The document discusses several topics related to the geography of language: - Standard languages are accepted community norms for syntax, vocabulary and pronunciation, decided by those in power. Dialects vary in these areas and denote social class or region. - Pidgins are simplified languages used informally, with limited vocabulary and structure. Creoles evolve when a pidgin becomes a first language. - Lingua francas are third languages used between groups who would not otherwise understand each other, like Swahili in East Africa. - Official languages and multilingualism are discussed in relation to countries like Switzerland, Mexico, Nigeria. - Language families, subfamilies and groups are classified based on common ancestry over thousands of years

1. The Geography of Language

2. What variations exist within languages?

7. What term do you prefer for a sale of unwanted items on your porch, in your yard, etc.?

11. A newspaper ad in an English-language newspaper in Papua/New Guinea encouraging advertisers to appeal to those who speak pidgin as a first language.

14. Three African lingua franca

16. Official languages

17. Multilingual states

18. Switzerland is a multilingual state. (There is no Swiss language.)

19. Mexico’s multilingualism reflects culture regions that do not coincide with political boundaries.

20. Nigeria is representative of many African countries with a multitude of languages. The colonial language is often the lingua franca .

24. Ethnolinguistic Areas of China

25. How are Languages Classified?

26. A language family is a collection of languages that existed long before recorded history.

27. A language subfamily is a collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago

28. A language group is a collection of languages within a subfamily branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past.

31. The dispersal hypothesis

32. The Agriculture theory proposed an Anatolian origin for the Indo-European language family

33. The Renfrew Model suggests three source areas of agriculture, each of which gave rise to a great language family

34. How do languages spread and change?

35. Stages in Austronesian Expansion

36. Greenberg’s Three Indigenous Language Families

39. How has technology affected language?

40. Technology can both increase vulnerability and create a vehicle for preservation.

43. Television and the Movies

45. How can language lead to conflict?

46. French in Quebec

47. Belgium

48. Cyprus