Slide deck for the webinar on Nov. 25, 2020, co-organized by the Farmer Managed Irrigation System Promotion Trust (FMIST), Nepal; International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI); International Water Management Institute (IWMI); CGIAR Research Programs on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM) and Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). More details and full recording: https://bit.ly/36SFxWv
Feminization of agriculture: Building evidence to debunk myths on current cha...IFPRI-PIM
This PIM webinar recorded on Jun 10, 2021 presents the findings from five projects that comprised a set of PIM grants on Feminization of Agriculture: Building evidence to debunk myths on current challenges and opportunities. Research teams from across CGIAR worked since 2018 to explore the dynamics and impacts of migration, including male-outmigration, on gender relations in agriculture and natural resource domains. More info: https://bit.ly/FemofAg1
Presented in ACIAR-IFPRI two days Regional Dialogue on Machine Reforms’ for Sustainable Intensification of Agriculture in South Asia on July 21-22, 2017 in New Delhi, India
PIM Webinar conducted by Cheryl Doss (U of Oxford), Agnes Quisumbing (International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)) and Ruth Meinzen-Dick (IFPRI). More at http://bit.ly/GenderinAgMythsWebinar
Improving Life of women in rural communityAbhaSingh48
This document discusses improving the lives of women in rural communities in India. It notes that women make up a large portion of the agricultural labor force but still face disadvantages in terms of pay, land rights, and representation. Their lack of empowerment can negatively impact their children's education and family health. Several programs and schemes aim to improve access to healthcare for rural women and address issues like malnutrition, disease prevalence, and maternal health. Overall, bettering the lives of rural women will require improving their economic contributions and social status through expanded education, land rights, minimum wages, and poverty alleviation programs along with enhanced access to resources like housing, water, electricity, and healthcare.
Feminization of Agriculture: Building evidence to debunk myths on current cha...IFPRI-PIM
This document discusses a webinar on the feminization of agriculture. It presents four grants that studied this topic using qualitative and quantitative methods in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. The grants analyzed how decision-making, labor, and social norms are changing in wheat farming in South Asia. They explored employment opportunities for women and youth in agricultural value chains. They also developed a methodology to identify the drivers of feminization across scales and validated these findings in communities. The webinar discussed how to better measure the roles of women and youth in high-value agricultural activities.
WEBINAR: Aspirations, trust, and poverty reductionIFPRI-PIM
What are aspirations, why do they matter, and how are they formed? How can they be affected by development interventions, or by negative shocks—which the poor frequently face? And how are aspirations and trust in government linked? What can policymakers do to blunt the negative psychological effects of poverty and shocks, and to more broadly bolster aspirations and trust? In this PIM webinar on December 19, 2018 Dr. Katrina Kosec (IFPRI) shared recent novel findings with examples from case studies in Ethiopia, Tanzania, and Pakistan.
More: http://bit.ly/AspirationsWebinar
The document discusses gender analysis in agriculture and allied sectors. It notes that women farmers contribute significantly to global food security but are often excluded from access to resources and decision making. Gender analysis aims to understand differences in men and women's roles, skills, access to resources and priorities. This helps overcome barriers, promote equal opportunities and ensure technologies do not negatively impact women. The document provides several case studies showing how commercialization can change traditional gender roles and impact women's livelihoods. It emphasizes the importance of understanding local gender norms and involving both men and women for agricultural interventions to be successful.
Feminization of agriculture: Building evidence to debunk myths on current cha...IFPRI-PIM
This PIM webinar recorded on Jun 10, 2021 presents the findings from five projects that comprised a set of PIM grants on Feminization of Agriculture: Building evidence to debunk myths on current challenges and opportunities. Research teams from across CGIAR worked since 2018 to explore the dynamics and impacts of migration, including male-outmigration, on gender relations in agriculture and natural resource domains. More info: https://bit.ly/FemofAg1
Presented in ACIAR-IFPRI two days Regional Dialogue on Machine Reforms’ for Sustainable Intensification of Agriculture in South Asia on July 21-22, 2017 in New Delhi, India
PIM Webinar conducted by Cheryl Doss (U of Oxford), Agnes Quisumbing (International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)) and Ruth Meinzen-Dick (IFPRI). More at http://bit.ly/GenderinAgMythsWebinar
Improving Life of women in rural communityAbhaSingh48
This document discusses improving the lives of women in rural communities in India. It notes that women make up a large portion of the agricultural labor force but still face disadvantages in terms of pay, land rights, and representation. Their lack of empowerment can negatively impact their children's education and family health. Several programs and schemes aim to improve access to healthcare for rural women and address issues like malnutrition, disease prevalence, and maternal health. Overall, bettering the lives of rural women will require improving their economic contributions and social status through expanded education, land rights, minimum wages, and poverty alleviation programs along with enhanced access to resources like housing, water, electricity, and healthcare.
Feminization of Agriculture: Building evidence to debunk myths on current cha...IFPRI-PIM
This document discusses a webinar on the feminization of agriculture. It presents four grants that studied this topic using qualitative and quantitative methods in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. The grants analyzed how decision-making, labor, and social norms are changing in wheat farming in South Asia. They explored employment opportunities for women and youth in agricultural value chains. They also developed a methodology to identify the drivers of feminization across scales and validated these findings in communities. The webinar discussed how to better measure the roles of women and youth in high-value agricultural activities.
WEBINAR: Aspirations, trust, and poverty reductionIFPRI-PIM
What are aspirations, why do they matter, and how are they formed? How can they be affected by development interventions, or by negative shocks—which the poor frequently face? And how are aspirations and trust in government linked? What can policymakers do to blunt the negative psychological effects of poverty and shocks, and to more broadly bolster aspirations and trust? In this PIM webinar on December 19, 2018 Dr. Katrina Kosec (IFPRI) shared recent novel findings with examples from case studies in Ethiopia, Tanzania, and Pakistan.
More: http://bit.ly/AspirationsWebinar
The document discusses gender analysis in agriculture and allied sectors. It notes that women farmers contribute significantly to global food security but are often excluded from access to resources and decision making. Gender analysis aims to understand differences in men and women's roles, skills, access to resources and priorities. This helps overcome barriers, promote equal opportunities and ensure technologies do not negatively impact women. The document provides several case studies showing how commercialization can change traditional gender roles and impact women's livelihoods. It emphasizes the importance of understanding local gender norms and involving both men and women for agricultural interventions to be successful.
