This document discusses traveling waves and scattering parameters for analyzing multi-port networks. It begins by defining traveling waves as voltage and current waves that propagate through transmission lines. It then introduces scattering parameters (S-parameters) which describe the input-output relationship of linear electrical networks with multiple ports. S-parameters are presented as elements of a scattering matrix that relates incoming and outgoing wave amplitudes at each port. Methods for calculating reflection and transmission coefficients from S-parameters are provided for characterizing two-port networks. The analysis is then generalized to n-port networks using scattering matrices. Key parameters like return loss, insertion loss, and available power are defined in terms of S-parameters.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
3. (Traveling Waves)
( ) ( ) ( ) j x j x
V x V x V x Ae Beβ β+ − −
= + = +
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
0 0
V x V x
I x I x I x
Z Z
+ −
+ −
= − = −
( )
( )
( )
V x
x
V x
−
+
Γ =
•
•
• (Normalized traveling waves)
( )
( )
0
V x
a x
Z
+
=
( )
( )
0
V x
b x
Z
−
=
( )
( )
2
2
0
V x
a x
Z
+
=
( ) ( )
( )
2
10log 10log
20log
aP a x
a x
=
=
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )0
0
1 1
2 2
b x v x i x V x Z I x
Z
= − = −
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )0
0
1 1
2 2
a x v x i x V x Z I x
Z
= + = +
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
0
V x
v x a x b x
Z
= + =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )0i x a x b x Z I x= − =
( ) ( ) ( )b x x a x= Γ
slide 16, 30
3/25 Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT
4. Two-port
Network
( )2 2a l
( )2 2b l
( )2 2a x
( )2 2b x
( )1 1a l
( )1 1b l
( )1 1a x
( )1 1b x
1oZ 2oZ
Input port Output port
Port 1
1 1x = l
Port 2
2 2x = l
• Port 1 ( )
• Port 2 ( )
( )1 1a l ( )1 1b l1 1x = l
( )2 2a l ( )2 2b l2 2x = l
Incident wave
Reflected wave
• (Scattering Matrix)
( ) ( ) ( )1 1 11 1 1 12 2 2b S a S a= +l l l
( ) ( ) ( )2 2 21 1 1 22 2 2b S a S a= +l l l
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 1 1 111 12
2 2 2 221 22
b aS S
b aS S
=
l l
l l
xx
4/25 Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT
5. ( )
( ) ( )2 2
1 1
11
1 1 0a
b
S
a =
=
l
l
l
Input reflection coefficient with output properly terminated
( )
( ) ( )1 1
2 2
22
2 2 0a
b
S
a =
=
l
l
l
Output reflection coefficient with input properly terminated
Forward transmission coefficient with output properly terminated
( )
( ) ( )1 1
1 1
12
2 2 0a
b
S
a =
=
l
l
l
Reverse transmission coefficient with output properly terminated
(measured with port 2 properly terminated)
(measured with port 2 properly terminated)
(measured with port 1 properly terminated)
(measured with port 1 properly terminated)
( )
( ) ( )2 2
2 2
21
1 1 0a
b
S
a =
=
l
l
l
5/25 Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT
6. ( )
( ) ( )2 2
1 1
11
1 1 0a
b
S
a =
=
l
l
l
• Return Loss (RL)
( )
( ) ( )2 2
2 2
21
1 1 0a
b
S
a =
=
l
l
l
( )
( )
2
1 12 1
11 2
1 1 1
b
a
b P
S
a P
= =
