This document discusses social migration, which is the movement of people due to social reasons rather than economic reasons. It provides examples of multicultural societies that have formed due to social migration, such as the US, Nigeria, and the UK. While social migration can help form diverse societies, it also sometimes occurs due to oppression or discrimination that causes minority groups to flee to escape persecution. The document also discusses issues surrounding immigration attitudes in countries like the UK.

1. Social Migration

2. The Specification

3. What is migration?
♦ Migration is the movement of peoples from
one area to another.
♦ Social migration is the movement of people
due to social reasons.

4. Multicultural Societies
♦ Often created by migration, as ethnic
groups move into one country.
♦ Examples
– Nigeria, there are over 300 different ethnic
groups. The main ones are Hausa-Fulani, Ibo
and Yoruba. Hausa-Falini are Muslim and have
tried to opress people in the north, encouraging
people to migrate.

5. Multicultural Societies
– USA has long been known for its diverse ethnic
groups. For example there are more Irish
people in the USA than in Ireland. Only 1% of
the people of the USA were indigenous people
in 2000.
– Many Hispanic people have moved from
Mexico, Puerto Rico and Cuba in the last 40
years as they have been attracted by the higher
living standards in the USA and better job
prospects.

6. Multicultural Societies
– Like many multicultural societies, USA is
unevenly distributed. Black people live in the
South and East, and mainly in urban areas,
famously Harlem in NYC.
– Hispanics are concentrated near the Mexican
border and in Florida, where Spanish is widely
spoken language.
– Where the racial groups are integrated there is
often violence as in Los Angeles, where
Hispanic, Armenian and black gangs fight.
Harlem, NYC

7. Multicultural societies
♦ These are examples of social migration, as
people move to areas where they feel
comfortable with people of the same
background. This can be also related to on a
smaller scale for places like Sparkbrook and
Sparkhill in Birmingham, which have large
non-white populations.

8. Multicultural Societies
♦ However, these societies can induce further
social migration as minority groups often
feel discriminated against, and sometimes
flee to escape oppression. President
Mugabe’s regime in Zimbabwe for instance,
and the apartheid in South Africa caused
many people to flee these countries.
Soweto riots in S.Africa during the aparthied caused people to flee

9. Issues and attitudes
♦ Britain has a fairly relaxed view towards migrants
as immigration made up more than half of
Britain's population growth from 1991 to 2001,
and migrants are vital to the countries economic
success. Many migrants moved for economic
oppurtunities, family links and from fear of a
political regime.
7.535.755.144.55People born abroad as % of
total
4,301,2803,153,3752,751,1302,390,759People born abroad
57,103,33154,888,74453,550,27052,559,260All people
2001199119811971
People living in Britain

10. Issues and Attitudes
♦ However immigration has become a
political issue, with parties such as the
Conservative party wishing to tighten
immigration control. This maybe because
the number of low-skilled jobs in the UK
has dropped, and therefore there is less jobs
for migrants. Also some people claim that
asylum seekers are often just economic
migrants in disguise.

11. Conclusion
To conclude, it seems that the attitudes
towards migrants and multiculturalism tend
to reflect the extent to which the host
country encourages and welcomes the
opportunity for cultural diversity, or
attempts to minimise the difference in
culture.

12. Social Migration (pull factors)
♦ Migration to spread a religion
♦ Migration to reunite with family, friends,
etc. who have previously migrated
♦ Migration to spread a political philosophy,
such as Marxism, democracy, etc.
♦ Migration to find personal freedom, to live
a certain lifestyle, or to hold certain beliefs,
not necessary as the result of persecution

13. Case Study of Social
Migration; ISRAEL
•One of the most important - and difficult -
issues facing the teams negotiating the
Israeli-Palestinian peace process is the
issue of the "right of return" for the
Palestinians. During the Arab-Israeli war
that followed the creation of Israel in 1947,
many Palestinians fled their homes. Another
wave left the West Bank following the 1967
Arab-Israeli war, most of them to settle in
neighboring Jordan.

14. •Palestinians claim that they have the right
to return to their ancestral homes that are
now within the internationally recognized
borders of the state of Israel, citing a
number of resolutions by the United
Nations. The Israelis disagree, arguing
that, among other things, Israel simply
could not absorb all of the people who
could potentially be permitted to return.
This issue is emotionally charged and
difficult to resolve, but its resolution is
essential to finding a lasting solution to the
Israeli-Arab conflict.