Integrating Gender in Policy Research and OutreachIFPRI-PIM
There is growing recognition of the importance of gender issues in policy and research. Gender equality is recognized as one of the Sustainable Development Goals, and is key to achieving most of the other goals as well. Yet it is often not clear what this means, in practice, or what kinds of knowledge and interventions are needed to contribute to these goals.
In this webinar, IFPRI researchers Ruth Meinzen-Dick and Elizabeth Bryan discuss key gender issues and entry points for policy research and outreach, focusing on processes for integrating gender into each stage of the research process, including priority setting, research design, methodologies, conduct of research, and communications for impact.
For more information and full recording of this webinar, visit http://bit.ly/GenderinPolResWebinar
The role of gender in crop value chains in EthiopiaILRI
Women play a significant role in Ethiopian agriculture but face barriers to fully participating in crop value chains. A gender analysis of crop production found that women's workloads are heavier than men's and they have less control over income and decision-making. It also found divisions of labor vary by crop, region, and wealth, with women typically performing tasks like weeding and men activities like marketing. The analysis recommends interventions support women by addressing imbalances in workloads and benefits, expanding access to inputs, technologies, and markets, and involving women in decision-making.
Gender plays an important role in agricultural development. Statistics show closing the gender gap could increase GDP by 9-16%, reduce hunger by 12-17%, and increase agricultural yields by 20-30%. While women constitute 50% of the agricultural workforce and produce 50% of the world's food, they only receive 10% of income and own 1% of property. They face disparities in areas like income, wages, education, and health. Addressing issues like food security, rural finance, land policy, markets, labor, and infrastructure could help empower women and boost agricultural productivity and economic growth. However, achieving gender equality faces political, policy, practical, and technological challenges that need to be overcome.
Integrating Gender In Agricultural ProgramsIFPRI Gender
The document discusses integrating gender into agricultural programs by addressing constraints women face in agriculture. It outlines why focusing on gender is important, then discusses constraints women face in accessing key assets like land, water, livestock, soil fertility, new technologies, extension services, labor, markets, and support services. It provides strategies to alleviate these constraints, like strengthening women's land rights, increasing female extension agents, introducing labor-saving technologies, and investing in market interventions to improve women's access and asset base. Case studies show promising examples of projects that have successfully addressed gender.
Role of women in livestock management, their constraints and training need-Pu...Dr Shifa Ul Haq
The document discusses the role of women in livestock management in Punjab, Pakistan. It finds that women represent about 79% of the rural agricultural workforce and play a major role in livestock activities like feeding, cleaning, milking and processing milk. However, they face many constraints like lack of education, access to credit, training and extension services. The document recommends improving women's access to education, microcredit, training on healthcare, nutrition, breeding and marketing to empower them in the livestock sector.
The 'Invisible Half': Recognizing the contribution of women in agriculture ILRI
Presented by Purvi Mehta and Sapna Jarial at the Regional Conference of the International Network of Women Engineers and Scientists, New Delhi, India, 12-13 October 2012
The document discusses gender equality in rural Africa and achieving commitments outlined in the Malabo Declaration. It notes that while many African countries have committed to supporting women's participation in agriculture and business, gender barriers like unequal access to resources and social norms continue to limit growth. The framework presented highlights how addressing gaps in areas like assets, livelihoods strategies, and control over income can boost outcomes across sectors by empowering women and achieving more equitable distributions of work and rewards.
This document provides an overview of a seminar presentation on women and agriculture in Ethiopia. It discusses the important role of women in Ethiopian agriculture, contributing up to 70% of food production. However, women face numerous challenges including less access to land, credit, extension services and technology compared to men. The document also outlines Ethiopia's national policies aimed at promoting gender equality and women's empowerment in agriculture through institutions like the Women's Affairs Office.
This document discusses whether women's empowerment has economic benefits in the context of fish value chains. It finds that narrow economic efforts to empower women often fail and leave inequality intact. Studies show women are concentrated in lower-paying post-harvest jobs and their contributions are often uncounted. Broader social and policy changes may be needed to achieve meaningful empowerment and equality. Applying economic analysis through a feminist lens could help deepen understanding of gender issues in fish value chains.
The WEAI Tool and Feed the Future Ethiopia Findingsessp2
The document discusses findings from applying the Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI) to data collected in Ethiopia through the Feed the Future initiative. Some key results include:
- At midline, the percentage of disempowered women declined from 78.1% to 73.3%, and average inadequacy scores also declined. However, contributions to disempowerment from the leadership and time domains remained high.
- Comparison of women and men found that both experienced similar contributors to disempowerment, though percentages were higher for women.
- Major interventions through Feed the Future focused on increasing women's participation in cooperatives, business training, and entrepreneurship programs. However, continued
Gender indicators for women’s empowerment strategies in water and food securi...Global Water Partnership
Presentation made by Dr Alice M. Bouman-Dentener , President of the Woman for Water Partnership, World Water Week, August 26-31, 2012, Stockholm, Sweden
Gender and Cash Crops: The Case of Coffee Production in Ethiopia essp2
Women play a critical but disadvantaged role in Ethiopia's coffee production sector. They account for over 40% of agricultural labor but have less decision-making power, access to land, extension services, and inputs. As a result, the plots solely managed by women have lower productivity. Women are mainly involved in harvesting and temporary processing work. They sell smaller amounts of coffee than men and earn less income, which is mostly spent on food and consumption. Policies are needed to improve women's access to education, resources, markets, employment, and technologies to enhance their productivity and participation in the coffee value chain.
This document summarizes a study on organic agriculture and women's empowerment. It finds that conventional farming is strongly associated with masculine identities, limiting women's participation and influence. Organic and sustainable farming offers more opportunities for women, though the sector still struggles with gender biases. Case studies show that women often pursue smaller-scale, family-oriented organic production for local markets. While this empowers women economically, the gender division of labor is still not fully challenged on farms. Overall, the study aims to increase understanding of how organic agriculture can promote gender equality and women's meaningful participation in the sector.
Male out-migration and women's work and empowerment in Agriculture: the case ...CGIAR
This presentation was given by Vanya Slavchevska (CIAT), as part of the Annual Gender Scientific Conference hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on 25-27 September 2018 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, hosted by the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) and co-organized with KIT Royal Tropical Institute.
Read more: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/annual-conference-2018/
The document discusses the importance of integrating gender considerations into agricultural research and development. It argues that addressing gender issues is necessary to improve agricultural productivity and food security, increase sustainability, reduce poverty, and achieve other development goals. It outlines how agricultural R&D could be made more gender-equitable by involving women in priority setting, research, extension and evaluation. It also suggests moving beyond a focus only on production technologies to consider women's roles and needs across the entire food system. Finally, it proposes establishing a platform to support strategic gender research, capacity building, and institutional strengthening to help achieve this vision.
Ruth Meinzen-Dick, Wei Zhang, Prachanda Pradhan, Manita Raut, Diana Suhardiman, and Deepa Joshi
Cultivating Equality Conference: Advancing Gender Research in Agriculture and Food Systems
October 15, 2021
Integrating Gender in Policy Research and OutreachIFPRI-PIM
There is growing recognition of the importance of gender issues in policy and research. Gender equality is recognized as one of the Sustainable Development Goals, and is key to achieving most of the other goals as well. Yet it is often not clear what this means, in practice, or what kinds of knowledge and interventions are needed to contribute to these goals.
In this webinar, IFPRI researchers Ruth Meinzen-Dick and Elizabeth Bryan discuss key gender issues and entry points for policy research and outreach, focusing on processes for integrating gender into each stage of the research process, including priority setting, research design, methodologies, conduct of research, and communications for impact.
For more information and full recording of this webinar, visit http://bit.ly/GenderinPolResWebinar
The role of gender in crop value chains in EthiopiaILRI
Women play a significant role in Ethiopian agriculture but face barriers to fully participating in crop value chains. A gender analysis of crop production found that women's workloads are heavier than men's and they have less control over income and decision-making. It also found divisions of labor vary by crop, region, and wealth, with women typically performing tasks like weeding and men activities like marketing. The analysis recommends interventions support women by addressing imbalances in workloads and benefits, expanding access to inputs, technologies, and markets, and involving women in decision-making.
Gender plays an important role in agricultural development. Statistics show closing the gender gap could increase GDP by 9-16%, reduce hunger by 12-17%, and increase agricultural yields by 20-30%. While women constitute 50% of the agricultural workforce and produce 50% of the world's food, they only receive 10% of income and own 1% of property. They face disparities in areas like income, wages, education, and health. Addressing issues like food security, rural finance, land policy, markets, labor, and infrastructure could help empower women and boost agricultural productivity and economic growth. However, achieving gender equality faces political, policy, practical, and technological challenges that need to be overcome.
Integrating Gender In Agricultural ProgramsIFPRI Gender
The document discusses integrating gender into agricultural programs by addressing constraints women face in agriculture. It outlines why focusing on gender is important, then discusses constraints women face in accessing key assets like land, water, livestock, soil fertility, new technologies, extension services, labor, markets, and support services. It provides strategies to alleviate these constraints, like strengthening women's land rights, increasing female extension agents, introducing labor-saving technologies, and investing in market interventions to improve women's access and asset base. Case studies show promising examples of projects that have successfully addressed gender.
Role of women in livestock management, their constraints and training need-Pu...Dr Shifa Ul Haq
The document discusses the role of women in livestock management in Punjab, Pakistan. It finds that women represent about 79% of the rural agricultural workforce and play a major role in livestock activities like feeding, cleaning, milking and processing milk. However, they face many constraints like lack of education, access to credit, training and extension services. The document recommends improving women's access to education, microcredit, training on healthcare, nutrition, breeding and marketing to empower them in the livestock sector.
The 'Invisible Half': Recognizing the contribution of women in agriculture ILRI
Presented by Purvi Mehta and Sapna Jarial at the Regional Conference of the International Network of Women Engineers and Scientists, New Delhi, India, 12-13 October 2012
The document discusses gender equality in rural Africa and achieving commitments outlined in the Malabo Declaration. It notes that while many African countries have committed to supporting women's participation in agriculture and business, gender barriers like unequal access to resources and social norms continue to limit growth. The framework presented highlights how addressing gaps in areas like assets, livelihoods strategies, and control over income can boost outcomes across sectors by empowering women and achieving more equitable distributions of work and rewards.
This document provides an overview of a seminar presentation on women and agriculture in Ethiopia. It discusses the important role of women in Ethiopian agriculture, contributing up to 70% of food production. However, women face numerous challenges including less access to land, credit, extension services and technology compared to men. The document also outlines Ethiopia's national policies aimed at promoting gender equality and women's empowerment in agriculture through institutions like the Women's Affairs Office.
This document discusses whether women's empowerment has economic benefits in the context of fish value chains. It finds that narrow economic efforts to empower women often fail and leave inequality intact. Studies show women are concentrated in lower-paying post-harvest jobs and their contributions are often uncounted. Broader social and policy changes may be needed to achieve meaningful empowerment and equality. Applying economic analysis through a feminist lens could help deepen understanding of gender issues in fish value chains.
The WEAI Tool and Feed the Future Ethiopia Findingsessp2
The document discusses findings from applying the Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI) to data collected in Ethiopia through the Feed the Future initiative. Some key results include:
- At midline, the percentage of disempowered women declined from 78.1% to 73.3%, and average inadequacy scores also declined. However, contributions to disempowerment from the leadership and time domains remained high.
- Comparison of women and men found that both experienced similar contributors to disempowerment, though percentages were higher for women.
- Major interventions through Feed the Future focused on increasing women's participation in cooperatives, business training, and entrepreneurship programs. However, continued
Gender indicators for women’s empowerment strategies in water and food securi...Global Water Partnership
Presentation made by Dr Alice M. Bouman-Dentener , President of the Woman for Water Partnership, World Water Week, August 26-31, 2012, Stockholm, Sweden
Gender and Cash Crops: The Case of Coffee Production in Ethiopia essp2
Women play a critical but disadvantaged role in Ethiopia's coffee production sector. They account for over 40% of agricultural labor but have less decision-making power, access to land, extension services, and inputs. As a result, the plots solely managed by women have lower productivity. Women are mainly involved in harvesting and temporary processing work. They sell smaller amounts of coffee than men and earn less income, which is mostly spent on food and consumption. Policies are needed to improve women's access to education, resources, markets, employment, and technologies to enhance their productivity and participation in the coffee value chain.
This document summarizes a study on organic agriculture and women's empowerment. It finds that conventional farming is strongly associated with masculine identities, limiting women's participation and influence. Organic and sustainable farming offers more opportunities for women, though the sector still struggles with gender biases. Case studies show that women often pursue smaller-scale, family-oriented organic production for local markets. While this empowers women economically, the gender division of labor is still not fully challenged on farms. Overall, the study aims to increase understanding of how organic agriculture can promote gender equality and women's meaningful participation in the sector.
Male out-migration and women's work and empowerment in Agriculture: the case ...CGIAR
This presentation was given by Vanya Slavchevska (CIAT), as part of the Annual Gender Scientific Conference hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on 25-27 September 2018 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, hosted by the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) and co-organized with KIT Royal Tropical Institute.
Read more: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/annual-conference-2018/
The document discusses the importance of integrating gender considerations into agricultural research and development. It argues that addressing gender issues is necessary to improve agricultural productivity and food security, increase sustainability, reduce poverty, and achieve other development goals. It outlines how agricultural R&D could be made more gender-equitable by involving women in priority setting, research, extension and evaluation. It also suggests moving beyond a focus only on production technologies to consider women's roles and needs across the entire food system. Finally, it proposes establishing a platform to support strategic gender research, capacity building, and institutional strengthening to help achieve this vision.
Ruth Meinzen-Dick, Wei Zhang, Prachanda Pradhan, Manita Raut, Diana Suhardiman, and Deepa Joshi
Cultivating Equality Conference: Advancing Gender Research in Agriculture and Food Systems
October 15, 2021
Presented by IWMI's Soumya Balasubramanya at a seminar / webinar organized by Agrilink on Water Governance, Training and Gender in Agriculture: A New Evidence Base, on May 24, 2018, Washington DC, USA.
Closing the gender gap in farming under climate chnageCGIAR
This presentation was given by Sophia Huyer on 30 May 2017, as part of the webinar 'Gender, climate change and agriculture'. The webinar was co-organized by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research and the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS).
Read more about this webinar at: http://gender.cgiar.org/webinar-gender-climate-change-agriculture/
Find out about other webinars hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/webinars/
Women’s Participation in Agricultural Cooperatives in Ethiopiaessp2
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI) Seminar Series. April 12, 2013. Addis Ababa University
1) The document summarizes the results of a water point mapping exercise conducted in Isiolo County, Kenya. It found that 61% of improved water sources were functional while 39% were non-functional.
2) Management of water points was split between community-based organizations (41%), private individuals (25%), and no clear management system (27%). The majority (58%) of water points supplied water without requiring payment.
3) Key issues identified that contributed to non-functionality included a lack of clear ownership and management practices, low willingness to pay for services, and insufficient routine maintenance. The data was seen as valuable for stakeholders to address systemic challenges and improve rural water service delivery.
This document discusses the Integrated Initiatives for Economic Growth in Mali (IICEM) program, which aims to increase income and food security for rural Malians through agricultural development linked to markets. The program focuses on cereals, horticulture, and mango value chains. It works through local organizations and businesses. Over time, the program has evolved to focus more on expanding women's roles in agriculture and ensuring gender-equitable opportunities. Key performance indicators track outcomes disaggregated by gender. Desired impacts include increased income and food security as well as greater bargaining power for women, though unintended consequences will need monitoring.
Effects of Extension Services on Technology Adoption and Productivity among F...essp2
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI). Conference on "Towards what works in Rural Development in Ethiopia: Evidence on the Impact of Investments and Policies". December 13, 2013. Hilton Hotel, Addis Ababa.
Effects of training duration and the role of gender on farm participation in ...CGIAR
This presentation was given by Soumya Balasubramanya (IWMI), as part of the Annual Gender Scientific Conference hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on 25-27 September 2018 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, hosted by the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) and co-organized with KIT Royal Tropical Institute.
Read more: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/annual-conference-2018/
11 July 2012 Odisha CSISA SSD Gender Mainstreaming in CSISA Part 1CSISA
The document summarizes gender research accomplishments from the Cereal Systems Initiative for South Asia (CSISA) Phase 1 project from 2007-2012. Some key accomplishments included developing a gender strategy, conducting studies on gender issues in rice farming systems in India and Bangladesh, and empowering women farmers through training. The research found that women make major labor contributions but have less access to education, land, and decision making. It also identified opportunities to promote gender equality through the CSISA project.
Spiraling up and down: Mapping rural women’s empowerment in EthiopiaILRI
The document summarizes a study that used the Community Capitals Framework to examine how rural women in Ethiopia engaged in a UN program became empowered. It found that women's empowerment is a process involving changes in their control over various types of capital (social, human, financial, etc.). Empowerment can spiral up as increasing assets in one capital boosts other capitals, or spiral down if deficiencies in one capital limit growth in others. The study assessed changes in women's lives and control over decision making through qualitative interviews with participants in the UN program in two regions of Ethiopia. It found that strategically building social, human and financial capital can lead to empowerment, but this requires a holistic, integrated approach
Presentation on Mapping rural women's empowerment in Ethiopia ckmtraining
Presented by Annet Mulema at the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research Second Annual Scientific Conference, ILRI, Addis Ababa, 25-28 September 2018
Spiraling up and down: Mapping rural women's empowerment in EthiopiaCGIAR
This presentation was given by Annet Mulema (ILRI), as part of the Annual Gender Scientific Conference hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on 25-27 September 2018 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, hosted by the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) and co-organized with KIT Royal Tropical Institute.
Read more: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/annual-conference-2018/
This document discusses new approaches and tools for achieving inclusive and gender-equal irrigation. It summarizes research from Ethiopia, Ghana, Tanzania, and Malawi on the different constraints and opportunities men and women face regarding irrigation. Two new tools are presented: a diagnostic tool to measure gender gaps in access to and control over irrigation benefits, and a learning tool to improve gender integration in irrigation planning. The tools involve sex-disaggregated focus groups to understand inequality in access to water, labor, decision-making, and control over income from irrigation. The goal is to ensure both men and women can benefit from expanded irrigation.
This document discusses why gender is important for agricultural productivity in Africa. It notes that women make up 30-80% of the agricultural workforce in Africa but face challenges. Estimates show gender gaps in productivity could be reduced by 13-30% by equalizing access to resources. However, current estimates only measure land productivity and do not fully account for women's labor or outputs. The document outlines challenges in accurately measuring gender gaps and proposes recommendations like increasing women's access to labor, higher value crops, and agricultural inputs to improve productivity while empowering women.
2010 Enraged To Engaged - Connecting Through CollaborationHelen Maupin
This document describes the transition of Winnipeg Transit from an adversarial, top-down management structure to a collaborative work system through partnership with the Amalgamated Transit Union. It details how a crisis over a contentious contract led management to commit to collaboration. A working committee was formed with representatives from management, the union, and bus operators. Through focus groups, trust- and morale-building initiatives, and developing new systems collaboratively, the relationship and culture improved. Key successes included cost savings, improved employee surveys, and reduced grievances. While a proposed new scheduling system was initially rejected, the experience reinforced lessons about maintaining trust in the collaborative process.
This document summarizes a systematic review of 108 case studies on irrigation management transfer and participatory irrigation management (IMT/PIM) reforms in Asia. The review found that:
1) About half of the cases studied showed improved outcomes with IMT/PIM such as increased water distribution and fee collection, while the other half showed no improvements or deteriorating conditions.
2) Successful cases tended to involve smaller, simpler irrigation systems with non-paddy crops and rehabilitation works. Larger, more complex paddy irrigation systems often did not see the same benefits.
3) The review questions whether IMT/PIM has been truly participatory as intended, since in many cases farmers did not have a choice and were not
Agroclimate Information Systems (ACIS) for women and ethnic minority farmers ...CGIAR
This presentation was given by Elisabeth Simelton (World Agroforestry Center) on January 23, 2019 as part of the webinar 'Guidelines and good practices for achieving gender equality outcomes through climate services'. The webinar was co-organized by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research and the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS).
Read more about this webinar at: https://gender.cgiar.org/webinar-guidelines-climate-services/
Find out about other webinars hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/webinars/
This document summarizes a project by CARE International to promote gender equality in water resource management in Same District, Tanzania. Key points:
1) Before the project, women faced disadvantages in accessing scarce water resources due to cultural norms and power imbalances. Women's livelihoods highly depended on water.
2) The project conducted gender analyses and established gender equitable practices like mandatory female membership in water committees, champion farmers including many women, and Village Savings and Loan Associations (VSLAs) to empower women economically.
3) The project has led to impacts like increased participation of women in decision making, strengthened local water governance, increased agricultural productivity empowering women economically, and adoption of soil and water
Similar to Migration and gender dynamics in irrigation governance in Nepal (20)
Cash transfers and intimate partner violence: Case studies from Ethiopia and ...IFPRI-PIM
Webinar organized by the CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM) and the Cash Transfer and Intimate Partner Violence Research Collaborative in support of the annual 16 Days of Activism against Gender-Based Violence campaign. More information and full recording available at https://bit.ly/3pOlJx0
African Farmers, Value Chains, and African DevelopmentIFPRI-PIM
PIM Webinar/Book Launch, December 9, 2021.
At first glance, African smallholder farmers might seem unproductive, as their crops yield much less than potential and are often of variable quality. A new PIM-supported book “African Farmers, Value Chains, and Agricultural Development” argues that in fact they are largely producing following rational economic decisions, and that this situation is a consequence of the economic and institutional environment in which they produce. The authors Alan de Brauw and Erwin Bulte discuss ways that different types of transaction costs limit their market opportunities in general, including transport costs but also costs related to different sources of risks, trust, market power, liquidity, and even storage.
More information and full webinar recording: https://bit.ly/3rMpdTi
Tenure Security and Landscape Governance of Natural ResourcesIFPRI-PIM
PIM Webinar recorded on December 7, 2021. For more information and the recording of the webinar, and to access the briefs, visit https://bit.ly/3xZDBs6
COVID-19 and agricultural value chains: Impacts and adaptationsIFPRI-PIM
PIM Webinar recorded on November 29, 2021.
Presenters: Ben Belton - Global Lead, Social and Economic Inclusion, WorldFish
Diego Naziri – value chain and postharvest specialist, International Potato Center (CIP); Leader of “Nutritious Food and Value Added through Post-harvest Innovation” research flagship in the CGIAR Research Program on Roots, Tubers and Bananas (RTB)
Gashaw Tadesse Abate - Research Fellow at the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
Abut Hayat Md. Saiful Islam – Professor at Department of Agricultural Economics at Bangladesh Agricultural University in Mymensingh, Bangladesh.
Marcel Gatto – Agricultural Economist at the International Potato Center (CIP).
Humnath Bhandari - Senior Agricultural Economist and Country Representative, IRRI Bangladesh.
G.M. Monirul Alam - Professor, Faculty of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh.
Full recording of the webinar available at https://bit.ly/3DN18in
Inclusive and Efficient Value Chains: Innovations, Scaling, and Way ForwardIFPRI-PIM
In the CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM), market and related aspects have been mostly addressed by PIM Flagship 3: Inclusive and Efficient Value Chains. The team has been focusing on the evolving international, regional, and local contexts for agricultural markets, and investigating how value chains (VC) can be strengthened to generate more benefits for smallholders and small and medium enterprises (SMEs), with differentiated opportunities for women, men, and youth. In this webinar on 22 November 2021, the team presented key findings from the Flagship’s work in 2017-2021 in three areas: 1) value chain innovations, 2) use of value chains for scaling CGIAR solutions, and 3) interactions between research and practice for value chain development.
For more information about this webinar and to access the full recording, visit https://bit.ly/3c6siV5.
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Event page (full recording): https://bit.ly/3jRTRWy
See more on www.pim.cgiar.org
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1. Women have less decision-making power and asset ownership compared to men, especially in intensive value chains.
2. Intensive value chains use more purchased inputs like fertilizers and hired labor, resulting in higher yields. However, extension services mainly target men.
3. Women do most of the labor in crop establishment and post-harvest handling while men do more field management.
4. Controlling for other factors, sweet potato yields are lower on female-managed farms compared to male-managed farms, indicating a gender productivity gap.
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Presentations:
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Discussant: Andrew Dillon, Clinical Associate Professor of Development Economics within Kellogg's Public-Private Interface Initiative (KPPI); Director of Research Methods Cluster in the Global Poverty Research Lab, Northwestern University.
Moderator: Kate Ambler, Research Fellow, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
More info and full recording: https://bit.ly/2TrpaNF
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More info and full recording: https://bit.ly/mafsGDP
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https://bit.ly/COVID-FVC
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When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
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The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
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We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
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With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
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This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
3. Irrigation
system
performance
Labor contribution
Monetary/in-kind
contribution
Knowledge
Decision-making in
governance (# of meetings,
participants, etc.)