l
l
( )21
11 11
1
10log 10log 20log (dB)b
a
P
S S
P
= =
11Return Loss (RL) 10log 20log (dB)in
reft
P
S
P
= = −
( )
( )
( )
2
2 22 2
21 2
1 1 1
b
a
b P
S
a P
= =
l
l
( )22
21 21
1
10log 10log 20log (dB)b
a
P
S S
P
= =
21Insertion Loss (IL) 10log 20log (dB)transmit
receive
P
S
P
= = −
( )• Insertion Loss (IL)
|S11| −12 dB
12 dB
6/25 Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT
7. S11
Two-port
Network
( )2 2 0a =l
( )2 2b l
( )1 1a l
( )1 1b l
1oZ 2oZ
Port 1
1 1x = l
Port 2
2 2x = l
2 2oZ Z=+
−
1E
1 1oZ Z=
( )
( ) ( )2 2
1 1
11
1 1 0a
b
S
a =
=
l
l
l OUTZ
• Z2=Zo2 (i.e. Zo1=Zo2)
50
( )2 2 0a =l
( )
( ) ( )2 2
1 1
11
1 1 0a
b
S
a =
=
l
l
l
( ) ( ) ( )1 1 11 1 1 12 2 2b S a S a= +l l l
0
port 2 ( )2 2 0a =l
7/25 Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT
8. •
Zoi (i=1 to n) n port
[ ] [ ][ ]b S a=
n-port
Network
1oZ
Port 1Port 1'
1TZ
( )1 1a l
( )1 1b l
2oZ
Port 2Port 2'
( )2 2a l
( )2 2b l
onZ
Port nPort n'
( )n na l
( )n nb l
[ ]
11 12 1
21 22 2
1 2
n
n
n n nn
S S S
S S S
S
S S S
⋅ ⋅
⋅ ⋅
= ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
⋅ ⋅
8/25 Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT
9. •
•
(i=1 for port 1 and i=2 for port 2)
( )0iP+
( )0iP−
+
1oZ 2oZ
Port 1
1 1x = l
Port 2
2 2x = l
Port 1'
1 0x =
( )1 1I x
Port 2'
2 0x =
2l1l
−
( )1 1V x
( )2 2I x
+
−
( )2 2V x
( )0iP+
( )0iP−
( )0iP+
( )0iP−
11 12
21 22
S S
S S
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 1 1 111 12
2 2 2 221 22
b aS S
b aS S
=
l l
l l
( )0iP+
( )0iP−
( )a x
( )b x
9/25 Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT
10. ( ) ( )
21
0 0
2
i iP a+
=
( ) ( ) ( ){ } ( )
( ) ( )
2
22
,
01 1 1
0 Re 0 0 0 0
2 2 2
i
i i i i i rms
oi
V
P V I b b
Z
−
∗− − −
= ⋅ = = =
• ith port (x1=0, x2=0)
•
( ) ( )0i i iP P+ +
= l
( ) ( )0i i iP P− −
= l
( ) ( )
2 21 1
0
2 2
i i ia a x=
( ) ( )
2 21 1
0
2 2
i i ib b x=
( ) ( )
21
0 0
2
i iP b−
=
• ith port (x1=0, x2=0)
( ) ( ) ( ){ } ( )
( ) ( )
2
22
,
01 1 1
0 Re 0 0 0 0
2 2 2
i
i i i i i rms
oi
V
P V I a a
Z
+
∗+ + +
= ⋅ = = =
( )
( )
0
V x
a x
Z
+
=
( )
( )
0
V x
b x
Z
−
=
10/25 Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT
11. ( ) ( )2 2 20 0oV Z I= −
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0
2 2
o o o
o o
a V Z I Z I Z I
Z Z
= + = − + =
Two-port
Network
+
1oZ
Port 1
1 1x = l
Port 2
2 2x = l
Port 1'
1 0x =
( )1 0I
Port 2'
2 0x =
−
( )1 0V
( )2 0I
+
−
( )2 2V l
2oZ
( )1 1I l ( )2 2I l
( )1 1V l
+
−
( )2 2a x
( )2 2b x
( )1 1a x
( )1 1b x
+
−
( )2 0V
+
−
1E
1 1oZ Z=
2 2oZ Z=
• x2=0
( ) ( )1 1 1 10 0oV E Z I= −
( ) ( ) ( ) 1
1 1 1 1
1 1
1
0 0 0
2 2
o
o o
E
a V Z I
Z Z
= + = ( )
2
2 1
1
1
0
4 o
E
a
Z
=• x1=0
Vpp
matched
• E1 (available power) x1=0 (
Z1=Zo1 )
( ) ( )
2
2 1
1 1
1
1
0 0
2 8
AVS
o
E
P P a
Z
+
= = = ( ) ( )
2 2
1 1 1
1 1
0
2 2
a a= l
matched
11/25 Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT
12. ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 21 1 1 1 1 1 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1
0 0 0 01 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 8 8
o o
o o o
o o
V Z I V Z I
a V Z I V Z V I Z I
Z Z
∗
∗ ∗
+ + = = + + +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 22
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1
1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 8
o o o
o
b V Z I V Z I V Z I
Z
∗ ∗ = − − +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ){ }
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Re 0 0
2 2 4 2
P P P a b I V I V I V+ − ∗ ∗ ∗
= − = − = + =
• Z1 Zo1
• port 1' ( port 1 )
( ) ( )
2
1 1
1
0 0
2
AVSb P P= − ( ) ( )
2
1 1 1 1
1
2
AVSb P P= −l l• port 1 ( port 1')
( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 1 1 1
1
0 0
2
AVSP P P b= = −l
• ZT1=Zo1 0 ZT1≠Zo1
port 1
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2
2 1 1 1 1
11 2
1 1 0
AVS
AVS
a
b P P
S
Pa
=
−
= =
l
l l
l
( ) ( ) ( )2
1 1 1 110 1AVSP P P S= = −lor
12/25 Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT
13. (Power Waves) (I)
•
• (Z0)
Rs
s sV E Z I= −
LZ
+
−
sE
sZ
V
I
+
−
source
impedance
load
impedance
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT
L s
L s
Z Z
Z Z
∗
−
Γ =
+
• ( )*
L sZ Z= Γ = 0
slide 46
13/25
14. (Power Waves) (II)
( )
1
2
p s
s
a V Z I
R
= + ( )1
2
p s
s
b V Z I
R
∗
= −
LZ
+
−
sE
sZ pa
pb
V
I
+
−
s
p s L s
p s L s
s
V
Zb V Z I Z ZI
Va V Z I Z ZZ
I
∗
∗ ∗−− −
Γ = = = =
+ ++
p pa bΓ =
• (Normalized power waves)
0pb =L sZ Z∗
=
• (Available power)
( )
1
2
p s
s
a V Z I
R
= + s sV E Z I= −
( )
1
2 2
s
p s s s
s s
E
a E Z I Z I
R R
= − + =
2
2
4
s
p
s
E
a
R
=
2
2 2
,
1
2 8
s
AVS p p rms
s
E
P a a
R
= = =
• ( )
{ } { }
2
21 1
Re Re
2 2
s
L L L
s L
E
P I Z Z
Z Z
= =
+
2
,max
1
8
s
L AVS
s
E
P P
R
= =
14/25 Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT
15. ( )( ) ( )( ) { }
2 2 *1 1 1 1 1
Re
2 2 8 8 2
L p p s s s s
s s
P a b V Z I V Z I V Z I V Z I V I
R R
∗∗ ∗ ∗
= − = + + − − − =
2 2 21 1 1
2 2 2
L p p AVS pP a b P b= − = −
21
2
p AVS Lb P P= −
= ( – )
•
= ( – )
15/25 Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT
16. − (Traveling Waves)
0
0
s
s
s
Z Z
Z Z
−
Γ =
+
0
0
L
L
L
Z Z
Z Z
−
Γ =
+
1 11 1 12 2b S a S a= +
2 21 1 22 2b S a S a= +
Transistor
[S]
2a
2b
1a
1b
Port 1 Port 2
+
−
sE
sZ
outΓ
LZ
inΓ
sΓ LΓ
•
[S] Z0
sΓ LΓ
?
+
−
sE
sZ
sΓ
LZ
LΓ
Transistor
[S]
1b
1a 2a
2b
16/25 Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT
17. 1
1
in
b
a
Γ =
2 2La b= Γ
2 21 1 22 2Lb S a S b= + Γ 21 1
2
221 L
S a
b
S
=
− Γ
• inΓ
[ ]SLΓ
1 12 21
11
1 221
L
in
L
b S S
S
a S
Γ
Γ = = +
− Γ
12 21
1 11 1 12 2 11 1 1
221
L
L
L
S S
b S a S b S a a
S
Γ
= + Γ = +
− Γ
a1 b1
1 11 1 12 2b S a S a= +
a1 b1 = a2
a2 = b2
Transistor
[S]
2a
2b
1a
1b
+
−
sE
sZ
outΓ
LZ
inΓ
sΓ LΓ
1 11 1 12 2b S a S a= +
2 21 1 22 2b S a S a= +
inΓ
17/25 Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT
18. 2
2 0s
out
E
b
a =
Γ =
1 1sa b= Γ
1 11 1 12 2sb S b S a= Γ + 12 2
1
111 s
S a
b
S
=
− Γ
12 21
2 21 1 22 2 2 22 2
111
s
s
s
S S
b S b S a a S a
S
Γ
= Γ + = +
− Γ
12 212
22
2 110
1
s
s
out
sE
S Sb
S
a S=
Γ
Γ = = +
− Γ
• outΓ
[ ]SsΓ
Transistor
[S]
2a
2b
1a
1b
+
−
sE
sZ
outΓ
LZ
inΓ
sΓ LΓ
1 11 1 12 2b S a S a= +
2 21 1 22 2b S a S a= +
outΓ
outΓ inΓ
2 21 1 22 2b S a S a= +and
18/25 Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT
19. +
−
sE
sZ
sΓ
1a
1b
•
inΓ
+
−
1V
1I
• 1 1s sa a b= + Γ
inΓ outΓ
Pin
1 1inb a= Γ
1 1 1s s s s ina a b a a= + Γ = + Γ Γ 1
1
s
s in
a
a =
− Γ Γ
( )
2
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 2
11 1 1 1
1
2 2 2 2 1
in
in in s
s in
P a b a a
− Γ
= − = − Γ =
− Γ Γ
•
2 2
2 2 2
2 2 22 2
1 11 1 1 1
2 2 2 11 1
in s
s s
AVS in s s s
ss s
P P a a a∗
∗
Γ =Γ
− Γ − Γ
= = = =
− Γ− Γ − Γ
( )( )2 22
2
2 2
1 111
2 1 1
s inin
in s AVS AVS s
s in s in
P a P P M
− Γ − Γ− Γ
= = =
− Γ Γ − Γ Γ
• Ms (source mismatch factor) (mismatch loss)
inΓ s o
s
o so
E Z
a
Z ZZ
=
+
19/25 Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT
20. LZ
LΓ
outΓ
+
−
thE
outZ 2a
2b
+
−
LV
LI
LZ
LΓ
outΓ
( )2 2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1
1
2 2 2
L LP b a b= − = − Γ
• ZL
2
2
2
11
2 1
L
L th
out L
P b
− Γ
=
− Γ Γ
• ( source)
2
2
1 1
2 1L out
AVN L th
out
P P b∗
Γ =Γ
= =
− Γ
( )( )2 2
2
1 1
1
L out
L AVN AVN L
out L
P P P M
− Γ − Γ
= =
− Γ Γ
• ML (load mismatch factor) (mismatch loss)
( source)
outΓ
2 2La b= Γ
20/25 Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT
21. Transistor
[S]+
−
sE
sZ
LZ
PAVNPAVS PLPin
Ms
interface interface
ML
• (power gain) L
p
in
P
G
P
=
• (transducer power gain) L
T p s
AVS
P
G G M
P
= =
• (available power gain) AVN T
A
AVS L
P G
G
P M
= =
p TG G>
A TG G>
• p T AG G G= =
21/25 Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT
22. Gp (Operating Power Gain)
( )
( )
2 2
2
2 2
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
L
L
p
in
in
b
P
G
P a
− Γ
= =
− Γ
21 1
2
221 L
S a
b
S
=
− Γ
2
2
212 2
22
11
1 1
L
p
in L
G S
S
− Γ
=
− Γ − Γ
• The Operating Power Gain Gp
where
Transistor
[S]+
−
sE
sZ
LZ
PAVNPAVS PLPin
Ms
interface interface
ML
slide 17
22/25 Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT
23. GT (Transducer Power Gain)
• The Transducer Power Gain GT
in inL L
T p p s
AVS in AVS AVS
P PP P
G G G M
P P P P
= = = =
2 2 2 2
2 2
21 212 2 2 2
22 11
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
s L s L
T
s in L s out L
G S S
S S
− Γ − Γ − Γ − Γ
= =
− Γ Γ − Γ − Γ − Γ Γ
( )( )2 2
2
1 1
1
s in
s
s in
M
− Γ − Γ
=
− Γ Γ
where
Transistor
[S]+
−
sE
sZ
LZ
PAVNPAVS PLPin
Ms
interface interface
ML
slide 19
23/25 Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT
24. GA (Available Power Gain)
• The Available Power Gain GA
AVN AVN AVNL T
A T
AVS AVS L L L
P P PP G
G G
P P P P M
= = = =
2
2
212 2
11
1 1
1 1
s
A
s out
G S
S
− Γ
=
− Γ − Γ
Transistor
[S]+
−
sE
sZ
LZ
PAVNPAVS PLPin
Ms
interface interface
ML
( )( )2 2
2
1 1
1
L out
L
out L
M
− Γ − Γ
=
− Γ Γ
where
slide 20
24/25 Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT
25. •
(1) ( )
(2) (power waves, [Sp])
(3) (traveling waves, [S])
{ }Re 2L L LP V I∗
=
• ( )
2
2 2
,
1
2 8
s
AVS p p rms
s
E
P a a
R
= = =
2 2 21 1 1
2 2 2
L p p AVS pP a b P b= − = −
•
L p inP G P= L T AVSP G P=
• (defined with traveling waves, circuitries are
separately measured in a Zo system) :
25/25 Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT