of the respondents repaying of microcredit was
easy and they were repaying the microcredit easily. For 38.33% respondents the repayment of microcredit was
not easy.100.00% respondent’s perception regarding loan amount was that it should be increased for the
betterment of farmers and for more productive results in agricultural development
Net External Liabilities and Economic Growth: A Case Study of pakistansanaullah noonari
This document discusses the relationship between net external liabilities and economic growth in Pakistan from 1973-2012. It finds that net external liabilities, education enrollment, exports, and gross capital formation are positively associated with GDP growth, while the relationship between debt service and growth was insignificant. The document also reviews previous literature on the impact of external debt on economic growth, discusses the variables and data used in the analysis, and presents the results of unit root tests of the time series data.
Economics Analysis of Mango Orchard Production underContract Farming in Taluk...sanaullah noonari
Abstract
The present study has been designed to investigate cost of production, and returns per acre of mango fruit. A
sample of 60 mango farmers was taken purposively from various villages in taluka Tando Adam district Sanghar
Sindh Pakistan. The objective was to work out benefit cost ratio and net present worth of growing mango
orchard. The mango growers in study area on average per farm spent a sum of Rs. 38000.00. This included Rs.
6000.00 for loading, Rs. 16000.00 for transportation and Rs. 6000.00 of unloading respectively in the study area.
The mango grower in the study area on average per acre spent a total cost of production of Rs. 203762.00 this
included Rs.80000.00, Rs.28847.00, Rs.56915.00 and Rs.38000.00 on fixed cost, labour costs, Capital Inputs
and marketing costs respectively in the study area. It is clear form the result each mango grower in the study area
obtained per acre233 Mds on an average. On revenue an average per acre earned of Rs. 291250.00 that obtained
by the grower of mango in the study area. Thus the mango growers on an average per acre earned during study,
Rs. 87488.00 on net income, Rs. 291250.00 on gross income and Rs. 203762.00 on total expenditure in the study
area. the selected mango growers on an average per acre gross income Rs. 291250.00 and total expenditure is Rs.
203762.00 in the study area therefore they availed input output ratio of 1:1.42 from mango growing in the study
area. Mango growers on a net income per acre earned Rs. 87488.00 and total expenditure Rs. 203762.00 in the
study area therefore they availed input output ratio of 1:0.42 from mango growing in the study area.
Comparative Economic Analysis of Hybrid Tomato v/sConventional Tomato Product...sanaullah noonari
The present study was conducted in district Tando Allahyar Sindh to assess the economic analysis of tomato
production and changes in socio-economic status of the farmers. Thus the tomato farmers in study area incurred
that on an average per Farm spent a sum total fixed cost was 20900.00 Rs/acre in Hybrid tomato and total fixed
cost was 20900.00 Rs/acre in Conventional tomato. Total fixed cost includes Land Rent, Land tax, and water
charges and total variable costs for Hybrid tomato were (64420.00 Rs/Acre) while in conventional tomato the
total variable costs ware (61620.00 Rs/Acre). On an average higher yield was obtained in hybrid tomato 94.00
Mds /acre from Hybrid tomato while 76.00 Mds /acre average obtained by conventional tomato. As for prices
concerned, the Hybrid and Conventional tomato growers received Rs. 1520.00/ Mds and Rs. 1480.00/ Mds
respectively. Total revenue of tomato production was calculated and found that hybrid tomato growers received
Rs. 142880.00/acre, while conventional tomato growers Rs. 112480.00 /acre. The tomato growers in selected
study area who cultivates Hybrid tomato obtained higher gross revenue (Rs.142880.00Per/acre), whereas gross
margin of conventional tomato growers who seem to be lower (Rs. 112480.00Per/acre). The Net Return of
tomato production was calculated and found that Hybrid tomato growers received higher Net Return which was
(57560.00 Rs/acre), where as Net Return of Conventional tomato grower who seem to be lower (29960.00
Rs/acre). Therefore they availed in hybrid farms input output ratio of 1:1.67, cost benefit ratio of 1:0.67while
1:1.36 input output ratio and 1:0.36 from conventional tomato farmers in the study area.
Keywords: Tomato, hybrid, conventional, net return, cost benefit ratio, Tando Allahyar.
Abstract
Pakistan grows high quality rice including Fine and Course grain varieties, coarse grain varieties are early
maturing while fine grain varieties are late maturing. Both fine and coarse grain varieties have Hybrid and
Conventional Rice varieties which are high quality rice to fulfill domestic demand and also for exports. The
study was design to compare the economic analysis of Hybrid and Conventional Rice production, major
objectives of the study were to asses’ financial gain from Hybrid Rice comparing with Conventional Rice and
Taluka Golarchi was selected for the present study where both on Hybrid and Conventional Rice varieties are
grown, primary data on Hybrid and Conventional Rice was collected from the farmers through personal
interviews with the help of specially designed questionnaire. A simple random sampling technique was used to
collect the data. Cobb-Douglas production function was used for yield analysis. Total costs per acre of Hybrid
Rice were 62010.87 Rs/Acre which were more than Conventional Rice was 56972.09 Rs/Acre. Major
differences in hybrid rice production cost are related to higher seed prices, slightly higher land management costs.
On an average higher yield (79.41monds per acre) was obtained from Hybrid Rice while Conventional Rice
yield (59.74monds per acre) was less then Hybrid Rice. There was 14.14% increase in Hybrid Rice yield
comparing with conventional Rice which gives additional income to poor farmers, Price gained per mounds was
almost the same in both activities. High profit was observed in Hybrid Rice and low profit was obtained in
conventional Rice. Most of the farmers focused to grow Hybrid Rice due to high yield.
Keywords: Rice, Economics Analysis, Production and Marketing.
Economic Analysis of Henna Cultivation and Marketing in Sindh Pakistansanaullah noonari
The results of present study conducted to determine the majority 75.00 percent henna plant growers were
engaged in farming, 10.00 percent henna plant growers have were engaged in labour and 15.00 percent henna
plant growers have were engaged in the job/ business like having shopkeeper, govt. job and private jobs in the
study area. In this study the 81.66 percent henna plant growers were used canal water and only 38.33 percent
henna plant growers were used tube well water in the study area. An average per/acre area of fixed cost the
Rs.12700.00 on which includes on an average per acre henna plant growers spent for Zaria tax and usher
Rs.700.00 and rent of land Rs. 12000.00. And Rs.7150.00 on an average per/acre area of land development cost
which includes on an average per acre henna plant growers spent for PloughingRs.3450.00, land leveling
Rs.2500.00 and ridge making Rs.1200.00 in study area. The selected henna grower in the study area on average
per acre spent a total cost of production of Rs.67194.00. This included Rs.12700.00, Rs.7150.00, Rs.13100.00,
Rs.7700.00 and Rs.26444.00 on fixed cost, land development cost, marketing costs and input costs respectively.
Thus the henna growers in the study area obtained per acre 76 Mds on an average and revenue per acre earned of
Rs.121600.00 that obtained by the grower of henna. The henna growers on an average per acre earned during
study, Rs.54406.00 on net income, Rs.121600.00 on gross income and Rs.67194.00 on total expenditure. Thus
the henna growers in Tharoshah district Naushahero Feroze Sindh area on a gross income Rs.121600.00 and
total expenditure is Rs.67194.00 in the study area therefore they availed input output ratio of 1:1.80 and a net
income per acre earned Rs.54406.00 and total expenditure Rs.67094.00 in the study area therefore they availed
input output ratio of 1:0.80 respectably.
Keywords: Henna, Mehndi, Zaria tax, capital Inputs, expenditure, Naushahero Feroze
Economic Analysis of Apple Orchards Production in Balochistan Pakistansanaullah noonari
Balochistan has the largest area under fruits in Pakistan as nearly one million tons of fruits are annually produced
from 0.23 million hectares and production is 32.6 percent. Mastung district of Balochistan province is the centre
of apple production on Pakistan’s. Mastung has over other apple producing regions is the ability to produce
highly colored apples due to the cool evening temperatures in late summer and the fall combined with good light
diffusion. Farming experience of Apple growers up to 10 years; they had 41.66%, 11-20 years of apple farming
experience had 13.33%, 21-30 years of apple farming experience possessed 25.00% of apple farming. Similarly,
farmers with more than 30 years of apple farming experience had 20.00% of apple farming. An average per acre
apple growers spent for rent of land Rs. 42800.00 in district Mastung Balochistan during the 2013. the Rs.
19351.50 on an average per/acre area of labour input which includes Rs. 1322.00 on Irrigation, Thinning Rs.
1761.33, Weeding Rs. 700.00, Chemicals /Spray trees Rs. 672.96, soaking Rs.613.58, Machine operating costs
Rs. 5600.00, Paint trees Rs. 954.00, Application of FYM, Rs. 689.88, picked fruit/Cutting/ harvesting, Rs.
1897.02 and Miscellaneous Rs. 5140.73 respectively in the study area. that each selected apple grower of
Mastung on an average per acre of apple spent a sum of Rs. 34771.00 that included Rs. 4471.42, Rs. 4133.45,
and Rs. 5250.00 Rs. 8457.65 Rs.3871.42 Rs. 5239.83 Rs. 2114.45 and Rs. 1233.83 on Irrigate: (water) , F.Y.M,
Fertilizer/ Urea, Insecticide/Pesticides, Packing Material, Fuel - Diesel , Spray machine , Machinery repair
respectively. the selected apple grower in Mustang Balochistan area on average per acre spent a total cost of
production of Rs. 120094.84 during 2013 this included Rs. 42800.00, 21690.58, Rs.34771.00 and Rs. 20834.26
on fixed cost, labour costs marketing costs respectively on capital inputs. Apple growers in Mastung Balochistan
area on revenue per acre earned of Rs. 268800.00 that obtained by the grower of apple. An average per acre
earned during study, Rs. 148705.00 on net income, Rs. 268800.00 on gross income and Rs. 120094.58 on total
expenditure in the Mastung Balochistan. the selected apple growers on an net income per acre earned Rs.
148705.00 and total expenditure Rs. 120094.58 in Mastung Balochistan area therefore they availed input output
ratio of 1:1.23 from apple growing in the study area.
Keywords: Apple, cost, fruit yield, labor, net returns, and cost-benefit ratio.
Economic Analysis of Poultry Production in Sindh pakistansanaullah noonari
This document presents an economic analysis of poultry production in Tando Allahyar District, Sindh, Pakistan. It finds that the average total fixed cost per farm was Rs. 111,500, and average labor costs were Rs. 168,000 per farm. Marketing costs averaged Rs. 134,000 per farm. The average total cost of production was Rs. 679,756 per farm. Farms averaged annual production of 7,212 live birds and 12,560 eggs, with average annual revenue of Rs. 1,096,500 and net income of Rs. 326,744. The cost-benefit ratio was 1:0.48, meaning farmers obtained Rs. 0.48 in returns for each ru
Impact of Credit on Agricultural Producitivity:A Case Study of Zarai Taraqiat...sanaullah noonari
Agricultural sector is the largest contribution to Pakistan’s GDP. Agricultural credit plays an important role in
enhancing the agricultural productivity in developing countries like Pakistan. The government of Pakistan
introduced several agricultural credit loans through ZTBL and other commercial banks and institutional sources.
This study estimated constrains faced by the farmers in acquisitioned source. This study also estimated the
impact of credit on agricultural productivity. Data were collected randomly from 30 loanee farmers to three
selected ZTBL branches and 30 non loanee farmers in the same villages. It found that the credit has a positive
impact on the agricultural productivity and loanee farmers have more gross margins than non loanee farmers.
Now the problem is to remove the constraints which small farmers are facing in this regard and then improve the
utilization of the credit amount as planned at the time of disbursement in agriculture production process
following findings were found. A major proportion i.e.40.8% of the farmers belonged to young age group (36-45
years). It was found that majority of the respondents had low level of education in the selected area. More than
51.7% of the respondents had 6-10 acres of the land holding. A huge majority 95% of the respondents had
knowledge about the agricultural credit scheme of the ZTBL Bank. More than 56.75 of the loanees’ farmers
avail credit facilities for the first time from the ZTBL bank. A large majority 63.3 of the farmers were not
satisfied with the interest rate charged by the banks. It was found that a large number of farmers mutualized the
credit amount. About 66.7% farmers got agricultural credit facility from bank without facing any problem.
Result indicates that average cultivated area in case of loanee farmers is higher than non-loanee farmers. It was
conclude that the loanee farmers had more cost of production as compare to non loanee farmers. Results of
regression analysis indicate that credit had very normal impact on agricultural productivity as limiting factors is
the proper utilization of loan mount in agricultural sector. The most common utilization of credit amount as
construction, repair and renovation of the houses by the loanee farmers.
Impact of Credit on Agricultural Producitivity:A Case Study of Zarai Taraqiat...
Spg bt cotton vs conventional
1. International Journal of Business and Economics Research
2015; 4(3): 72-85
Published online April 17, 2015 (http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ijber)
doi: 10.11648/j.ijber.20150403.11
ISSN: 2328-7543 (Print); ISSN: 2328-756X (Online)
Comparative Economics Analysis of the Bt. Cotton V/S
Conventional Cotton Production in Khairpur District, Sindh,
Pakistan
Sanaullah Noonari*
, Ms. Irfana Noor Memon, Mukhtiar Ali Bhatti, Moula Bux Perzado,
Shoaib Ahmed Wagan, Qurat-ul-ain Memon, Abass Ali Chandio, Asif Ahmed Sethar,
Ghulam Yasin Kalwar, Syed Taimoor Shah, Abdul Shakoor Jamroo
Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agricultural Social Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam Pakistan
Email address:
sanaullahnoonari@gmail.com (S. Noonari)
To cite this article:
Sanaullah Noonari, Ms. Irfana Noor Memon, Mukhtiar Ali Bhatti, Moula Bux Perzado, Shoaib Ahmed Wagan, Qurat-ul-ain Memon, Abass
Ali Chandio, Asif Ahmed Sethar, Ghulam Yasin Kalwar, Syed Taimoor Shah, Abdul Shakoor Jamroo. Comparative Economics Analysis of
the Bt. Cotton V/S Conventional Cotton Production in Khairpur District, Sindh, Pakistan. International Journal of Business and Economics
Research. Vol. 4, No. 3, 2015, pp. 72-85. doi: 10.11648/j.ijber.20150403.11
Abstract: Cotton is an important cash crop which covers 35 million hectares of land. Major objectives of the study were to
examine the role of determinants of cotton yield to asses’ financial gain from Bt.cotton comparing with conventional Cotton.
District Khairpur was selected for the present study where both Bt.cotton and conventional cotton varieties are grown primary
data on Bt. cotton and conventional cotton was collected from the farmers through personal interviews with the help of
specially designed questionnaire. A simple random sampling technique was used to collect the data. Cobb-Douglas production
function was used for yield analysis. Logit model was used to find the probability of Bt.cotton. Farmers growing Bt. cotton
who had used seed rate (6-8) kg per acre were 46.66 percent, while 53.33 percent had used seed rate (9-10) kg per acre.
Conventional cotton who had used seed rate (6-8) kg per acre was 66.66 percent while 33.33 percent had used seed rate (9-10)
kg per acre. Total costs per acre in Bt.cotton sown were greater than the conventional Cotton activities, total costs incurred in
the conventional cotton were far lower (about 26 percent lower) than Bt.cotton. On an average higher yield (40 mounds per
acre) was obtained in Bt.cotton sown than conventional cotton yield (25 mounds per acre). Price gained per mounds was
almost the same in two cotton activities. Higher profit was observed in Bt. cotton and very low profit was obtained in
conventional cotton.
Keywords: Cotton, conventional, Bt. Technology, Resource Use Efficiency, Decomposition of Output Change, Sindh
1. Introduction
The economy of Pakistan is mainly dependent on cotton
and textile sector. Pakistan is the fourth largest cotton
producer in the world. However, agriculture is the backbone
of Pakistan's economy. Not with standing its declining share
in GDP, agriculture is still the single largest sector of the
economy, Contributing 21 percent to GDP. It also contributes
significantly to Pakistan's export earnings. Not only that 45
percent of the work force of the country is employed in
agriculture but also 60 percent of the country's population
living in rural areas is linked with agriculture for their
livelihood (GOP, 2012).
Bt. Cotton Bacillus thuringiensis is developed by Genetic
Engineering techniques (Biotechnology), Bt. cotton contains
genes from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Eight countries
commercially grow Bt. cotton (USA, Australia, China, India
etc.). Protein of this gene is deadly for the Chewing Pests I.e.
American, Army, Pink and Spotted worm but not for sucking
pest like Meal bug etc. Bacillus thuringiensis (or Bt.) is a
Gram-positive, soil-dwelling bacterium, commonly used as a
biological pesticide; alternatively, the Cry toxin may be
extracted and used as a pesticide. The fiber is almost pure
cellulose. Under natural conditions, the cotton bolls will tend
to increase the dispersion of the seeds. The plant is a shrub
native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world,
2. 73 Sanaullah Noonari et al.: Comparative Economics Analysis of the Bt. Cotton V/S Conventional Cotton Production in
Khairpur District, Sindh, Pakistan
including the Americas, Africa, and India. The greatest
diversity of wild cotton species is found in Mexico, followed
by Australia and Africa. Cotton was independently
domesticated in the Old and New Worlds. The English name
derives from the Arabic (al) quit which began to be used
circa 1400 AD. The Spanish word, "algodón", is likewise
derived from the Arabic (Metcalf and Allan A, 1999).
The bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt.) naturally
produces a chemical harmful only to a small fraction of
insects, most notably the larvae of moths and butterflies,
beetles, and flies, and harmless to other forms of life. The
gene coding for Bt. cotton toxin has been inserted into cotton,
causing cotton to produce this natural insecticide in its tissues.
In many regions, the main pests in commercial cotton are
lepidopteron larvae, which are killed by the Bt. cotton protein
in the transgenic cotton they eat. This eliminates the need to
use large amounts of broad-spectrum insecticides to kill
lepidopteron pests (some of which have developed
parathyroid resistance). This spares natural insect predators
in the farm ecology and further contributes to no insecticide
pest management. Bt. cotton is ineffective against many
cotton pests, however, such as plant bugs, stink bugs, and
aphids; depending on circumstances it may still be desirable
to use insecticides against these (Anonymous, 2003).
Most of the Bt. cotton varieties were marketed with wrong
notation of confrontation to all pests. In some instances Bt.
cotton seed was mixed with non Bt. cotton seed and
exaggerated the yield. Different varieties Sitars, ARS-802,
CEMB-1, CEMB-2, FH-113, Neelum-121, ARS-703, MG-6
and Hybrid Bt. GN-31 and GN-2085 are the only Bt. cotton
varieties/hybrid which is being introduced in Pakistan during
next crop season following the rules and regulations designed
by Federal and Provincial governments (GOP, 2010). Cotton
production has decreased from 12,913 thousand bales in
2010 to 11,460 thousand bales in 2011, showing a decrease
of 11.3 percent. Cotton production has decreased from
12,913 thousand bales in 2010 to 11.460 thousand bales in
2011, showing a decrease of 11.3 percent (GOP, 2011).
Sindh is expected to produce five million bales of cotton
this year going by the seasonal sowing trend in areas
commanded by the Kotri Barrage. However, this will largely
depend on favorable weather conditions and regular supply
of irrigation water. Cotton production has remained below
normal due to floods and heavy rains over the past two
years.Tharparker has achieved 105 per cent the targeted
sowing, Umerkot 102 per cent, Tando Mohammad Khan 99
per cent, Matiari 97 per cent, Thatta 95 per cent, Hyderabad
85 per cent, Badin 80 per cent and Jamshoro 79 per cent,
reveals the data released by the agriculture department. It
said that in the cotton belt of upper Sindh, the sowing
percentage is not so high except in Benazirabad (Nawabshah)
with 95 per cent of the targeted area. Among other areas
Khairpur has reported 85 per cent sowing, Naushero Feroz 76
per cent, Sukkar 85 per cent and Ghotki 40 per cent. Overall,
against a sowing target for the current season at 650,000
hectares cotton plantation has reached 499,331 hectares by
June 15, giving a target of 77 per cent.
2. Objectives
The objectives of the study were as follows:
1. To examine the role of determinants affecting cotton
yield.
2. To compare the financial gains from two cotton
activities (conventional cotton, Bt. cotton).
3. To determine the impact of early sowing of Bt. cotton.
4. To suggest some policy measures to improve the
situation.
3. Materials and Methods
The study was carried out to investigate the comparative
analysis of the economics of Bt. Cotton V/S conventional
Cotton production district of Sindh. The study focused on the
determinants affecting cotton yield and to compare the
financial gains from two cotton activities (Conventional
cotton, Bt. cotton).
3.1. Study Area
The study was based on primary data. The data was
collected through field survey using face to face interview
with farmers simple 60 producers of cotton was selected
Small, medium and large farmers were selected from each of
two taluka so that sample could represent all categories of
farmers.
3.2. Methodological Framework
The study was carried out by the use of primary data from
the cotton growing farmers. This section contains two major
segments. The first segment includes sampling method and
data collection while analysis of the data is described in
second segment.
3.3. Questionnaire Development
In all statistical surveys questionnaires are considered as
the medium for recording the information obtained in a
standardized manner. Keeping in view the comparative
analysis of the economics of Bt. Cotton V/S conventional
Cotton production district of Sindh questionnaire was
developed; Questionnaire included important questions to
obtain information about energy consumption pattern in
wheat production along with other socio-economic
characteristics of the farm house hold.
3.4. Collection of Data
Information about Cotton production and other necessary
aspects was collected crop and operation wise, by employing
comprehensive and pre tested questionnaire. In order to
enhance the response rate, data was collected through
interview .Although questionnaire was prepared in English
language while the interview with respondents was done in
local language i.e. Sindhi. Different features were covered in
the questionnaire.
3. International Journal of Business and Economics Research 2015; 4(3): 72-85 74
3.5. Socio Economic Characteristics
The status of the sample respondents can be well described
through socio economic characteristics. In this study,
different indicators of respondent’s socio economic features
identified:
3.5.1. Family Size
Family size is an important socio-economic indicator that
affects the agricultural activities. Family size means how
many members are there in a household. Labour is mostly
taken from farmer's family; therefore, household size has
considerable impact on farming activities.
3.5.2. Farm Size
Land holding is another important indicator of production.
Land holding means the total area where farming operations are
performed. Three type of farmers are categorizes here: small
farmers having land up to 12.5 acres, medium farmers having
12.5 to 25 acres and large farmers having more than 25 acres.
3.5.3. Education of Farmer
Education is the most important factor contributing to the
production. Education means schooling years completed by a
person to acquire knowledge. Educated persons can make
better decisions, can take calculated risk and can adopt better
technology of production.
3.5.4. Bt. Cotton Training Received
Bt. cotton training has ample impact on Bt. cotton
production. With the Bt. cotton training farmers can manage
Bt. cotton crop wisely and can get larger production benefits.
Bt. cotton is also included as dummy variable in the model.
3.5.5. Farming Experience of Farmer
The experience of the farmer influence the yield obtained.
Farmers have faced many problems in past and they know
how to cope with them.
3.5.6. No. of Cultivations
No of cultivation has extensive impact on production.
Land preparation is very important determinant and has
significant impact on production. Before sowing any crop
appropriate land preparation is very necessary.
3.6. Planting Method
Planting method also affects the yield. For the plantation
of cotton there are two methods; plantation by drill and the
other manual plantation. Planting method included as dummy
variable in the model.
3.7. Seed Rate
Appropriate seed usage is very important for optimum
level of production. Quality and quantity of seed both have
significant impact on production.
3.8. Fertilizers Use
Fertilizers have substantial impact on production. Adequate
fertilizer use decision is very important for crop production.
Excessive use of fertilizers has negative impact on production,
pollutes the underground water as well as surface water and
hence the environment. Adequate level of fertilizer use is
necessary for optimum level of production.
3.9. Use of Pesticides (No. of Sprays)
Cotton crop is prone to pests. Pesticides play important
role to kill the pests and have significant effect on yield.
Therefore pesticides are included as predictor. Farmers use
excessive pesticides on cotton crop which is harmful for both
farmers and to the environment. Irrigation is very essential
element to determine the crop yield. Without irrigation there
is no considerable output can be obtained. There are two
sources of irrigation; canal water irrigation is charged by the
government at fixed rate (Muamla) and tub-well irrigation
costs on hourly bases.
3.10. Data Analysis Techniques
It is very important to use an appropriate model for
research. The legit and probity model are used to find the
probability of a decision (probability of early sowing of Bt.
cotton). 'In practice many researchers choose the logit
model because of its comparative mathematical simplicity
(Gujrati and Sangheeta, 2003). So, logit model was used to
find the probability of Bt. cotton. Logistic regression is
useful for situations in which researcher wants to be able to
predict the presence or absence of a characteristic or
outcome based on values of a set of predictor variables.
Logistic regression coefficients can be used to estimate the
odd ratios for each of the independent variables in the
model (Rasool, 2010). A two predictor logistic model was
fitted to the data to test the research hypothesis regarding
the relationship between the dependent variable (preference
of farmers about early sowing of Bt. and Conventional
cotton) and independent variables.
The general linear form of logic model is given below:
Li=ln {Pi/(l-Pi)}=Zi = β0+ΣβiXi+µi
L is the log of odds ratio, is not only linear in X but also
linear in parameters. L is called the logic, and hence the name
logic model. P is the dependent variable used to check
preference about Bt. cotton sowing in February-March, P=l if
the farmer prefer Bt cotton and P= 0 otherwise. In {Pi/(1-Pi)}
is the log of odds ratio simply Pi/(1-Pi) odds ratio in favor of
sowing Bt. cotton—the ratio of the probability that a farmer
will sow Bt. cotton in February-March to the probability he
will not sow in February-March. The specific form of this
relationship is given as:
In {P/ (l-P)> = a0 + a1Z1 + a2Z2+ a3Z3 + a4Z4+ a5Z5+ a6Z6 +
a7Z7 + a8Z8
Where; a0 = Intercept term of the model.
a1, a2, a3 a4, a5, a6, a7 and a8 are the parameters to be
estimated.
Z1 Age of the farmer (Years)
4. 75 Sanaullah Noonari et al.: Comparative Economics Analysis of the Bt. Cotton V/S Conventional Cotton Production in
Khairpur District, Sindh, Pakistan
Z2 = Family Size (Numbers)
Z3 = Education of Farmer (Years)
Z4 = Own Tractor (Assets)
Z5 = Bt Training Received by the Farmer (1 if Yes, 0 if No)
Z6 = Farming Experience (Years)
Z7 = Income of Farmer (Rupees)
Z8 = Farm size of the farmer (Acres)
Ԑi = Stochastic error term.
Cobb Douglas production function was used for the
production analysis. In agriculture output obeys the law of
diminishing marginal returns with the use of different
variable inputs. Cobb Douglas production function holds
good for such type of analysis, therefore, Cobb Douglas
production function model was used for analysis of the data.
The general form of the Cobb Douglas production function is
given below (Gujrati and Sangheeta, 2003):
Y = β0Xi
βi
e|µi
here i= 1,2,3,.....n
The linear form of the Cob Douglas production function is
given below;
In Y= βo+β1 InX1+β2InX2+β3InX3+β4InX4+β5
InX5+β6lnX6+β7 InX7+β8 InX8+β9 InX9+β10 InX10+β11D1+β12
D2+µi
Where;
In Y= log of the dependent variable (output)
βo = Intercept term of the model
β1 β2 β3 β4 β5 β6 β7 β8 β9 β10 D1 and D2 are the parameters
to be estimated.
X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6,, X7, X8, X9, X10, D1 and D2 are the
independent variables i.e.
X1 = Family size (Numbers)
X2 = Hired Labour (Numbers)
X3 = Cultivation (Numbers)
X4 = Seed rate (Kilograms)
X5 = Fertilizer use (Bags)
X6 = Irrigation (Numbers)
X7 = Use of Pesticides (Number of sprays)
X8 = Farm Size (Acres)
X9 = Income of the Farmer (Rupees)
X10= Education (Years)
D1 = Bt. Training Received (1 if Yes, 0 if No)
D2= Plating method (1 if Manual sowing, 0 if
Drill sowing)
D1 and D2 are dummy variables.
µi = Stochastic error term.
4. Results
Most of the farmers have adopted the Bt. cotton. They get
greater benefits from Bt. cotton crop than other cotton
growers. However certain elements influence the yield of
cotton crop. Two types of cotton activities were performed in
the study area. These activities were Bt. cotton and
conventional cotton sown. Distribution of respondents with
socio-economic variables and the influence of these socio-
economic variables on the production of cotton crop are
discussed here.
4.1. Family Size of the Respondents
Family size is an important socio-economic indicator that
affects the agricultural activities. Family size means the total
no of household members residing. In farming the labour
force is usually taken from family members that have a
considerable impact on the production. Also larger family
members can better manage the farming activities.
Table 1. Respondents distribution according to family size in the study area
Family Size
Bt. Cotton Conventional Cotton
No. Respondent Percent No. Respondent Percent
Below 4 5 16.66 4 13.00
5-7 12 40.00 8 26.66
8-10 10 33.33 11 36.66
Above 10 3 10.00 7 23.33
Total 30 100.00 30 100.00
Table-1 shows that Bt.cotton there were 16.66 percent
were less 4 members, 40.00 percent were 5-7 members,
33.33 percent were 8-10 members family size out of 30
farmers... only 10.00 percent were above 10.00 percent
members family size while in case of conventional cotton
were 13.00 percent were less 4 members, 26.66 percent were
5-7 members, 36.66 percent were 8-10 member family size.
Only 23.33 percent were above 23.33 percent member’s
family size out of 30 farmers.
4.2. Farm Size of the Respondents
Total farm size of the farmers has significant effect on
yield. In Pakistan majority of the farmers are small farmers
having land holdings less than 12.5 acres. Farm size affects
managerial and farming activities. Larger farm size is
difficult to manage. Three type of farmers are categorizes
here; small farmers having land up to 10 acres, medium
farmers having 12.5 to 25 acres and large farmers having
more than 25 acres.
5. International Journal of Business and Economics Research 2015; 4(3): 72-85 76
Table 2. Respondents distribution according to farm size in the study area
Farm Size
Bt. Cotton Conventional Cotton
No. Respondent Percent No. Respondent Percent
Small (8-10 acres) 8 26.66 9 30.00
Medium(10-15 acres) 16 53.33 14 46.66
Large(above -15 acres) 6 20.00 7 23.33
Total 30 100.00 30 100.00
Table-2 shows that Bt. cotton there were 26.66 percent
small farm size, 53.33 percent were medium farm size, 20.00
percent were large farm size out of 30 farmers. While in case
of conventional cotton was 30.00 percent small farm sizes,
46.66 percent were medium farm size, 23.33 percent were
large farm size out of 30 farmers.
4.3. Education of the Respondents
Education is the most important factor contributing to the
production. Education means schooling years completed by a
person to acquire knowledge.
Table 3. Respondents distribution according to education level in the study area
Education
Bt. Cotton Conventional Cotton
No. Respondent Percent No. Respondent Percent
Illiterate 3 10.00 5 16.66
Primary 7 23.33 5 16.66
Middle 5 16.66 8 26.66
Matriculation 8 26.66 9 30.00
Above Matriculation 7 23.33 3 10.00
Total 30 100 30 100
Table-3 shows that Bt.cotton there were 10.00 percent
were illiterate, 23.33 percent primary and 16.66 percent were
middle education. 26.66 percent were matriculation and
above matriculation 23.33 percent out of 30 farmers. While
in case of conventional cotton were 16.66 percent were
illiterate, 16.66 percent primary and 26.66 percent were
middle education. 30.00 percent were matriculation and
above matriculation 10.00 percent out of 30 farmers.
4.4. Farming Experience
The experience of the farmer influence the yield obtained.
Farmers have faced many problems in past and they know
how to cope with them.
Table 4. Respondents distribution according to farming experience in the study area
Farming Exp:
Bt. Cotton Conventional Cotton
No. Respondent Percent No. Respondent Percent
5-10 4 13.33 8 26.66
11-15 7 23.33 10 33.33
16-20 10 33.33 7 23.33
Above 20 9 30.00 5 16.66
Total 30 100.00 30 100.0
Table-4 shows that Bt. cotton growers having the
experience of (5-10) years were recorded 13.33 percent,
farmers having experience (11-15) years were 23.33 percent ,
farmers having experience (16-20) were recorded 33.33
percent and having experience above 20 years were 30.00
percent out of 30 farmers. Conventional cotton growers
having the experience of (5-10) years were recorded 26.66
percent farmers having experience (11-15) years were 33.33
percent, farmers having experience (16-20) were recorded
23.33 percent and having experience above 20 years were
16.66 percent out of 30 farmers.
4.5. No. of Cultivations
Before plating any crop land preparation is pre-requisite
for better production. Here cultivation means no. of
cultivations is applied on land i.e. land leveling, ploughing,
planking and secondary tillage. Here only no. of cultivations
is considered.
6. 77 Sanaullah Noonari et al.: Comparative Economics Analysis of the Bt. Cotton V/S Conventional Cotton Production in
Khairpur District, Sindh, Pakistan
Table 5. Respondents distribution according to cultivation in the study area
Cultivations No
Bt. Cotton Conventional Cotton
No. Respondent Percent No. Respondent Percent
6-8 12 40.00 10 33.33
9-11 11 36.66 16 53.33
Above 11 7 23.33 4 13.33
Total 30 100.00 30 100.0
Table-5 indicates that Bt. cotton growers who had
cultivated their fields up to 6-8 times were 40.00 percent, 9-
11 times were 36.66 percent and more than 1.1 limes were
23.33 percent out of 30 farmers. Conventional cotton growers
who had cultivated their fields up to 6-8 times were 33.33
percent, 9-11 times were 53.33 percent and more than 1.1
limes were 13.33 percent out of 30 farmers.
4.6. Planting Method
Planting method also affects the yield. For the plantation
of cotton there are two methods; plantation by drill and the
other manual plantation. Planting method included as dummy
variable in the mode.
Table 6. Respondents distribution of the farmers to planting method in the study area
Planting Method
Bt. Cotton Conventional Cotton
No. Respondent Percent No. Respondent Percent
Drill 17 56.66 09 30.00
Manual 13 43.33 21 70.00
Total 30 100.00 30 100.00
Table-6 proves that Bt. cotton farmers who had sown
cotton crop with drill were found 56.66 percent, while
manually sowing Bt. cotton were found 43.33 percent.
Conventional cotton farmers who had sown cotton crop with
drill were found 30.00 percent, while manually sowing were
found 70.00 percent the cotton.
4.7. Seed Rate
Seed is essential input for crops yield. Appropriate seed
use is very crucial to determine the production of crop. Bt.
Cotton growers relatively purchase the expensive seed and
conventional cotton growers use their home produced seed.
Table 7. Respondents distribution according to seed rate kg per acre in the study area
Seed Rate (Kg) acre
Bt. Cotton Conventional Cotton
No. Respondent Percent No. Respondent Percent
6-8 14 46.66 20 66.66
9-10 16 53.33 10 33.33
Total 30 100.00 30 100.00
Table-7 illustrates that farmers growing Bt. cotton who had
used seed rate (6-8) kg per acre were 46.66 percent, while
53.33 percent had used seed rate (9-10) kg per acre.
Conventional cotton who had used seed rate (6-8) kg per acre
was 66.66 percent while 33.33 percent had used seed rate (9-
10) kg per acre.
4.8. Use of Fertilizers
Now a day, due to intensive cropping land is deficient
in nutrients. Adequate application of fertilizers enhances the
yield so it is vital element in determining crop yield. In find
many fertilizers have been used (Di-ammonium Phosphate
(DAP), Urea, Single Super Phosphate (SSP), Triple Supper
Phosphate (TSP) etc.). The fertilizers have positive impact
on cotton crop yield.
Table 8. Respondents distribution according to fertilizer application in the study area
Fertilizers (Bags)
Bt. Cotton Conventional Cotton
No. Respondent Percent No. Respondent Percent
0-2 6 20.00 4 13.33
2-3 14 46.66 15 50.00
Above 3 10 33.33 11 36.66
Total 30 100.00 30 100.00
Table-8 gives an idea about the fertilizer usage of the
respondents according to Bt. and conventional cotton fields,
from total of 60 farmers growing Bt. cotton had used
fertilizers (0-2)-bags per acre were 20.00 percent, while
46.66 percent had used fertilizers (2-3) bags per acre and
33.33 percent farmers had used fertilizers above 3 bags per
acre. Conventional cotton had used fertilizers (0-2)-bags per
acre were 13.33 percent while 50.00 percent had used
7. International Journal of Business and Economics Research 2015; 4(3): 72-85 78
fertilizers (2-3) bags per acre and 36.66 percent farmers had
used fertilizers above 3 bags per acre.
4.9. Use of Pesticides (No. of Sprays)
Cotton crop is prone to pests. Pesticides play important
role to kill the pests and have significant effect on yield.
Therefore pesticides are included as predictor. Farmers use
Excessive pesticides on cotton crop which is harmful
for both farmers and to the environment.
Table 9. Respondents distribution according to pesticides use in the study area
Sprays (No.)
Bt. Cotton Conventional Cotton
No. Respondent Percent No. Respondent Percent
2-3 4 13.33 7 23.33
4-5 14 46.66 12 40.00
Above 6 12 40.00 11 36.66
Total 30 100.00 30 100.00
Table-9 demonstrates the pesticides use of the respondents
according to Bt. and conventional cotton fields. From total 60
farmers ‘growing Bt. cotton had used pesticides (2-3) times
per acre were 13.33 percent , while 46.66 percent had used
pesticides (4-5) times per acre and 40.00 percent farmers had
used pesticides above 6 times per acre. Conventional cotton
had used pesticides (2-3) times per acre were 23.33%, while
40.00 percent had used pesticides (4-5) times per acre and
36.66 percent farmers had used pesticides above 6 times per
acre.
4.10. No. of Irrigations
Irrigation means watering the crop. Irrigation is very
essential element to determine the crop yield. There are two
sources of irrigation; canal water irrigation.
Table 10. Respondents distribution according to irrigation in the study area
Irrigations (No.)
Bt. Cotton Conventional Cotton
No. Respondent Percent No. Respondent Percent
6-8 14 46.66 11 36.66
9-11 11 36.66 13 43.33
12-14 5 16.66 6 20.00
Total 30 100.00 30 100.00
Table-10 that Bt. cotton growers who had irrigated their
fields (6-8) no. of times were 46.66 percent, (9-11) no. of
times was 36.66 percent and who had irrigated (12-14) was
16.66 percent. Conventional cotton growers who had
irrigated their fields (6-8) no. of times were 36.66 percent,
(9-11) no. of times was 43.33 percent and who had irrigated
(12-14) were 20.00 percent.
4.11. Cobb-Douglas Production Function; Variable's Effect
on Yield
4.11.1. Bt. Cotton (Model Estimation)
lnY= 1.693 + 0.067 lnX1+ 0.013 lnX2 - 0.053 lnX3+ 0.039
lnX4+ 0.003 lnX5+ 0.236 lnX6+ 0.013 lnX7- 0.015 lnX8+0.041
InX9 0.019 InX10+0.087 lnX11+ 0.052 Di+0.037D2+ui
Cobb-Douglas production function was used to determine
the factors affecting yield. Partial regression coefficients,
their standard errors and their t-values are presented in the
Table.
The coefficient of the log of family size has the value 0.67
with positive sign. The results revealed that family size is
significant at one percent. By one percent increase in
family size there was 0.67 percent positive contribution in
yield. This shows that family size has significant effect on
cotton yield.
The coefficient of the log of number of hired laborers is
0.013. Its sign is positive. This value is highly significant at
zero percent significance level. By increasing one percent of
hired labour the yield of Bt-Feb increased by the .013 percent.
This shows that yield can be enhanced by increasing the
hired labour.
Table 11. Results of Regression Analysis (Bt. Cotton)
Variables
Unstandardized Coefficients
t- value Sig.
B Std. Error
Constant 1.693 .246 6.8948 .000
Log of Family Size LnXi .067 .036 1.851 .067
Log of Labour LnX2 .013 .003 4.712 0.000
Log of Cultivation LnX3 .053 .052 -I.019NS 0.311
Log of Seed Rate LnX4 .039 .065 .602NS .549
Log of Fertilizers LnX5 .030 .055 1.532 .153
Log of Irrigation LnX6 .236 .059 3.975 .000
Log of Pesticides LnX7 .013 .027 .482NS .631
Log of Farm Size LnX8 .015 .011 1.406 .163
8. 79 Sanaullah Noonari et al.: Comparative Economics Analysis of the Bt. Cotton V/S Conventional Cotton Production in
Khairpur District, Sindh, Pakistan
Variables
Unstandardized Coefficients
t- value Sig.
B Std. Error
Log of Income of Farmer LnX9 .041 .020 2.067 .041
Log of Farming Experience LnX10 -.019 .033 -.561NS .576
Log of Education of Farmer LnX11 .087 .054 1.604 .112
Planting Method D1 .052 .019 2.681 .009 .045
Bt Cotton Training D2 .037 .018 2.030
R2 0.853 Adjusted R2 0.834
F Value 43.821 Significance 0.000
The coefficient of the log of farm income of the farmer is
noted 0.041 having positive sign. This value is significant at 5
percent level of significance. One percent increases in
income of farmer the yield- increased by 0.041 percent.
This shows that income has significant effect on cotton
yield.
Method of planting have played important role in yield. Its
coefficient has the value 0.052 with positive sign. It is
significant at one percent. By using manual method of
sowing the yield of cotton has been increased by .052 percent.
This shows that the method of plating has significant effect
on the yield. Significant differences were observed in plant
population and yield as a function of seeding rate. A linear
increase in yield with plant population was observed (Norton,
2001).
The coefficient of Bt. cotton training is 0.037 and has
positive sign. Bt.cotton training is significant at 5 percent
indicated that those farmers who get Bt cotton training
increased the yield by .037 percent. The effect of farmer
training is more distinct than those of the technology alone
(Lifengac, 2007).
The coefficient of the log of education of farmers is 0.087.
It has positive sign. Level of education of farmers is
significant at one percent... By increasing one percent in
education of the farmers the yield increased by .087 percent.
Farooqi (2009) also found that education has positive impact
on yield. This is also related with the study of Qaim and
Alain (2005) educated farmers are in better position to
select appropriate inputs and their timely application.
Thereby they were getting higher yields.
The other variables cultivation, seed rate, pesticide and
farming experience have no significant impact on yield.
R is the measure of the goodness of fit of the model. R
calculated from the model shows that 85 percent variation
in the yield of Bt cotton sown was due to explanatory
variables. Remaining 15% change in yield was due to other
factors that were not included in the model.
The model also indicates that the production function fit
well to the given data set. Similarly, F value is statistically
greater than zero with value of 43.821 that was highly
Significant at zero percent level of significance. This
implies that the production function used in this study was
statistically significant.
4.11.2. Conventional Cotton (Model Estimation)
LnY- 1.123 + 0.001 lnX,+ 0.006 lnX2+ 0.023 InX3+ 0.061
lnX4+ 0.002 I11X5+ 0.160 lnX6+ 0.347 lnX7- 0.002
lnX8+0.017 lnX9+0.004 InXl0+ 0.004 lnX11 + 0.008
Cobb-Douglas production function was used to determine
the factors affecting yield. Partial regression coefficients, their
standard errors and t-values are given in the Table.
The coefficient of the log of number of hired laborers is
0.006. Its sign is positive. It is evident from the results that
number of laborers is highly significant at 1 percent
significance level. By increasing one percent of labour the
yield of conventional cotton can be increased by .006
percent. This shows that yield can be enhanced by increasing
the hired labour.
The coefficient of the log of seed rate is 0.061. Its sign is
positive and is significant at 15 percent level of significance.
One percent increase in seed rate has increased the yield
0.061 percent. This shows that seed rate has significant effect
on cotton yield.
The coefficient of the log of number of irrigations is
0.160 with positive sign. Its value is highly significant at
zero percent. By increasing the one percent application of
water the yield increased by 0.160 percent. This is related to
the study of Farooqi (2009).
The coefficient of the log of pesticides is 0.347 with
positive sign. Pesticides have .highly significant effect on the
yield of conventional cotton. Pesticides are significant at zero
percent, one percent increase in the no. of pesticides the
yield was increased by 0.347 percent. These results are
similar to Bennet et al (2006) in India indicated that the
expenditures on sprays generally increased cotton yield.
The coefficient of the log of farm income of the farmer is
0.060 having positive sign. Farmer's income is significant at
10 percent. By increasing one percent income of farmer the
yield increased by 0.017 percent.
The coefficient of the log of education of farmers is
0.004. It has positive sign. Education of farmers is
important factor in farming and significant at 15 percent.
By increasing one percent in education the yield increased
by .004 percent.
9. International Journal of Business and Economics Research 2015; 4(3): 72-85 80
Table 12. Results of Regression Analysis (Conventional Cotton)
Variables
Unstandardized Coefficients
t- value Sig.
B Std. Error
Constant 1.123 .126 8.911 .000
Log of Family Size LnX1 .001 ,012 .017NS .986
Log of Labour LnX2 .006 .002 3.335 .001
Log of Cultivation LnX3 .023 .017 .998NS .458
Log of Seed Rate LnX4 .061 .033 1.835 .050
Log of Fertilizers LnX5 .002 .002 .916NS .363
Log of Irrigation LnX6 .160 .041 3.865 .000
Log of Pesticides LnX7 .347 .035 9.820 .000
Log of Farm Size LnX8 -.002 .006 -.235NS .815
Log of Income of Farmer LnX9 .017 .011 1.635 .106
Log of Farming Experience LnX10 .004 .012 .304NS .762
Log of Education of Farmer LnX11 .004 .003 1.446 .152
Planting Method D1 .008 .007 1.06INS .292
Bt Cotton Training D2 .004 .009 .440NS .661
R2 0.828 Adjusted R2 0.801
F Value 31.00 Significance 0.000
Number of cultivations is non-significant. However, its
coefficient has value 0.023 with positive sign which is non
significant indicates that differences in yield among tillage
treatments were not significant in conventional cotton.
The other variables family size fertilizer, farm size, farming
experience, planting method and Bt cotton training also have
no significant impact on yield of conventional cotton.
R2
is the measure of the goodness of fit of the model. R
calculated from the model shows that 82 percent variation
in the yield of conventional cotton due to explanatory
variables. Remaining 18 percent change was due to other
factors that were not included in the model.
The model of conventional cotton also indicates that the
production function fit well to the given data set. Similarly, F
value is statistically greater than zero with value of 31.00 that
was highly significant at zero percent level of significance.
This implies that the production function used in this study
is overall statistically significant.
It is concluded from above discussion that variables
cultivation, seed rate, pesticide and farming experience have
no significant impact on yield of Bt cotton Feb-March sown
while the variables cultivation, pesticide, farming experience
and method of planting have no significant impact on yield
of May sown cotton and variables family size, cultivation,
fertilizers, farm size, farming experience, planting method and
Bt cotton training have no significant impact on yield of
conventional cotton.
4.12. Comparative Economics Total Fixed Costs
The cost is defined as the value of the production factors
consumed or used to reach a final goal. Total fixed cost
consists of costs that do not vary as output varies and that
must be paid even if output is zero. These are payments that
the firm must make in the short run, regardless of the level
of output. Fixed cost can be traceable and common. The
fixed costs are "fixed"' in the short-term. Land Value and
Depreciation are explained below;
This heading includes the net value of cash and payments
in kind for renting of land, buildings and other rights for the
farm business.
Depreciation: Reduction in the value of capital goods over
a one-year period due to physical wear and tear and also to
obsolescence. Depreciation is when the value of assets
usually decreases as time goes by. The amount or
percentage it decreases by is called depreciation. The
depreciation is calculated at replacement value (the new
value at current price) before deduction of subsidies. It
concerns plantations of permanent crops, farm buildings
and fixed equipment, land improvements, machinery and
equipment. There is no depreciation of land, forest land and
circulating capital. All EU Member States use the linear
depreciation method that diminishes the value of an asset
by a fixed amount each period, until the net value is zero. It
is the simplest calculation. Depreciation is usually
calculated with different coefficients for buildings, technical
equipment, machinery, etc
Table 13. Total Fixed Costs of two cotton activities
Total Fixed Costs Bt. Cotton Sown) Conventional Cotton
Land value 26535 25255
Depreciation 3465 1345
Total 30000 26600
Table-13 shows the total fixed costs related to two cotton
activities. Bt. cotton fixed costs were double (30000 Rs.)
than other two cotton activities (26600 Rs.) because of
whole year duration of the crop.
10. 81 Sanaullah Noonari et al.: Comparative Economics Analysis of the Bt. Cotton V/S Conventional Cotton Production in
Khairpur District, Sindh, Pakistan
4.13. Total Variable Costs
Total variable cost consists of costs that are zero when
output is zero and vary as output increases (decreases).
These costs relate to the cost incurred for the use of variable
inputs. Variable costs includes costs of cultivation, costs of
labour, cost on seed (seed price and seed treatment), costs of
fertilizers, costs of intercultural practices, costs of irrigations,
Weedicides and pesticides costs, cotton picking cost, implicit
costs and miscellaneous costs. Labour costs, implicit costs
and miscellaneous costs are explained below.
There are two categories of farm labour; hired labour and
unpaid labour. The cost of the first category includes wages,
salaries, benefits and other associated costs, while family
labour is included in the second one.
Table 14. Total variable costs of two cotton activities
Total variable Costs Expenses
Bt. Cotton Conventional Cotton
Quantity Price/Unit Total Quantity Price/Unit Total
Cultivation (No.) 10.35 558 5775 8.5 533 4531
Labour (No.) 0.28 36000 10080 0.22 18000 3960
Seed (Kg) 8.02 348 2791 9.55 167 1595
Fertilizers (Bags) 3.05 1624 4953 2.00 1839 3678
Intercultural (No.) 4.59 680 3121 4.45 655 2915
Irrigations (No.) 12.08 450 5436 7.01 425 2980
Weedicides (No.) 1.00 507 507 0.92 548 505
Pesticides (No.) 4.12 1098 4524 8.02 800 6418
Picking cost (No.) 8.5 617 5241 5.05 565 2855
Implicit costs - - 17871 - 8301
Misc. - - 8378 - 5201
Total -- - 68677 --- -- 42939
4.14. Implicit Costs
Implicit cost is an opportunity cost. In economics, an
implicit cost, also called an imputed cost, implied cost, or
notional cost, is the opportunity cost that results from using
an asset instead of renting, selling, or lending it. The term
also applies to forgone income from choosing not to work.
These are intangible costs that are not easily accounted for.
Farm operators who are very successful could have a
marginal value of time in farming that exceeds their
implicit wage for off-farm work (Cesaro, 2008). In
present study the implicit cost is an opportunity cost of
farmers who manage the farm and of family labour working
in agriculture. Here opportunity cost of farm manager
(farmer) and family labour was included as implicit costs.
4.14. Miscellaneous Costs
Miscellaneous costs for labour and machinery include, for
example, the costs of services provided by agricultural
contractors, the purchase of small equipment or protective
clothing, the purchase of detergents for general cleaning and
general farm maintenance, the cost of running farm vehicles,
etc.
Table reveals that total variable costs are varying activity
wise. The table shows the average quantity performed in the
fields and average total costs associated with them. More
total variable costs (68677 Rs.) involved to prepare Bt
cotton fields comparing with the other two activities while
conventional cotton requires least cost (42939 Rs.) from
three cotton activities .
4.15. Total Costs
In economics, and cost accounting, total cost describes the
total economic cost of production and is made up of variable
costs, which vary according to the quantity of a good
produced and include inputs such as labour and raw materials,
plus fixed costs, which are independent of the quantity.
Table 15. Total Cost associated with cotton activities
Total Cost Bt. Cotton Conventional Cotton
Total Variable Cost / Acre (Rs.) 68677 42939
Fixed cost / Acre (Rs.) 30000 26600
Total Cost/Acre (Rs.) 98677 69539
Table-15 shows the total costs per acre associated with the
production of cotton. Total costs are the sum of total variable
costs and total fixed costs.
Total Costs = Total Variable Costs + Total Fixed Costs
Total costs per acre in Bt. cotton sown were greater than
the other two activities that were recorded 98677 rupees
and the total costs incurred in conventional cotton were for
lower (about 41 % lower) than Bt. cotton . Sown were 69539
rupees. Prices were still amply high for adopters of Bt.
cotton to make considerable gains in net income.
4.16. Profit Gains
Profit is a financial benefit that is realized when the
amount of revenue gained from a business activity exceeds
the expenses, costs and taxes needed to sustain the activity.
Any profit that is gained goes to the business's owners, who
may or may not decide to spend it on the business.
Total Profit = Total Revenue - Total Costs
Here the total revenue is the total income gained per acre.
11. International Journal of Business and Economics Research 2015; 4(3): 72-85 82
Table 16. Profits / Gains from two cotton activities
Varieties Yield/Acre (Monds)
Price/Mond
(Rs.)
Income/Acre (Rs.)
Total Cost/ Acre
(Rs.)
Net Profit/ Acre
(Rs.)
BCR
Bt. Cotton 40.2 3865.70 155401 98677 56724 1.57
Conventional Cotton 28.5 3865.21 110158. 69539 42619 1.30
Table-16 shows the total yield obtained by the farmer per
acre, price of the cotton per mounds, income gained by the
farmer per acre, per acre total input costs associated with the
production of cotton and net profit (economic profit)
gained per acre. On an average higher yield was obtained in
Bt. cotton sown 40.2 monds per acre and conventional cotton
yield was low only28.5 monds per acre.
Price gained per mond was almost the same in three cotton
activities. Income gained per acre in Bt.cotton was 155401
rupees, and income gained from conventional cotton was only
110158. Rupees. Higher profit of 56724 rupees was observed in
Bt.cotton; while 42619 rupees was obtained in conventional
cotton. BCR (Benefit Cost Ratio) shows the return on per
rupee invested. Introduction of Bt. cotton showed significant
farm-level benefits. Aggregate benefits depended on adoption
rate and yield advantage of Bt-cotton (Cabanilla, 2004).
4.17. Cotton Yield Comparison of Two Cotton Activities
Average yield comparison obtained from two cotton
activities. Early growers of Bt cotton in were taking the
highest yield 40.2 monds per acre, and conventional cotton
growers were obtaining 28.5 monds per acre that is low yield
due to pest attack and cotton curl leaf virus. Conventional
cotton gave poor yield 18 monds/acre (Farooqi, 2009).
There was 51.50 percent increase in Bt cotton yield while
18.07 percent increase was found in comparing with
conventional cotton due to resistance against chewing pest
and hence additional income to poor farmers in Khairpur
district. Percentage increase in the yield 51.5 percent of Bt
cotton than conventional cotton is similar to the results
gained by Reddy (2011) indicated that productivity
increase was significant that 51.16 percent more yield with
the introduction of Bt cotton.
4.18. Comparison of Total Income Received and Total Costs
Compares total income and total costs. Farmers were
growing B.t cotton have received larger income and
conventional cotton growers. It is clear from the figure that
Bt.cotton farmers have received (155401 Rs.) imposing
higher costs (98677 Rs.) and conventional -cotton farmers
got (75372 Rs.) costing (57939 Rs.)- The application of Bt.
cotton increased the income from agriculture for farmers and
also improved the households' livelihood (Wang, 2008).
Income, Total costs and Profit by Cotton Activities
(Rs. / Acre)
The comparison of total income gained, total costs
associated and profit gained from two cotton activities.
Higher income (155401 Rs.), higher costs (98677 Rs.) and
higher profits (56724 Rs.) were gained in sowing Bt. cotton
but conventional cotton gave poor results lower income
(75372 Rs.). Lower costs (57939 Rs.) and very low profits
(17433 Rs.) were recorded. The question of higher cost of
cultivation existed, and was confirmed, mainly because of
high seed cost and not corresponding reduction in pesticide
cost.
5. Discussion
Production of any crop depend upon soil structure,
climatic condition, social organization, availability of
resources, quality inputs and favorable marketing condition
both in factor and product markets. It is, therefore,
considered to have brief discussion of area and production
levels of Bt. and conventional Cotton in various regions of
Pakistan, production potentials, profile of study are before
explaining survey results.
Study shows that overall cost of cultivation (sowing) and
seed on Bt. cotton was high as compared to on Conventional
cotton due to high seed rate. The use of fertilizer is more in
Bt. as compared to conventional cotton. The pesticides cost
was more in conventional as compared to Bt. Cotton due
more application of pesticides in conventional cotton. Total
cost of production on Bt. Cotton was Rs/Acre 98677 which
was more than conventional cotton Rs/Acre 69539 due to more
variable cost of Bt. cotton. Overall high yield was obtained
40.2 md/acre from Bt. cotton is compared to 28.5 md/acre by
Conventional cotton. Total revenue of cotton production was
received by the Bt. cotton growers Rs/Acre 155401 and
conventional cotton growers were Rs/Acre 110158. Study
results further indicate that Bt. cotton growers obtained
higher Net Profit/ Acre (Rs.). 56724, as compared to
conventional cotton growers were Rs/Acre. 42619. There was
increase in Bt. cotton yield comparing with conventional
cotton which gives additional income to poor farmers in
District Khairpur.
Aziz et al. (2011) analyzed comparative performance of Bt.
cotton with some elite conventional cotton cultivars under
arid to semi-arid conditions. To identify the superior
genotype, they studied the comparative growth and yield
performance of four cotton cultivars namely, CIM-496, BH-
162, VH-144 and Bt-121, grown on sandy clay loam soil.
The results revealed that plant growth parameters like plant
height, number of bolls plant-1 and seed cotton weight boll-1,
were differed significantly (P < 0.05) among Bt. and non-Bt.
cotton cultivars. Seed cotton yield and fiber quality
parameters such as maturity percentage, microware value,
staple length and fiber strength and virus infection percentage
were also significantly. Bt-121 had maximum value for seed
cotton weight boll-1 and maturity percentage and produced
12. 83 Sanaullah Noonari et al.: Comparative Economics Analysis of the Bt. Cotton V/S Conventional Cotton Production in
Khairpur District, Sindh, Pakistan
26% higher seed cotton yield than all other cultivars.
Furthermore, it also showed 58% less cotton leaf curl virus
infection compared to other cultivars. BH-162 produced fiber
with maximum length and fineness but it appeared most
vulnerable to virus attack. It was concluded that Bt-121
performed best in most of the studied traits than other
cultivars and might be recommended for cultivation in areas
having arid to semi-arid climatic conditions.
6. Conclusions
This study was carried out to compare the economics of Bt.
and Conventional Cotton based on the field survey in the
cotton cropping zone of Sindh. The information was collected
from selected Bt. and Conventional Cotton growers. The data
was collected through personal interviews. Number of
analytical techniques has been used to access comparative
economic analysis of Bt. v/s conventional cotton production i.e.
farm cost analysis, Net Return analysis; gross margin analysis.
Major findings are the differences in production cost
between Bt. and Conventional cotton which were 98677
Rs/Acre of Bt.cotton and 69539 Rs/Acre of Conventional
cotton. Major differences in Bt.cotton production cost are
related to higher seed prices, cultivation use on per acre, and
other inputs expenditure. Bt.cotton production is related to
the higher yield potential of Bt.cotton was 40 mounds/Acre
as compared to Conventional cotton was 25 mounds/Acre
while market price of both was nearly same i.e. 3865.70
Rs/mound for Bt.cotton and 3865.21 Rs/mound for
Conventional cotton.
The present study clearly indicates that Bt. cotton farmers
were increasing farm yield and farm profit compared to
Conventional cotton. Farmers were reducing cotton area
that severely affected the cotton production. Farmers were
focusing to increase the Bt.cotton area.
Therefore, it is suggested that more and more farmers
should be trained and motivated to increase the production
of cotton crop Farmers were unaware of proper combination
of inputs and sowing time they either underutilized the
inputs or over utilized and sow seed either very early or late
of the season. For the promotion of cotton crop following
strategy should be adopted:
• There is a need for Bt. cotton research programme. The
scientists should make efforts for the genetic improvement
and development of new varieties. Better genotypes
should be made available to growers.
• Advising proper combination of inputs to the farmer and
giving subsidy on the inputs will result in enhanced
per acre yield of cotton, thus foreign exchange
increase in Pakistan.
• Bt.cotton production can be enhanced by the provision
of new technology at the doorstep of farmers.
• Farmers face the marketing problems. Government should
make adequate policies and farmers must be involved
while making these agricultural policies.
• The scientists should make efforts for the own Bt.cotton
varieties, because of Bt. Seed was expensive for farmers.
• Government should provide subsidies on fertilizers and
pesticides and other micro nutrients.
• There is need of proper guide to farmers about Bt.cotton so
Government should provide and activate researchers and
extension department for proper guideline of farmers.
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