Technology
Male
migration
Agricultural
productivity
Rainfall
Shocks
Other inputs (labor,
knowledge, yield-enhancing
and risk-reducing inputs and
technologies, etc.)
Research questions:
• Institutional innovation: What changes in
formal rules of WUAs and in gender norms? Do
these encourage women’s participation in
irrigation?
• Technological innovation: What new
technologies and transport? How do these
change demands for male and female labor?
Have these been financed by remittances?
• Women’s roles: Do women take on
membership and leadership roles in WUAs? Do
women meet labor contributions through
hiring labor, or female labor, or not at all? How
does caste, ethnicity, and wealth affect
women’s participation in irrigation?
• Outcomes: What consequences for
effectiveness of irrigation systems, collective
action, and equity of distribution of benefits?
Does the adaptation result in more inclusive
and transparent decision making in irrigation
system management?
4. Study methods
• Literature review
• Phone survey of 336 Water Users’
Association leaders representing 7
provinces as well as terai, hills and
mountain systems.
• Qualitative study of 10 irrigation
systems spread in different
topographical regions
• “Deep dive” qualitative study of 2
contrasting cases with high male
migration
5. Migration and
Gender Dynamics
in Irrigation
Governance in
Nepal: Results of
Phone Survey with
WUA Leaders
• Ruth Meinzen-Dick and Wei Zhang
(IFPRI)
• Prachanda Pradhan (Farmer Managed
Irrigation System Promotion Trust,
Nepal [FMIST])
Photo credits: Bob Yoder, Manita Raut
6. Study methods
• Phone survey of 336 Water Users’ Association leaders representing 7
provinces as well as terai, hills and mountain systems.
• Conducted by Farmer Managed Irrigation Systems Promotion Trust
• Addressing responses to male migration, including
• Gendered participation in meetings and irrigation activities
• Changes in rules
• Technological changes
• Note:
• Basic facts and opinions of key informant (usually WUA President)
• Changes over 10 years may not be capturing migration (recall problems, migration
may be >10 years)
7. Top 5 reported consequences of (male) migration
Overall
%
reporting
(N=336)
Women playing role in irrigation management 84.4
Women taking decision role 85.5
Women contribute to maintenance 80.0
Women pay cash instead of labor for maintenance 44.4
Change labor to cash contributions for O&M 63.4
Women becoming the manager of agriculture production system 79.3
Over burdening the workload of women in irrigation management 75.1
Labor shortage at HH level 69.3
Labor shortage causing the deterioration of the system 4.8
Fallow Land 15.8
Women deprived to be member of executive committee, not owning the land 3.1
8. Explanatory variables
• Key interest variable: Male migration
• Control variables:
• Irrigation system management:
Farmer Managed Irrigation System (FMIS) vs Agency or Joint managed
• System size (log ha)
• System type (Gravity vs Lift or Groundwater)
• Topography (Hill, Mountain vs Terai plains)
• Caste/ethnicity (Executive committee members from high caste)
• Respondent’s education (Secondary and above)
• Province fixed effects
9. Gendered Participation
Attend meetings Speak in meetings
Participate in Canal
Maintenance
% Men % Women % Men % Women % Men % Women
Mean without male migration 60.8 39.1 59.5 38.4 55.0 47.2
Mean with male migration 59.3 51.3 59.7 44.6 50.8 52.3
Tobit results
Male out-migration ++ - - ++
Irrigation system managed by FMIS - - - -
Irrigation system size (log ha) + +
Irrigation system type =Gravity + +++
Topography: Hill ++ - -
Topography: Mountain -
Education Secondary and above + +
# high caste executive committee members
Province Fixed Effects Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
10. Women’s Participation In Irrigation
Allowed to do
maintenance in
place of male
members
Participate in
operation
Participate in
water allocation
Participate in
water
distribution
Participate in
supervision of
water
distribution
Special
facilities
provided for
women
Mean without male migration 93.1 90.4 89.0 87.6 79.4 15.0
Mean with male migration 97.7** 93.5 93.5* 93.5** 92.8** 56.0***
Binomial probit results
Male out-migration ++ ++ ++ ++ +
Irrigation System managed by =FMIS
Irrigation system size (log ha) -
Irrigation system=Gravity - - - - - - - - - + - -
Topography: Hill +
Topography: Mountain + +++
Education Secondary and above
Number of executive members
belong to dominant castes
+ +
Province Fixed Effects Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
11. Rules
Women
members in
own right
Man absent,
woman takes
membership
Women
participation
in meetings
Labor
contribution
only
Both labor
and cash
contribution
Contract
system for
maintenance
Mean without male migration 89.0 83.5 72.6 38.3 53.4 13.6
Mean with male migration 96.2*** 87.1 83.3** 31.8 82.5*** 32.9***
Binomial probit results
Male out-migration + +++ +++ ++
Irrigation System managed by =FMIS - - - - - ++ -
Irrigation system size (log ha) - - - - - - - - - + +++
Irrigation system=Gravity - - - -
Topography: Hill - - - - - - - - +++
Topography: Mountain - - - - - - - - - - -
Education Secondary and above - - - -
Number of executive members belong
to dominant castes + +++
Provinces Fixed Effects Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
12. Technological Change
Women plow
in absence of
men
Women
operate
tractors
Sprinkler/
drip
irrigation
Weeders Harvesters Threshers
Mean without male migration 8.2 2.7 27.3 8.2 9.5 49.3
Mean with male migration 9.8 6.0 19.6 5.6 12.8 57.1
Binomial probit results
Male out-migration ++ +++ ++
Irrigation System managed by =FMIS ++ +++
Irrigation system size (log ha) +++ +++ +++
Irrigation system=Gravity
Topography: Hill - - - - - -
Topography: Mountain + - - - - -
Education Secondary and above -
Number of executive members belong
to dominant castes - - - - - - - - -
Provinces Fixed Effects Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
13. “Impacts of migration
on gender dynamics in
irrigation governance in
Nepal - Findings from
case study of 10
irrigation systems”
Prachanda Pradhan (Farmer
Managed Irrigation System
Promotion Trust, Nepal [FMIST])
Photo credits: Bob Yoder, Manita Raut
14. Assumptions Objective of the Study
Out-migration of youths from the rural areas
would create vacuum of labor force.
Adds burden of agriculture and irrigation
activities to women.
Review from wider perspective empowering
women for decision making in agriculture and
water management encompassing factors such
as:
• change in technology
• change in legal system
• agriculture mechanization
• labor demand and supply system
• physical improvements in irrigation and
transportation systems
• monetization of economy leading to
empowering women
Background of Case Study
16. Case Study in 10 Systems
Preparation Methodology
• The systems studied were 20 to over 200
years old
• I’ve studied these systems for the last 20 –
40 years
o observed multi-factor changes over
periods of time
• Historical perspectives of system
development
• Changes taken place, role changes of
women and men
• Focus group discussions on gender dynamics
on irrigation and agriculture management
• Key informant interviews (with local leaders
and irrigation officials)
General Findings
Out-migration has different characteristics depending on the location:
• Around urban areas, youth have moved from agriculture activities to industrial activities
• Male members near district headquarters became absent during daytime for jobs
• Short-term migration either within Nepal or in India for seasonal work
• Long-term migration to Malaysia, Gulf countries, etc., for 3-5 years
17. Results of Out-Migration
Out-migration of youth from the rural areas has caused a short supply of
manpower, resulting in an increase of activities done by women in agriculture
and irrigation:
• Agriculture laborers from different districts have filled the vacuum where labor
shortage is experienced through the usage of mobile phones (Chitwan/Rupendehi)
• Continuation of the traditional pattern of labor exchange among households in some
places called “Perma” - specially among women
• Partial or full mechanization of agricultural activities has reduced the burden on
women. E.g., plowing by bullock is replaced by tractors and land preparation,
threshing, harvesting and storing by mechanical help
• Transformation to monetization from labor base irrigation and agriculture activities
to cash base activities, due to shortage of labor
• Women have the ability to pay cash for maintenance of irrigation system
18. Results of Out-Migration
• Improvement in physical features in irrigation systems require less time for O&M
(Jamara, Chhatis Mauja, Itura, etc.), resulting more time for women to be involved
in extra-income activities
• Access to improved roads and bicycles help women to participate in irrigation
related activities like in Chitwan and Kailali
• Livestock raising pattern has changed to cash income, lessening the burden of fodder
collection and grazing by women at household level
• Remittance enables women to hire laborers by paying cash and is a key factor in
lessening the burden of women in agricultural activities
• The households decide to give the land either on share cropping or on contract
farming if there is not enough manpower
• Out of these changes, women are now becoming the managers of agricultural
activities
• Women are now given a special place in WUA, either by guaranteeing 33% of
membership or in other decision-making roles.
• Over 33% women have been represented in the case studies
20. Gendered Institutional Dynamics
(Re)shaping Women’s Roles in Water
User Associations in Nepal
Manita Raut, Diana Suhardiman, Ruth Meinzen-Dick
International Water Management Institute (IWMI)
21. CONTEXT
Irrigation Policy 2003 formally
mandated women’s involvement
in Water User Association (WUA)
through membership composition
Continued engagement of women in
agriculture despite to male migration
In Nepal, women have always been part of
irrigation system management, though
informally
Policy measure-
a starting point to
formalize involvement
of women in WUAs
Tokenistic participation
with limited bargaining
power and decision
making authority
22. Objective of the Study:
• Unpack women’s views in relation to their envisioned roles in irrigation
system management, following male out migration, and how the latter
are linked with WUA’s organizational and structural characteristics
• Understand as to how these events (re)shape gendered responses to
adapt to the changing agrarian context
23. Study Methods Numbers Respondent
Characteristics
Focused Group
Discussions
1 Mixed gender and
1 women only groups
in each sites
Mixed Gender and Women Only
Key Informant
Interviews
WUA general
members (2 in each
site) and WUA
executive members
(2 in each sites)
Position in the family(daughter in
law, mother in law), Family
type(nuclear and joint),
Membership in WUA (position in
WUA)
24. Study Location
Janakalyan Irrigation
System (JIS)
Kalleritar Irrigation
System(KIS)
Janakalyan Irrigation System
located in Terai Plans in
Chitwan district
Kalleritar Irrigation System
located in mid-hills in Dhading
district
25. • Located in Terai Plains at Chitwan district
• Monetization of labor requirements, paid for
by remittances, done by desi (migrant) male
labor
• WUA Engagement:
• Biguti (irrigation operator/distributer)
appointed by WUA to manage water
distribution
• Informal channels via relatives, local
irrigation official, instead of direct
participation in WUA
• Mechanization through use of hired tractor,
rice harvesters etc
• Located in mid-hills in Dhading district
• Low availability of male laborers to hire
• WUA Engagement:
• Women involved in canal maintenance
activities through labor provision, rather
than cash compensation
• Limited and slow mechanization due to hilly
topography
About Study Locations
Janakalyan—Terai Kalleritar —mid-hills
27. • Women did not view their participation in
WUAs’ as important, because water is
abundant: “Multiple household responsibilities
keep me busy and leave me no time to attend
WUA meeting. Also, I do not see any reason
why I have to be more involved in WUA
organizational activities if my brother in law
could also take care sufficient and reliable
water service provision to my fields”
• Use of network and Informal channels via
relatives, local irrigation official, instead of
direct participation in WUA
• Women report time savings due to tractors
and rice harvesters
• Monetization reduces labor requirements via
desi (migrant) male labor
Contrasting approaches in exercise of women’s
agency
Janakalyan—Terai Kalleritar —mid-hills
• Lack of mechanisms for women to cope with labor
constraints translates into women’s insistence to
be involved in canal maintenance activities
through labor provision, rather than cash
compensation
• “Being a member of WUA would safeguard
women’s rights. Women should use their
representation in WUA as a means to achieve their
needs, even when this means they have to interact
differently with men” (older woman)
• Mechanization does not reduce women’s labor
constraints: “While men use tractor (power tiller)
for ploughing the field, the land would still need to
be leveled and the latter has become women’s new
task as well”
28. On Gendered Participation in WUA: Women SPEAK
Increased participation does not
mean greater decision making
power
“Women lack any decision making in
WUA. Unlike decision made by (older)
men, valued by both women and
men, women’s opinions are not
valued. Increasingly now, women are
part of WUA Committee, but with less
decision-making role, if any.”
(interview with a woman farmer from
JIS, December 2019)
WUA Participation Challenges
Time constraints managing
domestic and agricultural tasks but
Family ties/kinship in Terai case:
a) conducive for some in appointment
in WUA executive committee
b) reliance for agricultural and water
related work
29. Women Agency and Labor Provision for Canal
Management
On the contrary, women’s direct involvement in Kalleritar (mid-hills) WUA canal
management is important for decision-making space
Women were able
push for stronger
rules to control
overall practice of
only men providing
labor for irrigation
maintenance
“Letting women fight alone to change
age old gender norms could take a lot
of time. Hence, there is a need for men
to understand the value of women’s
participation, so that they can also
support women membership and
decision making in WUA” (interview
with a woman, December 2019)
30. Water distribution
decisions
Social Network (eg
with appointed
irrigation operators
in WUA)
Rules and practices
such as labor
provision for irrigation
system maintenance
Women’s views and
strategies to cope
with male out
migration
are interlinked with WUA’s
organizational rules and
functioning around…
(Quota system for women and minority
groups)
On WUA’s organizational rules and
functioning (re)shaping gendered
institutional dynamics
31. Reflections
In this context, implication of male migration in WUA is shaped by women’s agency where women’s
choices are diverse and shaped by
• Availability of agricultural labor
• Availability of remittance income to pay for labor
• Mechanization
• Leadership of a few women who engage in “male space”
35. Gendered Participation
Attend meetings Speak in meetings
Participate in Canal
Maintenance
% Men % Women % Men % Women % Men % Women
Mean without male migration 60.8 39.1 59.5 38.4 55.0 47.2
Mean with male migration 59.3 51.3 59.7 44.6 50.8 52.3
Tobit results
Male out-migration -1.2911 7.6635** 0.5893 2.1493 -6.2212** 5.7450**
Irrigation system managed by FMIS 1.6858 -4.9916* 0.1695 -6.6661*** 0.1169 -0.5857
Irrigation system size (log ha) 1.0746* -0.6377 0.917 -0.3166 1.0248* -0.5946
Irrigation system type =Gravity -0.9947 5.9749* -1.595 9.7537*** -3.4722 2.5599
Topography: Hill 5.7548** -0.3808 2.7118 -6.5511** -0.1086 0.7804
Topography: Mountain -1.9655 -3.5471 -1.6455 -6.6081* 1.0087 -1.217
Education Secondary and above 0.0611 3.4618 -0.0676 3.1533* 3.1817* -2.0227
# high caste executive committee members -0.2637 -0.1597 -0.4574 0.3636 -0.2433 0.8686
Province Fixed Effects Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
36. Women’s Participation In Irrigation
Allowed to do
maintenance in
place of male
members
Participate in
operation
Participate in
water allocation
Participate in
water
distribution
Participate in
supervision of
water
distribution
Special
facilities
provided for
women
Mean without male migration 93.1 90.4 89.0 87.6 79.4 15.0
Mean with male migration 97.7** 93.5 93.5* 93.5** 92.8** 56.0***
Binomial probit results
Male out-migration 0.0749** 0.0940** 0.0442 0.1045** 0.1201** 0.1280*
Irrigation System managed by =FMIS -0.0133 0.025 -0.0149 -0.0276 0.0173 0.0032
Log area ha -0.0016 -0.001 -0.0190* -0.0046 -0.0052 -0.01
Irrigation system=Gravity -0.0369*** -0.0813*** -0.0767*** 0.1395* 0.0026 -0.1277**
Topography: hill 0.0626* 0.0555 -0.0242 -0.0089 -0.0552 -0.0193
Topography: Mountain 0.0295* 0.0678*** 0.0021 -0.0772 -0.0718 -0.0327
Education Secondary and above -0.003 -0.0122 0.0018 -0.0062 0.0121 0.0295
Number of executive members
belong to dominant castes
0.0178* 0.0229* 0.0039 0.0034 0.0166 0.0111
Province Fixed Effects Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
37. Rules
Women
members in
own right
Man absent,
woman takes
membership
Women
participation
in meetings
Labor
contribution
only
Both labor
and cash
contribution
Contract
system for
maintenance
Mean without male migration 89.0 83.5 72.6 38.3 53.4 13.6
Mean with male migration 96.2*** 87.1 83.3** 31.8 82.5*** 32.9***
Binomial probit results
Male out-migration 0.0471* 0.01 0.2347*** -0.0499 0.2944*** 0.1312**
Irrigation System managed by =FMIS -0.0287 -0.1181*** 0.0013 -0.1161** 0.1197** -0.0853*
Log area ha -0.0317*** -0.0341*** -0.0277* -0.0384** 0.0245* 0.0514***
Irrigation system=Gravity -0.0509*** -0.0698 0.079 0.0476 0.0185 -0.1292*
Topography: hill -0.0694** -0.1995*** 0.0011 -0.2495*** 0.0344 0.2858***
Topography: Mountain -0.2079*** -0.2824*** -0.2004** -0.2066*** -0.0013 0.0828
Education Secondary and above 0.0036 -0.0682*** -0.0580* -0.0503 -0.0064 0.0618
Number of executive members belong
to dominant castes
0.0159* 0.0742*** 0.0054 0.0091 -0.0133 0.0114
Provinces Fixed Effects Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
38. Technological Change
Women plow
in absence of
men
Women
operate
tractors
Sprinkler/
drip
irrigation
Weeders Harvesters Threshers
Mean without male migration 8.2 2.7 27.3 8.2 9.5 49.3
Mean with male migration 9.8 6.0 19.6 5.6 12.8 57.1
Binomial probit results
Male out-migration 0.0616** 0.0204 0.0003 0.0129 0.0932*** 0.1161**
Irrigation System managed by =FMIS 0.0332 -0.0028 0.1113** 0.0263 0.0872*** -0.012
Log area ha 0.0108 0.0051 0.021 0.0258*** 0.0439*** 0.0696***
Irrigation system=Gravity 0.0315 -0.0113 -0.0362 0.0361 0.0163 0.0896
Topography: hill 0.0148 0.0282 0.0711 -0.0153 -0.1280*** -0.3439***
Topography: Mountain 0.1024* -0.0193 -0.0199 0.0174 -0.0700** -0.4275***
Education Secondary and above 0.031 0.0068 -0.0336 -0.0239 -0.0480* 0.0115
Number of executive members belong
to dominant castes
-0.0390*** -0.0442*** -0.0081 -0.0290** -0.0228* -0.0281
Provinces Fixed Effects Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes