This document discusses various types and causes of human migration. It outlines Ravenstein's laws of migration from the 1870s, which found that most migrants travel short distances, migration is usually rural-to-urban, and each flow creates a counter-flow. The document also explores push and pull factors that influence migration decisions, such as economic conditions, political circumstances, armed conflicts, environmental issues, culture, technology, and information flows. Migration can be voluntary or forced, and includes temporary, seasonal, and return/counter flows.

1. Chapter 6 “Where and Why People Move”

2. Migration The long-term relocation of an individual, household, or larger group to a new locale outside the community of origin.

3. Immigration/Emigration

4. Internal migration Guatemala

5. Ravenstein’s Migration Laws 1870’s -1880’s Most migrants go only a short distance. (gravity law) Longer-distance migration favors big-city destinations. Most migration proceeds step by step. Most migration is rural to urban. Each migration flow creates a counter-flow. Most migrants are adults--families are less likely to make international moves Most international migrants are young males.

6. The Gravity Model and Migration

7. Catalysts of migration Economic conditions % of World GNP compared to % of World Population

8. Catalysts of migration Political circumstances Haiti Mariel Boatlift Idi Amin/Uganda

9. Catalysts of migration Armed conflict and civil war Guatemalans Vietnamese Rwandans Bosnians

10. Catalysts of migration Environmental conditions Irish Population 1872 The Irish Potato Famine

11. Catalysts of migration Environmental conditions

12. Catalysts of migration Environmental conditions

13. Catalysts of migration Culture and Traditions Pakistan--Post-Partition migration Russian Jews arriving in Israel The Mormon Trek

14. Catalysts of migration Technological Advances Railroad land grants Homestead Act Poster

15. Catalysts of migration Technological Advances

16. Catalysts of migration Technological Advances

17. Catalysts of migration Flow of information Little Haiti Turkish guest workers Chain migration

18. Catalysts of migration

20. Catalysts of migration “ Push” Factors are events or conditions that impel an individual to move from a location. “ Pull” Factors are forces of attraction that influence migrants to move to a particular location. Most decisions to migrate are a combination of push and pull factors.

21. Distance decay --most moves are to closer and more familiar locations Step migration --an eventual long-distance migration is undertaken in stages--farm to village to small town to city. Catalysts of migration

22. Intervening opportunity --closer opportunities will reduce the attractiveness of interaction with more distant--even slightly better--alternatives. Catalysts of migration

23. Voluntary Migration Voluntary migration has an element of choice based on some percieved opportunity.

24. Forced Migration In forced migration, the element of choice is removed. Trail of Tears Slave Trade

25. Counter migration … or return migration…is the return of migrants to the regions from which they earlier emigrated. Every migration flow generates some counter-migration

26. Types of Movement Cyclic Movement Activity Space--daily movement such as commuting Seasonal movement--snowbirds, agricultural workers Pastoral nomadism--a group moves with its livestock in search of forage. This is controlled movement (not random).

27. Activity Space

28. Types of Movement Periodic Movement College students Military service Migrant labor Transhumance--winter and summer pasturing

29. The Migration Process Influence of British colonialism

30. The Migration Process The Chinese Diaspora

31. External and Internal Migration Historical pattern of migration to the US

32. External and Internal Migration Internal migration patterns in the United States

34. Migration and Dislocation: The Refugee Problem What is a “refugee?” International/Intranational Refugees Permanent/Temporary Refugees